Paul Mansion and the Scientific Approach of Randomness Laurent Mazliak
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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Henri Pirenne / L
BE-A0510_007177_006947_DUT Inventaris van het archief van Henri Pirenne / L. De Mecheleer Het Rijksarchief in België Archives de l'État en Belgique Das Staatsarchiv in Belgien State Archives in Belgium This finding aid is written in Dutch. 2 Henri Pirenne BESCHRIJVING VAN HET ARCHIEF:................................................................................7 Raadpleging en gebruik.................................................................................................8 Voorwaarden voor de raadpleging en reproductie...........................................................8 Taal....................................................................................................................................8 Toegangen.........................................................................................................................8 Geschiedenis van archiefvormer en archief...................................................................9 Archiefvormer...................................................................................................................9 Naam.............................................................................................................................9 Biografie........................................................................................................................9 Archief..............................................................................................................................11 Geschiedenis...............................................................................................................11 -
The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics a Discipline Between Science and Technology
Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 3 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 1 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 2 Related Titles R. Ansorge Mathematical Models of Fluiddynamics Modelling, Theory, Basic Numerical Facts - An Introduction 187 pages with 30 figures 2003 Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40397-3 J. Renn (ed.) Albert Einstein - Chief Engineer of the Universe 100 Authors for Einstein. Essays approx. 480 pages 2005 Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40574-7 D. Brian Einstein - A Life 526 pages 1996 Softcover ISBN 0-471-19362-3 Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 3 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 4 The author of this book All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Dr. Michael Eckert publisher do not warrant the information Deutsches Museum München contained in these books, including this book, to email: [email protected] be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, proce- Cover illustration dural details or other items may inadvertently be “Wake downstream of a thin plate soaked in a inaccurate. water flow” by Henri Werlé, with kind permission from ONERA, http://www.onera.fr Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. -
Pirenne and Fredericq Historiographical Ambitions Around 1900
Pirenne and Frederic Hi!"#ri#$rap%ica& am(i"i#n! ar#)nd 1900 *+ T+LL,B,,-1 ................................ Pr#/e!!#r #/ Cu&")ra& Hi!"#ry 1 2ni3ersi"0 #/ Le)3en Henri Pirenne and Pa)& Frederic 4ere 3er0 c&#!e acquaintance! /#r /or"0 0ear!.2 T%e "4# 'en'! acade'ic career! !"ar"ed a" 3ir"ua&&0 "he !a'e "i'e. 7/"er a career a! a "eac%er, a" "%e a$e #/ 8)!" 29, Frederic $ained %i! appoin"'ent in 1879 a! e:"raordinar0 pr#/e!!#r ;and a! ordinar0 pr#/e!!#r /r#' 1882) a" "he uni3er!i"0 #/ Li=$e, 4here %i! d)"ie! inc&uded "eac%ing >)"c% &i"era")re, conte'porar0 hi!"#r0 and "he hi!"#r0 #/ Be&$i)' and 4here he 8oined hi! #&d /riend /r#' !"udent da0!, Gode/r#id -)r"%.3 7'on$ %i! !"udent! 4a! Pirenne, hi! 8unior (0 12 0ear!, 4%# had arri3ed in Li=$e in 1880.4 In 1883, Frederic recei3ed an appoint'ent in Ghent, a$ain /or a c#'bina"ion #/ &i"erar0-hi!"orica& and hi!"#rica& !)(8ec"!.? Pirenne5! career !"ar"ed another "4#60ear!6&a"er in Li=$e, where he64a! entr)!"ed wi"%6"eaching pa&ae#$raphy and dipl#'a"ic! in 1885. 7 0ear &a"er, he 8oined Frederic in Ghent, /ir!" a! an e:"raordinar0 pr#/e!!or, "%en a! an ordinar0 pr#/e!!#r /r#' 1889. T%i! occ)rred 4i"% Frederic 5! !uppor", a&"%#)$% i" 4a! a&!# acc#'pa- nied (0 a di!pu"e be"4een "he "4# re$arding "he di3i!ion #/ "eac%ing dutie! ;L0on, 1974, 71-78). -
Making Lifelines from Frontlines; 1
