American Politics and Political Science in an Era of Growing Racial Diversity and Economic Disparity Rodney E
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Presidential Address American Politics and Political Science in an Era of Growing Racial Diversity and Economic Disparity Rodney E. Hero Political science should play a larger role in grappling with the political roots, meanings, and implications of the various levels and unique configurations of class inequality and racial diversity that have characterized the last several decades of U.S. history. I offer some observations about the discipline’s research, or lack thereof, and indicate suggestions about how we might think about and do more in these respects. I will come at these concerns by noting some developments that influenced the present in social and political terms and other events in political science; identifying intellectual guideposts that may help how we think about research issues of our day; considering why race and class are not studied (more); acknowledging how the questions have been studied, as well as noting some reservations about these; and providing several examples from the research in which I have been involved, both directly and indirectly, that suggest how we might or can study these questions. e meet at this conference in a year which is science and political scientists to study. And understand- W a special anniversary of various landmark events ing the nexus between differences or hierarchies associated in U.S. political history. Of course, that can be with class dynamics and race/ethnicity, and gender, is said regarding almost any year because of the pervasive and immensely important. Yet—with some notable exceptions profound significance of politics, which is amplified by the —they are too often examined entirely separately, over- special importance which we as political scientists attach to looked, or not sufficiently engaged by research in our “the political.” Momentarily, I will cite some landmark discipline. Standard political science perspectives certainly events from particular years—years which, like this year, have had something substantial to say about these. But end in the number five or zero, as is our wont when rather more can be done in terms of theory and empirical considering the anniversaries of those major historical analysis to capture the breadth and depth of the large and moments. I mean those events to serve as a backdrop for significant issues present when economic inequality is observations regarding American/U.S. politics, and polit- linked to racial disparity present. ical science more broadly, particularly in an era of growing Alternative perspectives, or other states of mind, can racial diversity and economic disparity, conceptualize and consider the issues differently and be Let me state my core points and make a plea at the very more analytically open and disposed to considering outset: the levels and unique configurations of class different dimensions of inequality, as well as connections inequality and racial diversity that have characterized between them. (I would also hope for and look forward to the last several decades of U.S. history—and there is newly developed theories, evidentiary bases, and methods much evidence for this—raise big questions for political that could be brought to bear on these issues as well.) Now, I certainly recognize that the nature and magnitude of the issues I will identify present difficult intellectual challenges (which I, myself, have not entirely Rodney E. Hero is the 2014–2015 president of the thought through, but I will explore today). Nevertheless, American Political Science Association ([email protected]). I’m convinced that political science should, and I’m He is Professor of Political Science and Haas Chair in Diversity entirely confident that we can, play a larger and more and Democracy at the University of California–Berkeley. His integral role in grappling with the political roots, mean- research and teaching focus on American democracy and ings, and implications of these and other dimensions of politics, especially as viewed through the analytical lenses of inequality. I offer some observations about the research, or Latino Politics, Racial/Ethnic Politics, State and Urban lack thereof, and indicate suggestions about how we might Politics, and Federalism. think about and do more in these respects. doi:10.1017/S1537592715003199 © American Political Science Association 2016 March 2016 | Vol. 14/No. 1 7 Presidential Address | American Politics and Political Science I will come at these concerns as follows: (1) noting some And we meet here in this place, California, which developments that influenced the present in social and became a state 165 years ago in 1850, as part of the treaty political terms, and other events in political science; (2) ending the Mexican-American War, an event of tremen- identifying intellectual guideposts that may help how we dous importance in American history. California’s vast think about research issues of our day; (3) considering why population (about 38 million) is by a large margin the race and class are not studied (more); (4) acknowledging biggest in the country, and comprises about ten percent of that to be the case and how the questions have been studied, the nation’s population. It is also one of several “majority- as well as noting some reservations about these; (5) providing minority” states in terms of its demographic profile. several examples from research in which I have been involved, One could easily go on and on, and I’m certain others both directly and indirectly, which suggest how we might or could identify many other, and different, events but I leave can study these questions; (6) then concluding. I begin with it at that for now. reference to a number of landmark events in American We can also identify a few landmarks within the history and in the history of our discipline to foreground and American Political Science Association and our discipline serve as a segue to broader points. and contemplate their significance, as well as how and how much they may or may not parallel the broader changes Developments just noted. Founded in 1903, the association grew in- This year, 2015, marks 150 years since the end of the crementally until after World War II, and its membership Civil War and ratification that same year of the Thirtenth expanded dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1950 Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which ended (65 years ago) Ralph Bunche received the Nobel Peace slavery; ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, re- prize; he became the APSA’s first black president garding right to vote for former slaves, occurred in (in 1953–54). A major book award given by our associ- 1870 (and the fundamentally important Fourteenth ation and a summer program for young aspiring political Amendment was ratified in between, in 1868). These scientists came to bear his name, and his name has been pre-date the establishment of the American Political recognized elsewhere in the world. Science Association by thirty years or more. The Nine- The first woman president of the APSA, Judith Sklar, teenth Amendment, regarding women’s suffrage, was gave her Presidential Address just a quarter century ago, ratified 95 years ago. It has been 80 years since the passage in 1990. A decade ago in 2005, Margaret Levi, gave her of the Social Security Act and of major labor legislation, as presidential address, and Levi’s two immediate predeces- well the enactment of laws, leading to major infrastructure sors were Theda Skocpol and Suzanne Rudolph. This throughout the United States, including here in the San Francisco Bay area, which we use to this day. It is fifty years since the passage of the Voting Rights Figure 1 Act (VRA) and of major Immigration legislation, which Street sign in Nairobi, Kenya alone and in combination transformed the social compo- sition of the United States and of its electorate. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Pell Grants, the Head Start program, and Medicare and Medicaid also emerged in 1965—as did the Watts riots in Los Angeles. It is forty years since the 1975 extension of the VRA to “language minorities,” and twenty-five years since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans ten years ago. Just five years ago, in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA, often referred to as Obamacare) became law, and its signature importance was described in lively, expletive- deleted, terms by Vice President Joe Biden at the time. To note but a few important developments in international relations—it has been seventy years since the first use of the atomic bomb, the end of World War II and the creation of the United Nations, first headquartered here in San Francisco. It has been 55 years now since the Cuban Embargo Act (October 1960), which was situated in the context of the Cold War United States. Regular U.S. combat troops were deployed in Vietnam in 1965 (fifty years ago); the United States completed its pullout from Viet Nam in 1975. Source: Hero and Levy 2015. 8 Perspectives on Politics marked the first (and only) time the APSA has had three governments more representative and effective.2 I suggest women presidents in succession. Tomorrow [September 4, we need to reconsider or create new (empirical) theories of 2015] the association will formally install its ninth (but race and class, and their intersection. only its ninth) woman president. Two years ago, Jane Mansbridge implored us to join Also within our association, the Race, Ethnicity and her in reflecting upon “what is political science for,” i.e., Politics (REP) Organized Section was established 20 years the basic purpose(s) of political science.3 I suggest that ago. And the Perestroika movement emerged in 2000, 15 studying issues such as race and economic inequality is years ago. Formed within five years of each other, the a worthy goal, having the kind of substantive purposes and REP section and Perestroika had some ostensibly con- normative underpinnings that Mansbridge suggests.