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1. Selected Legal Issues in CBRN-E

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1. Selected Legal Issues in CBRN-E REVIEWER Władysław Harmata INITIATING EDITOR Beata Koźniewska TYPESETTING Munda – Maciej Torz TECHNICAL EDITOR Leonora Wojciechowska COVER DESIGN Grzegorz Zgondek, Jakub Żak Cover Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_061031-N-9769P-413_ Students_in_the_chemical,_biological_and_radiological_phase_of_training[…] Publication distributed free of charge © Copyright by Authors, Łódź 2018 © Copyright for this edition by University of Łódź, Łódź 2018 Published by Łódź University Press First edition. W.08662.18.0.K Publisher’s sheets 42.0; printing sheets 38.875 With the financial support of Internal Security Fund Police Programme European Commission Directorate General Home Affairs This project has been founded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein ISBN 978-83-8142-184-3 e-ISBN 978-83-8142-185-0 Łódź University Press 90-131 Łódź, 8 Lindleya St. www.wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl e-mail: [email protected] phone. (42) 665 58 63 LIST OF AUTHORS (ALPHABETICALLY) Bielawska-Drózd Agata Nakonieczna Aleksandra Bijak Michał Nawotka Radosław Błędowski Marek Niemcewicz Marcin Brzezinka Piotr Pirszel Jacek Ceremuga Michał Podogrocki Marcin Cieślik Piotr Ponczek Michał Czerwiński Paweł Rolka Anna Dąbrowski Zbigniew Rutyna Paweł Furtak Piotr Saluk-Bijak Joanna Gaweł Jerzy Siczek Jerzy Głowacka Patrycja Skrzypczak Hubert Graniak Grzegorz Śliwiński Tomasz Grasza Mariusz Spławska Aleksandra Grębowski Jacek Stela Maksymilian Gryko Romuald Stępiński Michał Joniec-Wiechetek Justyna Struniawski Jarosław Jóźwik Kamil Synowiec Ewelina Klimas Dominik Szemraj Janusz Kołodziejczyk-Czepas Joanna Szyposzyńska Monika Kwiatek Magdalena Tchórzewski Adam Lasocki Krzysztof Truszkowska Katarzyna Machnikowski Ryszard Wlizło-Skowronek Bożena Mełgieś Alicja Żakowska Dorota Michalski Aleksander Żbikowska Halina Mirosz Danuta Zubańska Magdalena Mirski Tomasz Zubański Sławomir Mizak Lidia Zubrzycka Anna TABLE OF CONTENTS About the project ....................................................... 13 Introduction to “CBRN security manager” ................................ 19 Handbook structure..................................................... 35 MODULE I. MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CBRN-E .... 37 1. Selected legal issues in CBRN-E...................................... 39 1.1. Nuclear Weapon (Laws Covering Nuclear Weapons).............. 40 1.2. Chemical Weapons . 42 1.3. Biological Weapons............................................. 44 2. Crisis management.................................................. 51 2.1. Basics of crisis management . 51 2.2. Crisis management system . 61 2.3. Response in crisis management.................................. 64 3. Selected issues in forensic techniques ................................. 69 3.1. Biological Evidences ............................................ 70 3.2. Physicochemical Examination of Forensic Evidence............... 71 3.3. Dactyloscopic Evidences (Fingerprints).......................... 73 3.4. Mechanoscopic Evidence ....................................... 76 3.5. Tools as Subjects of Forensic Examinations....................... 79 3.6. Methodology of Revealing and Securing Traceological Evidence ... 81 3.7. Revealing and Securing Methods ................................ 83 MODULE II. THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CBRN .................... 85 1. Microbiology . 87 1.1. Structure of the bacterial cell . 87 1.2. Bacterial growth ................................................ 94 1.3. Classification of bacteria . 98 1.4. Reproduction of bacteria........................................ 103 1.5. Pathogenic bacteria ............................................. 103 8 Table of Contents 1.6. Viruses ........................................................ 111 1.7. The ctiona of physical and chemical agents on microorganisms..... 120 1.8. Bacteria as a potential tool in bioterrorism........................ 124 2. Toxicology ......................................................... 141 2.1. Toxicometry ................................................... 145 2.2. Absorption of xenobiotics....................................... 157 2.3. Distribution of toxic substances in the body ...................... 162 2.4. Metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics ......................... 165 2.5. Selected issues of detailed toxicology............................. 170 3. Genetics............................................................ 193 3.1. The tructures of DNA........................................... 193 3.2. The tructures and function of RNA .............................. 