DOCSLIB.ORG

Bessel It Is Hardly Necessary to Mention Bessel’S Great Discoveries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bessel It Is Hardly Necessary to Mention Bessel’S Great Discoveries Bessel It is hardly necessary to mention Bessel’s great discoveries. Here, his biography is described, partly by himself, two of his popular writings are included as also a few pages of the translator which document Bessel’s happy-go-lucky attitude. Two souls had been living in his breast! F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar Sheynin Contents Introduction by the translator I. F. W. Bessel, Brief recollections of my life, 1876 II. R. Engelmann, [Supplement to I], 1876 III. F. W. Bessel, Letter to Airy (1833), 1876 IV. F. W. Bessel, On the calculus of probability, 1848 V. F. W. Bessel, On measures and weights in general etc., 1848 VI. Joh. A. Repsold, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, 1920 VII. O. Sheynin, The other Bessel Introduction (O. S.) The works of Gauss are mentioned throughout, and I list them here. Werke , Bde 1 – 12. Göttingen, 1863 – 1930. Reprint: Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. Werke , Ergänzungsreihe, Bde 1 – 5. Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. These volumes are reprints of the previously published correspondence of Gauss with Bessel (Bd. 1); Bolyai (Bd. 2); Gerling (Bd. 3); Olbers (Bd. 4, No. 1 – 2); and Schumacher (Bd. 5, No. 1 – 3). Notation : W-i = Werke , Bd. i. W/Erg-i = Werke , Ergänzungsreihe, Bd. i. Bessel’s Abhandlungen , Bde 1 – 3. Leipzig, 1875 – 1876 are his selected works (editor, R. Engelmann). A list of Bessel’s works is in his Abhandlungen , Bd. 3, pp. 490 – 504. These contributions are there numbered; two numbers are provided for those that are included in the Abhandlungen . Notation : [No. i] = Bessel’s contribution i included in the list, but not in the Abhandlungen [No. i/j] = Bessel’s contribution i included both in the list and in the Abhandlungen and accompanied there by number j Many letters exchanged by Bessel. Gauss, Olbers and Schumacher are quoted. Notation : B – S = letter from Bessel to Schumacher; G – O = letter from Gauss to Olbers; etc. Special notation : S, G, i means see downloadable Document i on my website www.sheynin.de or on its copy at Google, Oscar Sheynin, Home. Such documents are my translations from Russian or German or in its original English if barely available. I mention three representatives of the Repsold family, all of them manufacturers of optical instruments; the last-mentioned was also the author of the contribution below. Johann Georg, 1770 – 1830; Adolf, 1806 – 1871; Johann Adolf, 1838 – 1919 I F. W. Bessel Brief Recollections of My Life Kurze Erinnerungen an Momente meines Lebens. Abh ., Bd. 1. Editor, R. Engelmann. Leipzig, 1876, pp. XI – XXIV 1 [1] I was born in Minden on 22 July 1784. My father was a [local] government secretary (Regierungssekretär), manager of various funds (Kassen), legal advisor of the then existing ecclesiastical parish of the Johanniter-Malteser order from which he received the title of counsellor-at-law. In Westphalia he became the first registrar of the tribunal. After happier times had returned, he moved to Paderborn where I saw him for the last time in 1819. My mother was the daughter of a pastor Schrader in Rehme 2. For me, both parents had always remained models of honesty and had been generally recognized as such. My father was not only honest, he was also clever. My mother presented the most perfect picture I have ever seen of self-sacrificing love for others. In my ripe years I have often recalled her attitudes and was unable to remember even a single wish of hers which was not shelved off to the last. Only by extreme thrift was the income sufficient. Surmounting essential hindrances my parents had brought up three sons and six daughters. My father’s serious thought and extremely intensive activity had often been necessary for earning a living and for teaching of so many children. Had he lived longer, he, a subordinate clerk of a judicial board, would have been happy to see his eldest and youngest boys achieving worthy positions as presidents of district courts in Kleve and Saarbrücken respectively whereas his middle son, although not versed in law, was honoured by many distinctions. Three daughters out of the six have married and two of the other three have died so that seven members of the family are still living (on 12 Febr. 1846 3). Our family is noble. One of my ancestors, my great-grandfather as I think, had not used the customary distinctive sign of such families [apparently, the von – O. S.] (I do not remember having heard the reason why), and both my grandfather and father followed suit. The latter and my brothers