Faculty of Information Quarterly Vol 2, No 1 (Nov/Dec 2009)

as a researcher for Hackers Language “Smelly Institute in Seoul, South Korea, and as a communications coordinator for Knowledge”: An Access Copyright. She currently serves as a member of the Community Information Audit Engagement Committee at the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives of the (CLGA). Rebecka's research focuses on how archivists who administer High Library in queer archives balance access to information and privacy.

Buffy the Jenny: “Books don’t smell, Rupert.”

Giles: “I Know! Smell is the most powerful Vampire Slayer trigger to the memory there is. A certain flower or a whiff of smoke can bring up experiences…long forgotten. Books smell. Musty and and and rich. The knowledge gained from a computer, is, uh, it…it has no, no texture, no, no Rebecka Sheffield context. It’s… it’s there and then it’s gone. If it’s to last, then, then the Rebecka Sheffield is a doctoral getting of knowledge should be, uh, tangible, it should be, um…smelly.” student at the Faculty of Information (, “I, Robot… You, Jane”) at the University of Toronto. She completed her MISt. in Archives and Introduction Records Management from the The information audit is a well- University of Toronto and holds an established technique in contemporary undergraduate degree in Women’s management practices. According to Hannerí and Gender Studies from the University Botha and J.A. Boon (2003), the main purpose of an information audit is “the identification of of Saskatchewan. She has also users’ information needs as well as how these completed a post-graduate needs are met by the information services certificate in Book and Magazine department” (p. 23). Information managers, Publishing from the Centennial knowledge managers and records managers College Centre for Creative draw on the information audit as an analytical Communication. Rebecka has worked tool when reviewing the efficacy of current

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management practices and developing new community of Sunnydale, a typical Southern programs to improve the efficiency of California city; however, Sunnydale is located on information and knowledge sharing. top of a “Hellmouth”, a “center of mystical The purpose of this project is to apply convergence” and portal between this universe the information audit to the televisual universe and an infinite number of demon worlds (BtVS, of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BtVS) and undertake “The Harvest”). As a result, monsters, vampires, an investigation of the types of information werewolves, and many other breeds of demon sought, used and disseminated within the series’ creatures haunt the streets of Sunnydale and (fictional) Sunnydale High library. Although this regularly threaten to harm or kill its citizens. library is not a formal information services Fortunately, Sunnydale is also home to Buffy department, it satisfies many of the same Summers, a sixteen-year-old girl endowed with functions, as it is the central information and super-human strength and agility who has been knowledge-sharing space for BtVS characters. called to a secret order of Vampire Slayers. As Specifically, the Sunnydale High library is home Lorna Jowett (2005) has noted, Buffy is “the to a primary repository of textual resources, and Chosen One, the latest in a line of female serves as a meeting place for information Slayers fated to fight vampires and demons” (p. exchange. 19). This article consists of a brief In the first episode of the series, the introduction to BtVS and a synthesis of audience is introduced to Buffy as she is available literature on the role of information beginning her first day of school at Sunnydale and knowledge in the television series. This will High. Buffy quickly makes friends with two be followed by a review of current information classmates: , a clumsy, wise- management theory, specifically as it relates to cracking young man who immediately becomes the concept of the information audit. Buffy’s most trusted and reliable companion, Methodology for the study will then be and , an awkward genius who discussed. Finally, the findings of the study will uses her knowledge of technology to help Buffy be presented and evaluated. find information she needs to perform her role Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Slayer. In addition, Buffy comes to know In every generation there is a Chosen One. She Cordelia, Xander’s beautiful but shallow alone will stand against the vampires, the nemesis, and Angel, a mysterious brooding demons and the forces of darkness. She is the stranger who is later discovered to be a 243- Slayer. (BtVS, “The Witch”) year-old vampire fighting against his own kind. Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BtVS) is a Ms. Jenny Calendar, a computer science teacher, serialized television show that originally aired in is also part of the show’s main cast of seven seasons from March 10, 1997 to May 20, characters. 2003. The show takes place in the fictional