The Rhine and European Security in the Long Nineteenth Century Throughout history rivers have always been a source of life and of conflict. This book investigates the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine’s (CCNR) efforts to secure the principle of freedom of navigation on Europe’s prime river. The book explores how the most fundamental change in the history of international river governance arose from European security concerns. It examines how the CCNR functioned as an ongoing experiment in reconciling national and common interests that contributed to the emergence of Eur- opean prosperity in the course of the long nineteenth century. In so doing, it shows that modern conceptions and practices of security cannot be under- stood without accounting for prosperity considerations and prosperity poli- cies. Incorporating research from archives in Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands, as well as the recently opened CCNR archives in France, this study operationalises a truly transnational perspective that effectively opens the black box of the oldest and still existing international organisation in the world in its first centenary. In showing how security-prosperity considerations were a driving force in the unfolding of Europe’s prime river in the nineteenth century, it is of interest to scholars of politics and history, including the history of international rela- tions, European history, transnational history and the history of security, as well as those with an interest in current themes and debates about transboundary water governance. Joep Schenk is lecturer at the History of International Relations section at Utrecht University, Netherlands. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow within an ERC-funded project on the making of a security culture in Europe in the nineteenth century and is currently researching international environmental cooperation and competition in historical perspective. -
Bessel It Is Hardly Necessary to Mention Bessel’S Great Discoveries
Bessel It is hardly necessary to mention Bessel’s great discoveries. Here, his biography is described, partly by himself, two of his popular writings are included as also a few pages of the translator which document Bessel’s happy-go-lucky attitude. Two souls had been living in his breast! F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar Sheynin Contents Introduction by the translator I. F. W. Bessel, Brief recollections of my life, 1876 II. R. Engelmann, [Supplement to I], 1876 III. F. W. Bessel, Letter to Airy (1833), 1876 IV. F. W. Bessel, On the calculus of probability, 1848 V. F. W. Bessel, On measures and weights in general etc., 1848 VI. Joh. A. Repsold, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, 1920 VII. O. Sheynin, The other Bessel Introduction (O. S.) The works of Gauss are mentioned throughout, and I list them here. Werke , Bde 1 – 12. Göttingen, 1863 – 1930. Reprint: Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. Werke , Ergänzungsreihe, Bde 1 – 5. Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. These volumes are reprints of the previously published correspondence of Gauss with Bessel (Bd. 1); Bolyai (Bd. 2); Gerling (Bd. 3); Olbers (Bd. 4, No. 1 – 2); and Schumacher (Bd. 5, No. 1 – 3). Notation : W-i = Werke , Bd. i. W/Erg-i = Werke , Ergänzungsreihe, Bd. i. Bessel’s Abhandlungen , Bde 1 – 3. Leipzig, 1875 – 1876 are his selected works (editor, R. Engelmann). A list of Bessel’s works is in his Abhandlungen , Bd. 3, pp. 490 – 504. These contributions are there numbered; two numbers are provided for those that are included in the Abhandlungen . Notation : [No. -
Intermittent Flow and Transient Congestions of Soft Spheres Passing Narrow Orifices
Intermittent flow and transient congestions of soft spheres passing narrow orifices Kirsten Harth,∗1 Jing Wang,∗1 Tam´asB¨orzs¨onyi,2 Ralf Stannarius 1 1Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, 2Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, ∗shared first authorship Soft, low-friction particles in silos show peculiar features during their discharge. The outflow velocity and the clogging probability both depend upon the momentary silo fill height, in sharp contrast to silos filled with hard particles. The reason is the fill-height dependence of the pressure at the orifice. We study the statistics of silo discharge of soft hydrogel spheres. The outflow is found to become increasingly fluctuating and even intermittent with decreasing orifice size, and with decreasing fill height. In orifices narrower than two particle diameters, outflow can stop completely, but in contrast to clogs formed by rigid particles, these congestions may dissolve