told me that, nevertheless, we may still claim that sign but none of us seemed to desire it although our cousins have successfully done it. Our family also owns considerable territories held in fee (Lehngüter). Parts of them are near Petershagen, near Minden and, as I think, in Pomerania. Our Lehnsvetter [Vetter – cousin – O. S.] claimed them back even in our century. Later, however, I do not know why, they lost their claim. Presumably these territories had not been recognized as feuds anymore or the cousins had agreed to be recompensed. I do not anymore remember anything remarkable about my youth although I recall being somehow distinguished from other school students of the same age. Many times in the lower classes up to the unter Tertia [to the fourth class], after which I left school, I was kept in after school which was quite proper since I had always detested the rudiments of Latin. To avoid them, I explained to my father that I was strongly disposed towards calculation and therefore wished to become a merchant. In spite of his sense of justness my father would have hardly satisfied the wish of a lazy schoolboy, although having this inclination coupled with a special calculating skill, had I not been supported by one of our teachers, the assistant principal Thilo 4. He was an enthusiast of mathematics and natural science, but, as I had later easily understood, highly ignorant although being endowed with an active speculative mind. Once I had for so long rubbed with sand a round piece of window glass that to a certain extent it began to concentrate sun rays. I showed it to Thilo and asked him how to turn it into a real lens. The glass, although barely effective, inflamed the enthusiast, and I am thankful to him for his support which proved decisive for my later life. Father agreed, took me out of the school and allowed me to study further writing and arithmetic as well as the French language and geography, [2] From that period of my life (13 − 14 years old) I recall an episode which I wish to put on record since it shows the sharpness of my eyesight from which I had been able to expect much without exhausting its power. For making out the constellations I compared the sky with its picture on a plane in an old geographical atlas. After coming to the Lyra I suddenly noticed that one of the two stars that together with Wega form an almost equilateral triangle consisted of two stars. I called my elder brother so that he would also be delighted by this astronomical discovery. However, he did not see those two stars but rather, with effort, one elongated star. His eyesight was apparently already weakened by diligently doing his homework. These stars were ε and 5 Lyra known to be only 1/8 (viertelhalb) of a minute apart. I have often glanced at them to notice how the weakening of my eyesight was going on. Already in Lilienthal I was hardly able to see those stars separately, and later I saw only one elongated star whereas now I see it only with effort. Recently Argelander has zealously and minutely studied the picture of the sky as seen by the naked eye and mapped it in his book (1843) along with a list of stars with their most thoroughly determined magnitudes. His maps show only one star instead of the two mentioned, ε and 5 Lyra, and, accordingly, they are listed as a single star of the fourth magnitude. It is thus stated that the usual eyesight can only see both stars as a single object, and I have good cause to believe that eyes which are able by attentively looking to see these stars separately, are unusually sharp. If, however, this is possible at once, the eyes are sharp to a rare extent. [3] In 1798 a friend of my father obtained a promise from a respected commercial firm Andreas Gottlieb Kulenkamp & Sons in Bremen to take me on as a trainee in exchange for seven years of working for free. My father himself brought me to Bremen. We arrived there on 1 Jan. 1799 and next day I was shown my place in the office (in einem Comptoirpulte). I found myself in a new world which intensely seized me. What I learned in the parental home was extremely restricted, it only concerned the well-being, or rather the difficult preservation of the thought-over meagre things. On the contrary, in Bremen considerable commercial deals, about which I had gradually learned from copies of business letters, went by before my eyes. The grandeur of these deals interested me so strongly that I, even after working hours, remained in the office and studied all the business accounts to achieve an overview of the entire process of trade. Soon I succeeded and on many occasions, when some detail escaped the memory of other employees of the office, had put to good use my procured knowledge.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