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Notably, Sunnydale is home to Rupert the show. In one episode, an exasperated Giles (usually called by his surname), a British Willow tells Giles, “You always know what’s expatriate and the new high school librarian. going on. I never know what’s going on.” Giles Giles the librarian, however, is merely a cover replies, “Well, you weren’t here from midnight for his true career as a “Watcher”, an ancient to six researching it” (BtVS, “Angel”). With profession responsible for mentoring and Giles as the purveyor of information, Buffy and training Slayers. Buffy first meets Giles at the her friends, often referred to as the “Scooby Sunnydale High library in the first episode of Gang”, spend countless hours in the library the series, “Welcome to the Hellmouth”, and he poring over books or exploring the Internet for presents her with a leather-bound volume vital information necessary to help Buffy protect entitled VAMPYR. Buffy initially refuses to the community of Sunnydale. Giles is always accept the offer of the book, a symbolic available to provide knowledge or guide the rejection of her destiny, but soon returns to the group to an information resource that may hold library to seek help from Giles when a fellow the clues they need to continue their “slayage”. student is found dead in the school locker room. The importance of research in BtVS Defying horror movie cliché, Giles does not has been explored by Michael Betancourt (1998) take the charge to defend his students, but and Adriana Estill (2007), as has the special instead turns to his collection of books for position of the Sunnydale High library. Notably, information on how to deal with this threat. Estill has claimed that the series, at least in its According to GraceAnne A. DeCandido (1999), first three seasons, “[Giles’s] collections-development policy must …consistently addressed how the high school library’s status as place be an extraordinary document, [he] has access in influenced its multiple uses and the stacks to a vast number of volumes on meanings. The series offers a portrait of how the place of the library is lived and vampire and demon lore, the occult, witchcraft, socially produced by the characters who spellcasting, and other rarities not usually found make use of it while in turn acting constitutively to influence their among the copies of Huckleberry Finn or Weetzie practices. In other words, the library Bat” (p. 44). DeCandido goes on to explain that does not act as a simple depository or retrieval space for information. Rather, Giles “is our hero librarian: a pop culture idol the library’s place enables negotiations whose love of books and devotion to research around the acquisition of knowledge, the relationship between research and hold the key to saving the universe…” (p. 44). power, the drive to create community, Despite the fantastical themes of and the desire for sanctuary (p. 236).

BtVS—magic, monsters, and mystical portals The Sunnydale High library is thus a safe into alternate dimensions—the series never haven for the show’s frequently beleaguered under-represents the laborious, grueling reality characters, a forum for information exchange of methodical research. To the contrary, and a place for knowledge negotiation and research is central to the narrative structure of meaning-making. It also serves as a rich, albeit

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fictional site in which to perform an mapping of information flows within an information audit. organization and between an organization and The Information Audit its external environment” (p. 216). In addition, the process helps to recognize and prioritize Giles: “Willow, we have work to do.” information needs, identify key resources, and Willow: “Once again I’m banished to the Demon section of the card catalogue.” discover inefficiencies or over-provisions of (BtVS, “Puppet Show”) information. Furthermore, information Knowledge workers recognize that resources are counted and examined while the information is the most important strategic asset activities associated with these resources are in business. Nevertheless, its acquisition, observed and evaluated (Henczel, 2000). A control, and dissemination are becoming successful audit not only provides a snapshot of increasingly difficult to manage, as digital the current state of information management technology has improved the proliferation of within an organization, but also provides insight data to a previously unimagined scope and pace. into how this management can be improved. For example, it is common for organizations to The information audit is a critical step in the suffer from debilitating information overload, development of a successful knowledge and/or making it next-to-impossible to differentiate information management program. between significant information and It should be noted that there is no meaningless data; likewise, data duplication, universally accepted methodology for the inconsistencies in data standards, and/or gaps in information audit. Rather, knowledge workers information plague many organizations, both must be flexible in order to compensate for small and large. When information is needed, it widely different organizational structures, is either missing or hidden within a sea of data. mandates, and information needs. A successful According to Susan Henczel (2000), the audit, however, should include a number of challenge for knowledge workers is to “identify components that ensure a holistic and the information that is needed to optimize the comprehensive view of the information achievement of organizational objectives, who it environment. Henczel (2000) has described is needed by, how it will be used, its source and these components as (1) Planning; (2) Data how it flows through the organization and Collection; (3) Data Analysis; (4) Data between the organization and its external Evaluation; (5) Communicating environment” (p. 210). Recommendations; and (6) Implementing The information audit is the generally Recommendations. Auditors must first become accepted management practice of identifying familiar with the environment that they are significant information resources and assessing assessing, collect and review data, and then their value. As Henczel (2000) has explained, evaluate their findings to expose gaps or over- undertaking an information audit “enables the provisions of information. Once they have