spontaneously. We analyze such non-permanent congestions and attribute them to slow reorganization processes in the container, caused by viscoelasticity of the material. I. INTRODUCTION study inhibiting or supporting effects on discharge rates [20{24]. The peculiarities of granular materials stored in con- The amount of grains discharged between two clogs, tainers have raised the interest of scientists already cen- the so-called avalanche size S, is one of the key figures turies ago. One of the earliest scientific reports on the of merit in silo discharge. Avalanche sizes are statis- outflow of sand from storage containers dates back to tically distributed. Their mean size hSi increases with 1829, when Pierre Huber-Burnand [1] described the pres- increasing outlet width, more specifically with increasing sure conditions in a granular bed within vertical cylin- ratio ρ of orifice width to particle size. -
Hydraulics Heroes
Hydraulics Heroes An introduction to five influential scientists, mathematicians and engineers who paved the way for modern hydraulics: our hydraulics heroes. www.hydraulicsonline.com Hydraulics Online e-book series: Sharing our knowledge of all things hydraulic About Hydraulics Online Hydraulics Online is a leading, award-winning, ISO 9001 accredited provider of customer-centric fluid power solutions to 130 countries and 24 sectors worldwide. Highly committed employees and happy customers are the bedrock of our business. Our success is built on quality and technical know-how and the fact that we are 100% independent – we provide truly unbiased advice and the most optimal solutions for our customers. Every time. RITISH B T E R G U S A T T I Q R E U H A L Y I T Hydraulics Heroes We invite you to meet five of our hydraulics heroes: Hydraulics Online e-book series: Benedetto Castelli (c.1577 – 1642) Sharing our knowledge of all things hydraulic Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) Joseph Bramah (1748 – 1814) Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1799 – 1869) William Armstrong (1810 – 1900) Hydraulics Online e-book: Hydraulics Heroes P. 3 www.hydraulicsonline.com Benedetto Castelli Benedetto Castelli (c.1577 – 1642) is celebrated for his work in astronomy and hydraulics. His most celebrated work is Della Misura delle Acque Correnti – On the Measurement of Running Water – which was published in 1629. In this work, Castelli established the continuity principle, which is still central to all modern hydraulics. A supporter and colleague of Galileo, Benedetto was born the eldest of seven children of a wealthy landowner. It is not known exactly when he was born, but it is thought to be 1577 or 1578. -
F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar
F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar Sheynin Contents Introduction by the translator I. F. W. Bessel, Brief recollections of my life, 1876 II. R. Engelmann, [Supplement to I], 1876 III. F. W. Bessel, Letter to Airy (1833), 1876 IV. F. W. Bessel, On the calculus of probability, 1848 V. F. W. Bessel, On measures and weights in general etc., 1848 VI. Joh. A. Repsold, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, 1920 VII. O. Sheynin, The other Bessel Introduction (O. S.) The works of Gauss are mentioned throughout, and I list them here. Werke, Bde 1 – 12. Göttingen, 1863 – 1930. Reprint: Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. Werke, Ergänzungsreihe, Bde 1 – 5. Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. These volumes are reprints of the previously published correspondence of Gauss with Bessel (Bd. 1); Bolyai (Bd. 2); Gerling (Bd. 3); Olbers (Bd. 4, No. 1 – 2); and Schumacher (Bd. 5, No. 1 – 3). Notation: W-i = Werke, Bd. i. W/Erg-i = Werke, Ergänzungsreihe, Bd. i. Bessel’s Abhandlungen, Bde 1 – 3. Leipzig, 1875 – 1876 are his selected works (editor, R. Engelmann). A list of Bessel’s works is in his Abhandlungen, Bd. 3, pp. 490 – 504. These contributions are there numbered; two numbers are provided for those that are included in the Abhandlungen. Notation: [No. i] = Bessel’s contribution i included in the list, but not in the Abhandlungen [No. i/j] = Bessel’s contribution i included both in the list and in the Abhandlungen and accompanied there by number j Many letters exchanged by Bessel. Gauss, Olbers and Schumacher are quoted. Notation: B – S = letter from Bessel to Schumacher; G – O = letter from Gauss to Olbers; etc. -
History and Heritage of German Coastal Engineering
HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF GERMAN COASTAL ENGINEERING Hanz D. Niemeyer, Hartmut Eiben, Hans Rohde Reprint from: Copyright, American Society of Civil Engineers HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF GERMAN COASTAL ENGINEERING Hanz D. Niemeyer1, Hartmut Eiben2, Hans Rohde3 ABSTRACT: Coastal engineering in Germany has a long tradition basing on elementary requirements of coastal inhabitants for survival, safety of goods and earning of living. Initial purely empirical gained knowledge evolved into a system providing a technical and scientific basis for engineering measures. In respect of distinct geographical boundary conditions, coastal engineering at the North and the Baltic Sea coasts developed a fairly autonomous behavior as well in coastal protection and waterway and harbor engineering. Emphasis in this paper has been laid on highlighting those kinds of pioneering in German coastal engineering which delivered a basis that is still valuable for present work. INTRODUCTION The Roman historian Pliny visited the German North Sea coast in the middle of the first century A. D. He reported about a landscape being flooded twice within 24 hours which could be as well part of the sea as of the land. He was concerned about the inhabitants living on earth hills adjusted to the flood level by experience. Pliny must have visited this area after a severe storm surge during tides with a still remarkable set-up [WOEBCKEN 1924]. This is the first known document of human constructions called ‘Warft’ in Frisian (Fig. 1). If the coastal areas are flooded due to a storm surge, these hills remained Figure 1. Scheme of a ‘warft’ with a single building and its adaptions to higher storm surge levels between 300 and 1100 A.D.; adapted from KRÜGER [1938] 1) Coastal Research Station of the Lower Saxonian Central State Board for Ecology, Fledderweg 25, 26506 Norddeich / East Frisia, Germany, email: [email protected] 2) State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests of Schleswig-Holstein. -
Writing the History of the Exact Sciences in Nineteenth-Century Rome
ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE For science and for the Pope-king: writing the history of the exact sciences in nineteenth-century Rome AUTHORS Mazzotti, Massimo JOURNAL The British Journal for the History of Science DEPOSITED IN ORE 01 August 2008 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10036/33812 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication BJHS, 2000, 33, 257–282 For science and for the Pope-king: writing the history of the exact sciences in nineteenth-century Rome MASSIMO MAZZOTTI* Abstract. This paper analyses the contents and the style of the Bullettino di bibliografia e di storia delle scienze matematiche e fisiche (1868–1887), the first journal entirely devoted to the history of mathematics. It is argued that its innovative and controversial methodological approach cannot be properly understood without considering the cultural conditions in which the journal was conceived and realized. The style of the Bullettino was far from being the mere outcome of the eccentric personality of its editor, Prince Baldassarre Boncompagni. Rather, it reflected in many ways, at the level of historiography of science, the struggle of the official Roman Catholic culture against the growing secularization of knowledge and society. While history of mathematics was a well-established discipline by the mid-nineteenth century, no periodical which was entirely devoted to such a discipline existed until 1868. -
History and the History of Science in the Work of Hendrik De
History and t!" history of s$i"n$" in t!" %or& of H"ndri& '" (an CHRI)T*+H,-.,RBR/GG,N1 L"$t0r"r 1 /ni2"rsit"it G"nt L,3I) +4,N)*N 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555 +ro#"ssor 1 3"st"rn (i$!i6an /ni2"rsity H"ndri& '" (an 71885-1953) is r":":;"r" as one of t!" :ost si6ni#i$ant innovators in t!" (arxist tra ition 0ring t!" int"r%ar period. =n ind"#ati6a;>" and %i ">y tra2">>" t!"or"ti$ian, !" ":"r6" as a :a?or politi$a> >"a "r in t!" 1930s and t!"n ;"$a:" ;"st &nown #or his a$$om:odation %it! t!" G"r:an oc$upi"r during t!" )"$ond 3or> 3ar. '" (an's int">>"$tua> and po>iti$a> in#>0"nc" spr"a #ar ;"yond t!" bor "rs o# !is nati2" B">6i0:. His $ordia> r">ations!ip %it! t!" historian H"nri +ir"nn" 71862-1935) has ;""n obs"r2"d. Inde"d, '" (an %as one of +ir"nne@s :ost bri>>iant pupi>s. '" (an's $onne$tion %it! s$holars a>so "xt"nde to historian of s$i"nc" G"or6" )arton 71884-1956). In t!" #ol>owing pa6"s, %" dis$uss %hat-'" (an dr"%-#rom bot!-+ir"nn" and-)arton. H"nri +ir"nne, by 2irt0" of his socia> and "$onomi$ history 1 %hi$! >" dir"$t>y into (ar$ B>oc! and L0$i"n B";2r"@s Annales 1 provi " a :a?or int">>"$tua> i:petus #or t!" dis$ip>in" of history as it is pra$ti$" today 7Lyon C Lyon, 1991).