    From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics a Discipline Between Science and Technology
    Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 3 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 1 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 2 Related Titles R. Ansorge Mathematical Models of Fluiddynamics Modelling, Theory, Basic Numerical Facts - An Introduction 187 pages with 30 figures 2003 Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40397-3 J. Renn (ed.) Albert Einstein - Chief Engineer of the Universe 100 Authors for Einstein. Essays approx. 480 pages 2005 Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40574-7 D. Brian Einstein - A Life 526 pages 1996 Softcover ISBN 0-471-19362-3 Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 3 Michael Eckert The Dawn of Fluid Dynamics A Discipline between Science and Technology WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Titelei Eckert 11.04.2007 14:04 Uhr Seite 4 The author of this book All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Dr. Michael Eckert publisher do not warrant the information Deutsches Museum München contained in these books, including this book, to email: [email protected] be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, proce- Cover illustration dural details or other items may inadvertently be “Wake downstream of a thin plate soaked in a inaccurate. water flow” by Henri Werlé, with kind permission from ONERA, http://www.onera.fr Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Lifelines from Frontlines; 1
    The Rhine and European Security in the Long Nineteenth Century Throughout history rivers have always been a source of life and of conflict. This book investigates the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine’s (CCNR) efforts to secure the principle of freedom of navigation on Europe’s prime river. The book explores how the most fundamental change in the history of international river governance arose from European security concerns. It examines how the CCNR functioned as an ongoing experiment in reconciling national and common interests that contributed to the emergence of Eur- opean prosperity in the course of the long nineteenth century. In so doing, it shows that modern conceptions and practices of security cannot be under- stood without accounting for prosperity considerations and prosperity poli- cies. Incorporating research from archives in Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands, as well as the recently opened CCNR archives in France, this study operationalises a truly transnational perspective that effectively opens the black box of the oldest and still existing international organisation in the world in its first centenary. In showing how security-prosperity considerations were a driving force in the unfolding of Europe’s prime river in the nineteenth century, it is of interest to scholars of politics and history, including the history of international rela- tions, European history, transnational history and the history of security, as well as those with an interest in current themes and debates about transboundary water governance. Joep Schenk is lecturer at the History of International Relations section at Utrecht University, Netherlands. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow within an ERC-funded project on the making of a security culture in Europe in the nineteenth century and is currently researching international environmental cooperation and competition in historical perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Intermittent Flow and Transient Congestions of Soft Spheres Passing Narrow Orifices
    Intermittent flow and transient congestions of soft spheres passing narrow orifices Kirsten Harth,∗1 Jing Wang,∗1 Tam´asB¨orzs¨onyi,2 Ralf Stannarius 1 1Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany, 2Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary, ∗shared first authorship Soft, low-friction particles in silos show peculiar features during their discharge. The outflow velocity and the clogging probability both depend upon the momentary silo fill height, in sharp contrast to silos filled with hard particles. The reason is the fill-height dependence of the pressure at the orifice. We study the statistics of silo discharge of soft hydrogel spheres. The outflow is found to become increasingly fluctuating and even intermittent with decreasing orifice size, and with decreasing fill height. In orifices narrower than two particle diameters, outflow can stop completely, but in contrast to clogs formed by rigid particles, these congestions may dissolve spontaneously. We analyze such non-permanent congestions and attribute them to slow reorganization processes in