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Community Participation in Delivering Urban Services in Asia

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Community Participation in Delivering Urban Services in Asia Community Participation in Delivering Urban Services in Asia The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutri- tion sciences; health sciences; information sciences; social sciences; and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. ©International Development Research Centre 1986 Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada KIG 3H9 Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa, Canada Yeung, Y.M. McGee, T.G. IDRC-238e Community participation in delivering urban services in Asia. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1986. 279 p. : ill. /Public services/, /urban development/, /community participation/, /Asia/ - /self-help/, /case studies/, /Hong Kong/, /Indonesia/, /Korea/, /Malaysia/, /Philippines/. UDC: 351:301.185(5) ISBN: 0-88936-440-0 Technical Editor: Robert M. Drysdale A microfiche edition is available. IDRC-238e Community Participation in Delivering Urban Services in Asia Editors: Y.M. Yeung* and T.G. McGee** '81(17 *Registrar and Professor of Geography, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. (Formerly Associate Director, Social Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.) **Director, Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Abstract Since 1945, the pursuit of accelerated economic growth by the market économies of Asia has led to rapid urban growth, a pattern that seems likely to continue. This rapid urban growth has made it difficult for city govemments to deliver adéquate urban services, in ternis of both physical services, such as providing water, garbage collection and disposa], fire protection, and human-waste disposai, and social services, such as health tare, child tare, recreation, and éducation. The problem is particularly acute in low-income communities. Given that government efforts to meet the need for increased urban services have not been totally effective, many urban communities in Asia have cxpcrimented with self-help and participatory mechanisms designed to improve the quality of urban life. This volume prescrits the highlights of a five-country study, involving Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines, Chat attempted to provide information on the development and operation of a range of basic urban services based on the principle of self-help. Résumé Les économies de marché de l'Asie ont connu, depuis 1945, une croissance économique accélérée, amenant ainsi le développement rapide des villes. Or le scénario semble devoir se poursuivre. Ce développement urbain rapide n'a pas permis aux gouvernements municipaux de desservir adéquatement leurs populations, qu'il s'agisse, d'une part, des services techniques tels que l'approvisionnement en eau, l'enlèvement et l'élimination des ordures ménagères, l'élimination des déchets humains et la protection contre les incendies ou, d'autre part, des services sociaux tels que l'hygiène, les soins aux enfants, les loisirs et l'éducation. Le problème est plus aigu dans les collectivités à faible revenu. Puisque les efforts des gouvernements pour répondre à la demande de services municipaux élargis n'ont pas connu un grand succès, nombre de collectivités urbaines d'Asie ont eu recours à l'initiative personnelle et à la participa- tion des citoyens afin d'améliorer la qualité de leur milieu de vie. Cet ouvrage expose les points saillants d'une étude menée à Hong Kong, en Indonésie, en Corée, en Malaisie et aux Philippines, sur la conception et l'exploitation d'une série de services municipaux de base qui font appel à l'initiative personnelle. Resumen Desde 1945, la busqueda de un crecimiento economico acelerado por las economias de mercado de Asia ha Ilevado a una râpida expansion urbana, rasgo que parece probable de continuer. Este ràpido crecimiento ha hecho diffcil para ]os gobiernos de las ciudades la prestation de servicios urbanos adecuados, tanto en términos de servicios fisicos, como provision de agua, recoleccion y eliminacion de basuras, protection contra los incendios y eliminaciôn de excretas, como servicios sociales, por ejemplo atenciôn de salud, cuidado infantil, recreaciôn y educacion. Puesto que los esfuerzos oficiales para hacer frente a estas necesidades de servicios urbanos mis amplios no han sido totalmente efectivos, muchas comunidades urbanas asiàticas han experimentado con mecanismos participatorios y de autoayuda disenados para mejorar la calidad de la vida humana. Este volfimen presenta los puntos sobresalientes de un