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completed their audit, recommendations must Preliminary observations of BtVS be communicated back to the organization and suggest that information is primarily sought by the auditor can help implement any changes. Buffy, who enlists support from Xander and Henczel (2000) has also noted that the Willow (and occasionally from Cordelia, information audit is not a stand-alone task, and although this character does not become a that it is best performed in conjunction with consistent ally until Season Two). In a typical additional information management activities, scenario, Buffy becomes aware of a demon, e.g. records management and knowledge- vampire or other evil that is threatening the mapping, to improve consistency in practices. community, and contacts Xander and Willow The information audit should also be performed for assistance. The three characters visit the on a regular basis to ensure that any information library, where Giles provides them with access program is continuously reviewed and tweaked to a wide range of information resources. if necessary. Together, they engage in research to determine Methodology the best way to handle the threat and, once Buffy is endowed with this knowledge, she Buffy: “It’s all a part of the glamorous world of vampire slayage.” returns to the field to slay the demon. In many (BtVS, “Out of Mind, Out of Sight”) cases, the information retrieved from the library The information audit of BtVS was is also complemented by information received limited to the first season of the television by an informant with particular domain series, consisting of twelve one-hour episodes knowledge. In the first season of the show, that originally aired from March 10 to June 2, Angel usually performed this task. The typical 1997. These episodes effectively represent the scenario is represented in Figure 1 (See use of information throughout the entire series; Appendix A) as a model of information flow. however, because these episodes took place in For this information audit, observation the initial season of the show, they also was the primary method for data collection. introduced information sources that are referred Each episode was reviewed in DVD format and to at later points in the series. As a result, this is compared with the original shooting scrip, a good point within the whole series to perform published in two volumes by Simon Pulse (2002; a survey of both textual and digital resources. 2003). The script helped to confirm accurate Information received by informants was also spelling of book titles and other unique language analyzed; informants are defined as characters used in the show. A normalized set of questions, who provide information to the Scooby Gang included with this paper as Appendix B, served within the context of the Sunnydale High library as a structure for collecting field notes for each but do not engage in research. episode. Notes included information such as episode title, original air date, writer(s), director(s), a summary of the plot, a summary of

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the information experience, references to textual Sunnydale of this monster, she must first sources, references to digital sources, and determine how the creature behaves and informant information. A brief sketch of the investigate its weaknesses. While Buffy heads information problem and the resources used to into the stacks to look for books on insect solve this problem were also included in the behavior, Willow hacks into the school records data collection process. to determine the address of the “she-mantis” Findings teacher. Meanwhile, Giles reviews a local newspaper that contains an article about a Fritz: “The printed page is obsolete. Information isn't bound up anymore. missing high school student. The three later It's an entity. The only reality is virtual. convene at a table in the library to discuss their If you're not jacked in, you're not alive.” findings. Once Buffy has acquired this Jenny: “Thank you, Fritz, for making us all sound like crazy people. Fritz comes on information, she is able to track the monster to a little strong, but he does have a point. its hiding place and adopt an appropriate tactical You know, for the last two years more e-mail was sent than regular mail.” approach. It should be stressed that this type of information-seeking behavior confirmed Giles: “Oh...” preliminary observations of the series and Jenny : “More digitized information went across supported the model described above as Figure phone lines than conversation.” 1. Giles: “That is a fact that I regard with genuine horror.” Information Resources (BtVS, “I, Robot…You, Jane”) The primary repository of information Information Needs in BtVS is, according to DeCandido (1999), the Information is the currency of the “vast number of volumes on vampire and Watcher—Slayer relationship and the system of demon lore, the occult, witchcraft, spellcasting, slaying. In each episode observed, Buffy is and other rarities” belonging to (p. responsible for diffusing a particular threat to 44). In “Welcome to the Hellmouth”, Willow the Sunnydale community and, in almost every informs Buffy that Mr. Giles, the new librarian, case, she enlists Giles to help her acquire the has just arrived in Sunnydale from the British knowledge necessary to achieve this task. Acting National Museum. She goes on to explain that as research assistants, Willow and Xander also he brought with him to the United States an support Buffy in her preparations for her Slayer extraordinary collection of ancient texts; she is duties. In “Teacher’s Pet”, for example, Buffy very excited to read them. As the episodes of discovers that one of her teachers is a “she- Season One unfold, Giles reveals that he owns a mantis”, a giant insect disguised in a humanoid complete collection of Watchers’ journals, body who preys on young men (BtVS, demonology texts that describe characteristics of “Teacher’s Pet”). Before Buffy can rid known demons, and various chronicles that