198 3.3. The eneg expression process as a flow of information from DNA through RNA to protein......................................... 200 3.4. Transcription: From DNA to RNA............................... 201 3.5. Translation: From mRNA to Protein . 202 3.6. Prokaryotic and Organelle Genetics ............................. 204 3.7. Analysis of molecular information . 204 4. Biological Toxins.................................................... 213 4.1. Bacterial toxins ................................................. 214 4.2. Plant toxins .................................................... 224 4.3. Fungal toxins................................................... 233 5. Radiobiology ....................................................... 239 5.1. Classification of radiation in radiobiology ........................ 240 5.2. Mechanisms of radiation damage – direct and indirect radiation effects 242 5.3. The molecular radiobiology . 245 5.4. Cellular responses to ionizing radiation........................... 252 5.5. The effects of ionizing radiation on the human organism........... 260 6. Methods of detecting biological materials ............................. 271 6.1. Proteins........................................................ 273 6.2. Immunoenzymatic tests......................................... 278 6.3. Flow cytometry ................................................ 284 6.4. Real-time PCR ................................................. 289 MODULE III. PRACTICAL FIELDWORK TRAINING IN THE DETECTION AND SAMPLING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS....... 303 1. Organisation of the biological sampling process ....................... 305 1.1. Introduction ................................................... 305 1.2. Composition of survey, sampling and decontamination tasks ...... 305 Table of Contents 9 1.3. Essential equipment for survey, sampling and decontamination personnel ...................................................... 306 1.4. Sampling strategies for CBRN incidents.......................... 309 1.5. Phases in the process of biological sampling ...................... 313 1.6. Documenting the sampling process .............................. 316 2. Personal protective measures......................................... 325 2.1. Introduction ................................................... 325 2.2. Biorisk assessment.............................................. 325 2.3. Medical measures............................................... 327 2.4. General protective equipment ................................... 329 2.5. Respiratory safety .............................................. 336 2.6. Personnel decontamination ..................................... 338 3. Transport of dangerous biological materials ........................... 343 3.1. Introduction ................................................... 343 3.2. Dangerous goods and dual-use materials regulations .............. 343 3.3. Transport of infectious samples.................................. 344 3.4. Types of infectious material categories and packages .............. 346 4. Methods of sampling . 355 4.1. Introduction ................................................... 355 4.2. Sampling plan . 355 4.3. Sampling Sources............................................... 356 4.4. Biological Sampling Equipment ................................. 370 4.5. Labelling and documentation of samples ......................... 372 4.6. Sampling based on autonomous or remote controlled ground or aerial vehicles .................................................. 372 4.7. Field exercises – environmental sampling for the presence of biological weapons ............................................. 375 5. Methods of biological samples field analysis........................... 379 5.1. Introduction ................................................... 379 5.2. Immunoassays (IA)............................................. 380 5.3. Molecular methods ............................................. 387 MODULE IV. DETECTION AND LIQUIDATION OF TOXIC CHEMICAL AGENTS . 399 1. Individual protection equipment ..................................... 401 1.1. Personal respiratory protection equipment ....................... 401 1.2. Personal skin protection equipment.............................. 409 1.3. Selection of appropriate protection equipment.................... 412 1.4. Practical exercises in the use of personal protection equipment..... 414 10 Table of Contents 2. Detection of chemical contaminants.................................. 419 2.1. Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) ............................... 419 2.2. Toxic Industrial Chemicals . 432 2.3. Chemical detection and identification techniques and equipment . 436 2.4. Practical information for chemical mission preparations . 454 3. Deconmtamination of chemical agents...............................
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