Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia Gcp/Ras/154/Net
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Field Document No.37b REGIONAL WOOD ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN ASIA GCP/RAS/154/NET WOOD ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: PLANNING, POLICIES AND STRATEGIES VOLUME II Papers Presented at the “Expert Consultation on Data Assessment and Analysis for Wood Energy Planning” FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Bangkok, May 1993 This publication is printed by the FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone and do not imply any opinion on the part of the FAO. These proceedings consist of three volumes: Volume I: Report on the RWEDP Regional Meetings on Wood Energy Planning and Policies Volume II: Papers Presented at the “Expert Consultation on Data Assessment and Analysis for Wood Energy Planning Volume III: Papers Presented at the “Seminar on Policy Instruments for Implementation of Wood Energy Development Programmes” For copies write to: Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia c/o FAO Regional Offcie for Asia and the Pacific Tel: 66-2-280 2760 Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Fax: 66-2-280 0760 Bangkok, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] FOREWORD Development of appropriate wood energy strategies and improvement of the capabilities of member countries in planning wood energy development programmes are two important objectives of the Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia (RWEDP). Since its inception in 1985 RWEDP has supported a large number of case studies, workshops and training courses on various specific subjects related to these two objectives. The list of RWEDP publications on the back of this document reflect the project's past activities in this field. Other national and international institutions and organizations have also contributed to an improved information base on wood energy. The actors in wood energy systems, from the supply and demand sides, are clearly identified and their roles are now better defined than in the past. In addition forest resources are beginning to be assessed and evaluated in a more systematic way. For example, while earlier the use of fuelwood by poor people was seen as the cause of deforestation it is now recognized that other factors such as conversion to farmlands, industrial use of forests and forest fires - for which not always the poor people are responsible - are also important causes. It has also become clear that wood energy provides opportunities for income generation and rural development and deserve attention of policy makers from a broad range of sectors. While considerable progress has been achieved in improving national capabilities in research, training, education and wood fuel surveying additional efforts are required to create multidisciplinary teams capable of mastering the subject and involving relevant groups (local governments, villagers, NGOs, university research and extension programmes, and others) in the planning and implementation of wood energy projects. Unfortunately, the quality of wood energy data available is still inadequate for conducting detailed sectoral reviews and wood energy planning activities. In many countries, this lack of accurate information leads to controversial interpretation of the energy situation and hampers the correct identification of solutions to be undertaken. The end of the second phase of RWEDP was considered to be an opportune time to reflect on the progress made in our understanding of wood energy issues in RWEDP’s II member countries and on possible issues to be addressed in a follow-up project. Thus, from 22 February to 3 March 1993, two consecutive regional meetings were conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The first one, aimed at planners from RWEDP member countries, was an “expert consultation on data analysis and assessment for wood energy planning” while the second one, aimed at policy makers, was a “seminar on policy instruments for the implementation of wood energy development programmes”. 36 participants came from the member countries to the two meetings, and a total of 29 papers by 23 resource persons were presented. A wealth of information became available during these meetings and RWEDP is grateful to all the participants and resource persons who contributed to lively discussions and/or acted as rapporteurs of the various sessions and workshops. Particular thanks go to C. Heruela, who as a consultant to the project was primarily responsible, from the initial conceptual framework to the final i editing of the three volumes of this report. I also wish to thank Aroon Chomcharn and Cor Veer for their valuable inputs in preparing the agenda’s and Tina Sriratana, Pimpa Molkul, Panpicha Issawasopon and Navaporn Liangcheevasoontorn for their assistance in the organization of the meeting and Panpicha for the typing and design of the documents. It is hoped that the two meetings and this report will generate appropriate attention to wood energy from planners and policy makers in the field of energy, natural resources and rural development. Hundreds of millions of poor people in our member countries, depending on this important source of energy and income, deserve it. Egbert Pelinck Chief Technical Adviser ii TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1: Report on the RWEDP Regional Meetings on Wood Energy Planning and Policies 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................3 1.1 Development Background ...............................................3 1.2 RWEDP Regional Meetings on Wood Energy Planning and Policies ..............7 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL MEETINGS .........................11 2.1 Expert Consultation on Data Assessment and Analysis for Wood Energy Planning . 11 2.2 Seminar on Policy Instruments for Implementation of Wood Energy Development Programmes .........................................................13 3. WOOD ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING, POLICIES AND STRATEGIES - “Analysis and Highlights of Paper Presentations and Discussions” ..19 3.1 A Framework for Understanding Wood Energy Supply & Use ..................19 3.2 Re-Assessing the Wood Energy Situation in Asia ............................20 3.2.1 Supply and Use of Non-Traded Wood Fuels ..........................25 6 Fuelwood Gathering Patterns 6 Consumption Patterns 3.2.2 Commercial of Wood Energy Systems ...............................29 3.2.2.1 Wood Fuel Flow Systems .................................30 6 Description of Systems 6 Pricing 6 Impacts on Employment 6 Charcoal Systems 3.2.2.2 Use of Traded Wood Fuels ................................36 6 Consumption Patterns in Urban Areas 6 Wood Fuel-Purchasing Households 6 Industries and Enterprises 3.2.3 Sustainable Wood Energy Supply Systems ...........................39 6 Sources of Wood Fuels 6 Assessing Wood Fuel Supply 6 Wood Production for Energy iii 3.3 Emerging Wood Energy Policy and Strategy Issues ..........................43 3.3.1 Wood Production for Sustainable Wood Fuels Supply ..................44 6 Wood Production Systems 6 Wood Resource Management 6 Collected and Traded Wood Fuels 3.3.2 Wood Energy Use in the Household Sector ...........................49 6 Wood Fuels-Gathering Households 6 Wood Fuels-Purchasing Households 6 Wood Fuel Transition 3.3.3 Wood Energy Use in the Economically Productive Sectors ...............52 6 Traditionally Wood Fuels-Using Industries & Enterprises 6 Industrial Heat and Power Production 3.3.4 Wood Fuels as a Commercially-Traded Good .........................54 6 Wood Fuels Flow 6 Prices 6 Charcoal Production and Trading 6 Effective Wood Energy Programmes 3.3.5 Creating a Conducive Policy Environment............................57 6 Policy Objectives 6 Strategies and Policy Interventions 3.4 Methodological Aspects of Policy & Strategy Formulation .....................60 3.4.1 Integrating Wood Energy in Energy and Forestry Programmes ............60 6 Limitations of Available Data 6 Constraints in Planning Approaches 3.4.2 Effective Methodologies for Data Collection and Analysis ...............62 3.4.3 Initiatives in Wood Energy Planning ................................64 6 Wood Energy Modelling 6 Current Activities 3.5 Institutional Issues in Wood Energy Planning and Programme Implementation .....66 3.5.1 Developing National Capabilities ...................................68 6 Institutional Set-Ups 3.5.2 Decentralization and Integration ....................................69 6 Implications of Decentralization 6 Integration for Effective Decentralization 6 Institutional Mechanisms iv 3.5.3 People's Participation ............................................70 6 Approaches to Local Participation 6 Role of NGOs 3.5.4 Regional Cooperation & Support ...................................72 3.6 References ...........................................................73 4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE “EXPERT CONSULTATION ON DATA ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS FOR WOOD ENERGY PLANNING” ..........................79 4.1 Rationale ............................................................79 4.2 Summaries of Discussions and Recommendations ............................79 5. PROCEEDINGS OF THE “SEMINAR ON POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WOOD ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES” ...107 5.1 Rationale