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recount encounters with vampires, demons and Willow, for example, uses a computer terminal other evils throughout the world and across in the library to hack into the city planning temporal dimensions. In addition, Giles refers records to obtain a map of the underground to a number of written prophecies, both in electrical tunnels in an effort to track the bound volumes and on scrolls, which provide movement of vampires during sunlit hours information about expected events, such as (BtVS, “The Harvest”). In another episode, Buffy’s death at the hands of the Master, and Willow performs an illegal search through the impending apocalypse (BtVS, “Prophecy electronic student records to find information Girl”). This collection of textual resources about a student who is believed to be practicing forms the core of the information resources witchcraft (BtVS, “The Witch”). Nevertheless, accessed by Giles and the gang. BtVS characters digital resources are accessed rarely and only if make reference to the following textual sources, the type of information sought cannot be found although observations of Giles in the library in the ancient texts comprising Giles’ collection. stacks would suggest that there are plenty more Perhaps this is because the Internet is perceived books available for research: as useful only insofar as it produces data, but • Vampyr (shown in “Welcome to the not the rich information preserved in textual Hellmouth”) sources. • Witches: Historic Roots to Modern Practice (mentioned in “Witch”) It should be noted that while Giles • The Pagan Rites (mentioned in “Witch”) benefits from the technological skills of Willow • The Book of Aurelius (mentioned in and Ms. Jenny Calendar, he approaches “Never Kill a Boy on the First Date”) • Sherman Jeffries' work on cults (men- computer technology with much trepidation. In tioned in “The Pack”) fact, his refusal to use the computer for research • The Watchers' diaries (mentioned in “Angel”) causes much tension in the research space and • The Pergamum Codex. This book be- reinforces a stereotypical digital divide between lieved to be lost in the 15th Century, but Angel brings Giles a copy (mentioned in the wise older Giles, ‘properly’ educated in the “Out of Sight, Out of Mind”) British school system, and the bright young • The Tiberius Manifesto - This book, like Willow, raised on hypertext and instantaneous The Pergamum Codex, was lost in the 15th Century (mentioned in “Out of information retrieval. This stereotype is so Sight, Out of Mind”) evident that it becomes the central theme in the • Legends of Vishnu (mentioned in "Out of Sight, Out of Mind") eighth episode of the season, entitled “I, • The Black Chronicles (mentioned in Robot… You, Jane”, in which Willow digitizes "Prophecy Girl") an ancient text and unwittingly releases a Digital resources are also accessed and powerful demon known as Moloch the interpreted by Willow and Ms. Jenny Calendar Corruptor. This situation feeds into Giles’ in their quest for information. In most cases, the anxiety over what he calls the “dread machine” information that is sought online is current; (BtVS, “The Harvest”).