the container, caused by viscoelasticity of the material. I. INTRODUCTION study inhibiting or supporting effects on discharge rates [20{24]. The peculiarities of granular materials stored in con- The amount of grains discharged between two clogs, tainers have raised the interest of scientists already cen- the so-called avalanche size S, is one of the key figures turies ago. One of the earliest scientific reports on the of merit in silo discharge. Avalanche sizes are statis- outflow of sand from storage containers dates back to tically distributed. Their mean size hSi increases with 1829, when Pierre Huber-Burnand [1] described the pres- increasing outlet width, more specifically with increasing sure conditions in a granular bed within vertical cylin- ratio ρ of orifice width to particle size.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics Heroes
    Hydraulics Heroes An introduction to five influential scientists, mathematicians and engineers who paved the way for modern hydraulics: our hydraulics heroes. www.hydraulicsonline.com Hydraulics Online e-book series: Sharing our knowledge of all things hydraulic About Hydraulics Online Hydraulics Online is a leading, award-winning, ISO 9001 accredited provider of customer-centric fluid power solutions to 130 countries and 24 sectors worldwide. Highly committed employees and happy customers are the bedrock of our business. Our success is built on quality and technical know-how and the fact that we are 100% independent – we provide truly unbiased advice and the most optimal solutions for our customers. Every time. RITISH B T E R G U S A T T I Q R E U H A L Y I T Hydraulics Heroes We invite you to meet five of our hydraulics heroes: Hydraulics Online e-book series: Benedetto Castelli (c.1577 – 1642) Sharing our knowledge of all things hydraulic Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) Joseph Bramah (1748 – 1814) Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1799 – 1869) William Armstrong (1810 – 1900) Hydraulics Online e-book: Hydraulics Heroes P. 3 www.hydraulicsonline.com Benedetto Castelli Benedetto Castelli (c.1577 – 1642) is celebrated for his work in astronomy and hydraulics. His most celebrated work is Della Misura delle Acque Correnti – On the Measurement of Running Water – which was published in 1629. In this work, Castelli established the continuity principle, which is still central to all modern hydraulics. A supporter and colleague of Galileo, Benedetto was born the eldest of seven children of a wealthy landowner. It is not known exactly when he was born, but it is thought to be 1577 or 1578.
    [Show full text]
  • F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar
    F. W. Bessel Biography; Two Papers; His Appraisal Translated by Oscar Sheynin Contents Introduction by the translator I. F. W. Bessel, Brief recollections of my life, 1876 II. R. Engelmann, [Supplement to I], 1876 III. F. W. Bessel, Letter to Airy (1833), 1876 IV. F. W. Bessel, On the calculus of probability, 1848 V. F. W. Bessel, On measures and weights in general etc., 1848 VI. Joh. A. Repsold, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, 1920 VII. O. Sheynin, The other Bessel Introduction (O. S.) The works of Gauss are mentioned throughout, and I list them here. Werke, Bde 1 – 12. Göttingen, 1863 – 1930. Reprint: Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. Werke, Ergänzungsreihe, Bde 1 – 5. Hildesheim, 1973 – 1981. These volumes are reprints of the previously published correspondence of Gauss with Bessel (Bd. 1); Bolyai (Bd. 2); Gerling (Bd. 3); Olbers (Bd. 4, No. 1 – 2); and Schumacher (Bd. 5, No. 1 – 3). Notation: W-i = Werke, Bd. i. W/Erg-i = Werke, Ergänzungsreihe, Bd. i. Bessel’s Abhandlungen, Bde 1 – 3. Leipzig, 1875 – 1876 are his selected works (editor, R. Engelmann). A list of Bessel’s works is in his Abhandlungen, Bd. 3, pp. 490 – 504. These contributions are there numbered; two numbers are provided for those that are included in the Abhandlungen. Notation: [No. i] = Bessel’s contribution i included in the list, but not in the Abhandlungen [No. i/j] = Bessel’s contribution i included both in the list and in the Abhandlungen and accompanied there by number j Many letters exchanged by Bessel. Gauss, Olbers and Schumacher are quoted. Notation: B – S = letter from Bessel to Schumacher; G – O = letter from Gauss to Olbers; etc.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Heritage of German Coastal Engineering
    HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF GERMAN COASTAL ENGINEERING Hanz D. Niemeyer, Hartmut Eiben, Hans Rohde Reprint from: Copyright, American Society of Civil Engineers HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF GERMAN COASTAL ENGINEERING Hanz D. Niemeyer1, Hartmut Eiben2, Hans Rohde3 ABSTRACT: Coastal engineering in Germany has a long tradition basing on elementary requirements of coastal inhabitants for survival, safety of goods and earning of living. Initial purely empirical gained knowledge evolved into a system providing a technical and scientific basis for engineering measures. In respect of distinct geographical boundary conditions, coastal engineering at the North and the Baltic Sea coasts developed a fairly autonomous behavior as well in coastal protection and waterway and harbor engineering. Emphasis in this paper has been laid on highlighting those kinds of pioneering in German coastal engineering which delivered a basis that is still valuable for present work. INTRODUCTION The Roman historian Pliny visited the German North Sea coast in the middle of the first century A. D. He reported about a landscape being flooded twice within 24 hours which could be as well part of the sea as of the land. He was concerned about the inhabitants living on earth hills adjusted to the flood level by experience. Pliny must have visited this area after a severe storm surge during tides with a still remarkable set-up [WOEBCKEN 1924]. This is the first known document of human constructions called ‘Warft’ in Frisian (Fig. 1). If the coastal areas are flooded due to a storm surge, these hills remained Figure 1. Scheme of a ‘warft’ with a single building and its adaptions to higher storm surge levels between 300 and 1100 A.D.; adapted from KRÜGER [1938] 1) Coastal Research Station of the Lower Saxonian Central State Board for Ecology, Fledderweg 25, 26506 Norddeich / East Frisia, Germany, email: [email protected] 2) State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests of Schleswig-Holstein.
    [Show full text]
  • Christa Jungnickel Russell Mccormmach on the History
    Archimedes 48 New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Christa Jungnickel Russell McCormmach The Second Physicist On the History of Theoretical Physics in Germany The Second Physicist Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 48 EDITOR JED Z. BUCHWALD, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES JEREMY GRAY, The Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, The Open University, UK. TILMAN SAUER, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SHARON KINGSLAND, Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. MANFRED LAUBICHLER, Arizona State University, USA ADVISORY BOARD FOR MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY HENK BOS, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MORDECHAI FEINGOLD, California Institute of Technology, USA ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens, Greece PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, Leibniz University in Hannover, Germany TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto, Canada JESPER LU¨ TZEN, Copenhagen University, Denmark WILLIAM NEWMAN, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA LAWRENCE PRINCIPE, The Johns Hopkins University, USA JU¨ RGEN RENN, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany ALEX ROLAND, Duke University, USA ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota, USA NOEL SWERDLOW, California Institute of Technology, USA
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Mansion and the Scientific Approach of Randomness Laurent Mazliak
    What would be Belgium without probability and probability without Belgium ? Paul Mansion and the scientific approach of randomness Laurent Mazliak To cite this version: Laurent Mazliak. What would be Belgium without probability and probability without Belgium ? Paul Mansion and the scientific approach of randomness. 2019. hal-02044340 HAL Id: hal-02044340 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02044340 Preprint submitted on 21 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 What would be Belgium without probability and probability without Belgium ? Paul Mansion and the scientific approach of randomness 1 Laurent Mazliak Abstract The present paper studies how the Belgian mathematician Paul Mansion became interested in probability theory. The Belgian mathematical environment, in which probability was present more than in many other countries at the same time appears to have been favorable but also the fact that Mansion, a declared and militant Catholic, found in probability a source of reflection about determinism and randomness in the context of the “modernist crisis” in the Church. Mansion’s activity developed on the background of the scholar wars and the foundation of Catholic institutions such as the Institute for philosophy in Louvain, of the consolidation of mathematical education in Belgium as well as of a new interest for probabilistic results in science.
