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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-2012)

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-2012) É T U D E 5 5 U R L E 1 8' 5 1 È ( L E X V 1 1 1 Revue fondée par Ro land Mortier et Hervé Hasquin DIRECTEURS Valérie André et Brigitte D'Hainaut-Zveny COMITt tDITORIAL Bruno Bernard, Claude Bruneel (Université catholique de Louvain), Carlo Capra (Università degli studi, Milan), David Charlton (Roya l Holloway College, Londres), Manuel Couvreur, Nicolas Cronk (Vo ltaire Foundation, University of Oxford), Michèle Galand, Jan Herman (Katholi eke Universiteit Leuven), Michel Jangoux, Huguette Krief (Un iversité de Provence, Aix-en-Provence), Christophe Loir, Roland Mortier, Fabrice Preyat, Dan iel Rabreau (U niverSité de Paris l, Panthéon-Sorbonne), Daniel Roche (Collège de France), Raymond Trousson et Renate Zedinger (Universitat Wien) GROUPE D'ÉTUDE D U 1 8' 5 1 È ( L E tCRIREÀ Valérie André [email protected] Brigitte D'Hainaut-Zveny Brigitte.D Hainaut @ulb.ac.be ou à l'adresse suivante Groupe d'étude du XVIII' siècle Université libre de Bruxelles (CP 175/01) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 • B -1050 Bruxelles JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-2012) MATÉRIAUX POUR UN RENOUVEAU CRITIQUE Publié avec l'aide financière du Fonds de la recherche scientifique - FNRS Ë T U DES 5 URL E 1 8' 5 1 È ( L E x v 1 1 1 JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-2012) MATÉRIAUX POUR UN RENOUVEAU CRITIQUE VOLUME COMPOSÉ ET ÉDITÉ PAR CHRISTOPHE VAN STAEN 2 0 1 2 ÉDITIONS DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE BRUXELLES DAN 5 L A M Ê M E COLLECTION Les préoccupations économiques et sociales des philosophes, littérateurs et artistes au XVIII e siècle, 1976 Bruxelles au XVIIIe siècle, 1977 L'Europe et les révolutions (1770-1800), 1980 La noblesse belge au XVIIIe siècle, 1982 Idéologies de la noblesse, 1984 Une famille noble de hauts fonctionnaires: les Neny, 1985 Le livre à Liège et à Bruxelles au XVIIIe siècle, 1987 Unité et diversité de l'empire des Habsbourg à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, 1988 Deux aspects contestés de la politique révolutionnaire en Belgique: langue et culte, 1989 Fêtes et musiques révolutionnaires: Grétry et Gossec, 1990 Rocaille. Rococo, 1991 Musiques et spectacles à Bruxelles au XVIIIe siècle, 1992 Charles de Lorraine, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas autrichiens (1744-1780), Michèle Galand, 1993 Patrice-François de Neny (1716-1784). Portrait d'un homme d'État, Bruno Bernard, 1993 Retour au XVIIIe siècle, 1995 Autour du père Castel et du clavecin oculaire, 1995 Jean -François Vonck (1743-1792), 1996 Parcs, jardins et forêts au XVIIIe siècle, 1997 Topographie du plaisir sous la Régence, 1998 La haute administration dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens, 1999 Portraits de femmes, 2000 Gestion et entretien des bâtiments royaux dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens (1715-1794)· Le Bureau des ouvrages de la Cour, Kim Bethume, 2001 La diplomatie belgo-liégeoise à l'épreuve. Étude sur les relations entre les Pays-Bas autrichiens et la principauté de Liège au XVIIIe siècle, Olivier Vanderhaegen, 2003 La duchesse du Maine (1676,1753). Une mécène à la croisée des arts et des siècles, 2003 Bruxellois à Vienne. Viennois à Bruxelles, 2004 Les théâtres de société au XVIIIe siècle, 2005 Le XVIIie, un siècle de décadence ?, 2006 Espaces et parcours dans la ville. Bruxelles au XVIIIe siècle, 2007 Lombardie et Pays-Bas autrichiens. Regards croisés sur les Habsbourg et leurs réformes au XVIII e siècle, 2008 Formes et figures du goût chinois dans les anciens Pays-Bas, 2009 Portés par l'air du temps: les voyages du capitaine Baudin, 2010 La promenade au tournant des ?<Vllie et Xlxe siècles (Belgique - France - Angleterre), 2011 HORS SÉRIE La tolérance civile, édité par Roland Crahay, 1982 Les origines françaises de l'antimaçonnisme, Jacques Lemaire, 1985 L'homme des Lumières et la découverte de l'Autre, édité par Daniel Droixhe et Pol-P. Gossiaux, 1985 Morale et vertu, édité par Henri Piard, 1986 Emmanuel de Croy (1718-1784). Itinéraire intellectuel et réussite nobiliaire au siècle des Lumières, Marie-Pierre Dion, 1987 La Révolution liégeoise de 1789 vue par les historiens belges (de 1805 à nos jours), Philippe Raxhon, 1989 Les savants et la politique à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, édité par Gisèle Van de Vyver et Jacques Reisse, 1990 La sécularisation des œuvres d'art dans le Brabant (1773-1842). La création du musée de Bruxelles, Christophe Loir, 1998 Vie quotidienne des couvents féminins de Bruxelles au siècle des Lumières (1754-1787), Marc Libert, 1999 L'émergence des beaux-arts en Belgique: institutions, artistes, public et patrimoine (1773-1835), Christophe Loir, 2004 Voltaire et Rousseau dans le théâtre de la Révolution française (1789-1799) , Ling-Ling Sheu, 2005 Population, commerce et religion au siècle des Lumières, Hervé Hasquin, 2008 Des volumes des Etudes sur le XVIIIe siècle sont désormais accessibles en ligne (www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be). ISBN 978-2-8004-1530-7 D/ 2012/0171/17 © 2012 by Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles Avenue Paul Héger 26 - 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique) Imprimé en Belgique [email protected] www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be Introduction Christophe VAN STAEN À la mémoire de Christian Destain Dans un pamphlet récent dont elle a le secret, intitulé Lettre ouverte à mes lecteurs, Françoise Bocquentin, endossant avec humour le rôle d’un Rousseau consterné par tant d’hommages absurdes rendus à sa mémoire, déplorait une éternité qui « passe trop vite », et que nous « gâchons à babiller », tout en appelant de ses vœux le temps où cesseront enfin les cérémonies de son tricentenaire, moment béni où « pourront disparaître ces célébrants intermittents » faisant songer à « tous ces faux chrétiens qui ne vont à la messe que le jour de Noël » 1. Au-delà de la saveur exquise du trait, il faut reconnaître que cet étrange besoin que manifeste l’humanité de célébrer des grands hommes à des dates précises et symboliques ne fut interrogé, dans le cadre du tricentenaire de la naissance de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, qu’à de trop rares reprises 2. Quelque vérité qu’une étude relative à la source réelle, instinctuelle, de ce besoin (si distincte de celle proclamée), à sa légitimité, à ses conséquences opacifiantes et, surtout, à la réalité de ses apports scientifiques et sémantiques eût pu révéler, 2012 aura en effet essentiellement servi de prétexte à un authentique déferlement de passions rousseauistes tenues ordinairement à bonne distance de toute forme de réflexivité quant au sens et à la véritable raison d’être de tout ceci, la célébration se bornant dès lors à prendre acte de l’inscription 1 Françoise BOCQUENTIN, Lettre ouverte à mes lecteurs, consulté en ligne sur le site http:// rousseaustudies.free.fr/. 2 Soulignons ainsi l’humour et l’à-propos de Tanguy L’AMINOT dans son introduction au volume 18 des Études Jean-Jacques Rousseau, consacré à la « rugosité » de Rousseau (2011, p. 5 : « Foin des chiffres ronds et des célébrations pieuses et moutonnières d’un monde si peu en accord avec la pensée de Rousseau ! »), ainsi que dans l’excellent hors-série du Monde qu’il publia en mai 2012, en collaboration avec Catherine LABRO. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-2012) profonde de Rousseau (fût-elle évidente ou problématique) dans notre univers intellectuel, dans notre héritage culturel, voire, sous forme d’écho, dans la formulation des enjeux idéologiques, politiques ou esthétiques de notre société actuelle 3. On peut bien invectiver cette critique, qui toute une année durant eut l’occasion si convoitée de donner libre cours à la chorégraphie déchaînée de son narcissisme débridé, convulsions enthousiastes de shamans modernes convoquant l’esprit de Rousseau, et lui adresser la diatribe qu’elle mérite sans doute (Michel Launay eût préféré la méthode, sans doute plus directe, de la gifle 4) : il faut aussi reconnaître à sa décharge que le caractère peu réfléchi de cette célébration s’inscrit dans une riche et longue tradition 5 qui en encouragea l’efflorescence par trois biais différents, quoiqu’également regrettables – pour qui du moins caresse le rêve d’une approche libre et non totalitaire de Rousseau. Le premier fut sans aucun doute l’inflation passablement monstrueuse de la bibliographie secondaire consacrée à Rousseau. En 1940, Isaac Benrubi s’en effrayait déjà 6 ; et le constat posé par Raymond Trousson cinquante ans plus tard ne pouvait, alors que l’édition Raymond-Gagnebin des Œuvres complètes à la Bibliothèque de la Pléiade avait dans l’intervalle déchaîné des hordes de commentateurs, que lui faire un écho plus alarmiste encore 7. À la suite des pionniers, figures d’une académie 3 À côté de cette effusion critique, il convient toutefois de signaler le travail fondamental de sévères gardiens de l’œuvre et de son intégrité, qui consacrèrent cette année 2012 à l’édification philologique de documents cruciaux, à la constitution d’un corpus fiable, revu sur les manuscrits, tantôt de sources primaires, tantôt de sources secondaires présentant un intérêt particulier. Nous songeons ici bien sûr à la vaste entreprise de l’édition du tricentenaire des Œuvres complètes de Rousseau, menée par Raymond TROUSSON, Frédéric S. EIGELDINGER, et Jean-Daniel CANDAUX ; laquelle a paru officiellement à Genève, aux éditions Slatkine et Honoré Champion, le 26 juin 2012, soit deux jours avant la date anniversaire. À noter qu’un projet concurrent d’œuvres complètes, dirigé quant à lui par Jacques Berchtold, Yannick Séité et François Jacob, est également annoncé depuis quelques années aux éditions Garnier : mais à l’heure où s’écrivent ces lignes, il ne semble guère en voie de se matérialiser rapidement. Quant aux sources secondaires, signalons l’édition du Journal de l’avocat Bovier par C. Cœuré et J. SGARD (Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2012) ; celle du Cours sur Rousseau d’Althusser, jusqu’ici inédit, par Yves VARGAS (Paris, Le Temps des Cerises, 2012) ; ou encore, celle de Jean DUSAULX, De mes rapports avec Jean-Jacques Rousseau, par Raymond TROUSSON (Paris, Honoré Champion, 2012).
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