estudio de cinco poises, Corea, Filipinas, Hong Kong, Indonesia y Malasia, que tuvo por objeto ofrecer information sobre et desarrollo y la aparicién de una serie de servicios urbanos bàsicos fundamentados en et principio de la autoayuda. Contents Foreword 5 Preface 7 Participatory Urban Services in Asia T.G. McGee and Y.M. Yeung 9 Urban Services and the Poor: The Case of Korea Soo-Young Park, Yong-Woong Kim, and Ok-Hyee Yang 29 The Saemaul Self-Help Activity System Soo-Young Park, Yong-Woong Kim, and Ok-Hyee Yang 59 Participatory Urban Services in the Philippines Exaltacion Ramos and Ma. A.A. Roman 73 Community Participation Model Exaltacion Ramos and Ma. A.A. Roman 97 Young Workers and Urban Services in Penang Kamal Salih, Chan Chee Khoon, Chan Lean Heng, Loh Kok Wah, and Mei Ling Young 119 Young Workers Education Project: Development of a Participatory Urban Services Centre in Penang, Malaysia Chan Lean Heng 165 Delivery of Urban Services in Kampungs in Jakarta and Ujung Pandang Amir Karamoy and Gillian Dias 191 Leaders, Officiais, and Citizens in Urban Service Delivery: A Comparative Study of Four Localities in Hong Kong Lau Siu-kai, Kuan Hsin-chi, and Ho Kam fai 211 Organizing Participatory Urban Services: The Mutual-Aid Committees in Hong Kong Kuan Hsin-chi, Lau Siu-kai, and Ho Kam fài 239 Conclusions Y.M. Yeung and T.G. McGee 255 Urban Services in Asia: A Selected Bibliography 263 Contributors 277 Appendix: Currency Conversion 279 Foreword During the postwar period, rapid urbanization has occurred in many develop- ing countries. In Asia, as elsewhere in the Third World, the astounding growth of large cities has been particularly noteworthy. Urban administrators are faced with a pressing need to provide jobs, shelter, and other basic needs for as large a propor- tion of the population as possible. The reality of the situation, however, is that not enough jobs have been created, services are too expensive for the authorities to provide, and the urban environment in general is deteriorating. From Seoul to Jakarta, from Bangkok to Delhi, the problem of insufficient urban services has confronted many municipal authorities. Despite ambitious mas- ter plans and laudable intentions, fiscal and managerial limitations have often prevented cities from improving significantly the present predicament. The problem is especially acute in low-income communities, where insecure tenure combined with maldistribution of resources has not favoured implementation of such plans even if limited financial provisions are made. Given these trends, many urban communities in Asia have recently experimented with a range of self-help and participatory mechanisms designed to improve the quality of life. These are peo- ple's efforts, with a minimum of government support. Between 1981 and 1984, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) supported a five-country study of innovative schemes designed to deliver needed urban services to the economically disadvantaged. The participating coun- tries were Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. As in many of the network projects supported by IDRC, the researchers have learned together and successfully compared experiences. This volume grew out of the results of the country studies, which have been completed. Only highlights of the country studies are presented here, and the reader is referred to more complete country findings, available either in mimeographed or published form. This monograph is cast in a comparative framework so that the wider implications of the country studies can be more readily understood. The project upon which this volume is based represented a new phase of urban research support by IDRC. To build upon previous urban involvement, this project marked the beginning of more active support for projects in urban services in the Third World over the past several years. Together with the growing literature on urban services in developing countries, it is hoped that this volume will contribute to the understanding and hence solution of the problems besetting the urban poor. Social Sciences Division International Development Research Centre 5 Preface Amidst the hustle and bustle of Hong Kong, the editors of this volume met in 1972 and 1980 for similar reasons. On the first occasion, we met with researchers from three countries in Southeast Asia to lay the groundwork for a comparative research project on hawkers and vendors. The second meeting brought together scholars from five countries in East and Southeast Asia who had expressed an interest in embarking upon studies of participatory urban services in their respective
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