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural History in the Architecture Academy: Wilhelm Stier (1799-1856) at the Bauakademie and Allgemeine Bauschule in Berlin
    Architectural history in the architecture academy: Wilhelm Stier (1799-1856) at the Bauakademie and Allgemeine Bauschule in Berlin Eric Garberson Figure 1 Wilhelm Stier in Selinunte, 1828, lithograph. Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek, Cologne, Inv. Nr. K5/120 (Photo: USB) Figure 2 Wilhelm Stier, collotype from Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 7 (1857), frontispiece. (Photo: Architekturmuseum, Technische Universität zu Berlin) Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 The first years of the Bauakademie and Hirt’s ‘Critical history of architecture’ ........ 17 The independent Bauakademie ......................................................................................... 25 Wilhelm Stier: youth, training, travel ............................................................................... 41 Düsseldorf, Cologne, and Bonn, 1817-1821 ................................................................. 43 Paris, 1821 ......................................................................................................................... 46 Rome, 1822-1827 .............................................................................................................. 50 Stier at the Bauakademie, 1828-1831 ................................................................................. 82 Beuth’s Reform of 1831-32 and Stier’s Professional Activities, 1832-1849 .................. 89 The Reform of 1848-1849 and Stier’s Last Years ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics - Main Page Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics - for Historical Purposes Only
    Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics - Main page Group of nonlinear dynamics and synergetics - For historical purposes only. Current research here Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Main page The Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics was established in December 1993 Research activities and is involved in the study of complex system and nonlinear dynamics, from both the Seminars theoretical and the experimental point of view. Colaboration Faculty University Slovenia Staff Head: Asst. Prof. Aneta Stefanovska Research associate: Maja Bračič Lotrič Junior researcher: Alan Bernjak Visitor student: Yuri Shiogai Post-graduate students: Janez Jamšek Robert Mavri Mojca Spazzapan Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics Address Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Tržaška 25 SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Phone: +386 (0)1 4768 246 Fax: +386 (0)1 4264 630 Last update: 17 Jun 2004 http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/research/nbmphysics/ljubljana/index.html[03/06/2009 16:56:53] Group of Nonlinear Dynamics and Synergetics - Research Group of nonlinear dynamics and synergetics Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Main page Research activities Research activities Some results Projects The cardiovascular system is a system of closed tubes - the blood vessels. Any oscillation in the system can be sensed at each point of it, with the intensity (amplitude) Theses being different with respect to the place of recording and the nature of recorded signal. Seminars Colaboration It is our aim to reveal these dynamics from the measured signal and find the physiological nature of subsystems which contribute to the dynamics of the blood flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Fluid Mechanics: a Review
    International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics: A Review Kanwaljeet Kaur1, Jaswinder Kaur2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Sciences, Baba Farid College of Engineering and Technology, Bathinda, Punjab 2Assistant professor, Department of Mathematics, Baba Farid College, Bathinda, Punjab ABSTACT The aim of the present paper is to give the introduction about the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. History of Fluid mechanics is given in this paper. Characteristics of fluid and Classification of flows are detailed. A literature review on hydromagnetic flow problems is also present. Keywords: fluid, hydromsgnetic,mechanics,surface tension,viscous. 1. INTRODUCTION TO FLUID Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationery and moving boundaries under the influence of forces. The branch of the mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is called statics while the branch that deals with bodies in motion is called dynamics. Fluid Mechanics is the science that deals with behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. A substance in liquid / gas phase is referred as ‘fluid’. Distinction between a solid & a fluid is made on the basis of substance’s ability to resist an applied shear (tangential) stress that tends to change its shape. A solid can resist an applied shear by deforming its shape whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress, no matter how small is its shape. In solids, stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids, stress is proportional to ‘strain rate.’ 2.
    [Show full text]