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It is possible to speculate about other other textual documents are preferred over reasons why textual resources are preferred digital resources. over digital resources. As a televisual universe, Outside informants who provide key BtVS places much value on the role of the domain knowledge to Buffy and the gang also library as a central meeting place for the serve as a tertiary information resource. In the characters. As Estill (2006) has argued, the first season, the mysterious, cursed vampire, library is “easily the most sustained, complex, Angel, often warns Buffy and/or Giles of and intriguing place in Sunnydale High” (p. potential threats. In “Teacher’s Pet”, Angel 236). It is also a neutral space where approaches Buffy in the Bronze, a student characters of any generation or circumstance hangout, and warns her that the Master’s power can interact without causing alarm. Estill goes is increasing. Likewise, in “Prophecy Girl”, on the explain that the Angel finds Giles in the Sunnydale High library …organization of the Sunnydale library and gives him a copy of the Pergamum Codex, a privileged community, common goals, book that Giles believed to have been lost and a quest for unconventional knowledges are only attainable through during the 15th Century. At the same time, Angel collective and physical searches. No also confirms that the prophecies contained in Internet threshold, no Web gateway, no magnificent holdings could replace the the codex reveal that Buffy will face the Master act of convening at the table piled high and die. Similarly, Ms. Jenny Calendar provides with books (p. 248). some domain knowledge to Giles and the gang. Additionally, because the first season of the Known as a “technopagan”, Ms. Calendar’s job series takes place in 1997, and before the rise of as science teacher is also a cover for her secret Google, the average student in the BtVS duty to avenge the death of an ancestor at the universe would likely never use a computer for hands of Angel when he was a cruel and any reason other than typing up assignments. murderous vampire (BtVS, “Angel”). With Web 2.0 technologies and the widespread Consequently, Ms. Calendar is able to provide proliferation of Internet products several years information that exposes the rather grim history away, the personal computer was still a relatively of Angel, as well as help Willow navigate the new phenomenon that many assumed was only Internet. Unlike Angel, Ms. Calendar’s work is of interest to technophiles and computer done primarily within the confines of the library; scientists. As the ‘old fogy’ librarian who places Angel attends the library only once, preferring such high value on paper documents, Giles does to engage with Buffy at night and outside of any not fit into either of these categories. Thus, formal institution. considering the relative newness of the Internet, the aesthetic qualities of the library as a setting for research, and generational differences Information Gaps among characters, it is clear that books and

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Observations would suggest that the Recommendations & Final characters in BtVS do not suffer from either a Thoughts dearth or an over-provision of information; The traditional information audit rather, Giles and the gang are often crippled by assumes that the auditor has first-hand access to poor information retrieval protocols. That is, the information space and can administer necessary information is predictably discovered questionnaires to information seekers, interview in the library’s texts, but only in a haphazard knowledge workers, and perform a physical scan manner. Willow and Xander spend countless of information resources. Because BtVS is a hours reviewing texts rather indiscriminately, televisual environment and access to the flipping through one volume after another information space is limited to observations, it looking at illustrations for guidance. Without was difficult to comprehensively evaluate Giles and his expertise to guide their research, information needs and resources. Furthermore, the two might never navigate through the observation was restricted to scenes set in the stacks. Observations also suggest that retrieval Sunnydale High library; however, dialogue problems are likely perpetuated because most among characters would suggest that a textual resources comprise a personal collection, considerable amount of information gathering is and are neither catalogued in a standardized performed off-screen. Despite these challenges, manner nor indexed in a way that would the audit did expose several distinct truths: (1) promote their use without prior knowledge of The vast majority of information gathering work their content. is performed within the library environment; (2) There are attempts to preserve Giles’ textual resources are preferred over digital vast textual collection through digitization, but resources; (3) informants provide useful domain these efforts are limited. In “I, Robot… You, knowledge, but their participation in the Jane”, Ms. Calendar teaches a computer class in research process is unpredictable; (4) digital the library—both Willow and Xander are in this resources are used primarily to obtain current class. After the bell rings, Willow tells Xander factual information such as addresses or maps; that she is going to stay in the library to finish and (5) information retrieval is the predominant up her scanning project. It is implied that challenge for Giles and the gang. The findings Willow endeavours to digitize Giles’ personal of the audit also suggest that information collection, but it is unclear how this repository retrieval could be improved if Giles’ collection will be maintained or used. As discussed above, of ancient and rare texts were catalogued and/or Willow ends up releasing a powerful demon by indexed to facilitate quick access by Giles and scanning a magical book that contains it, and the other main characters. Giles might also henceforth the digitization project is ostensibly benefit from some training in the use of digital abandoned. resources to help ease his anxiety over the

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increasing proliferation of computer technology. What is most evident in the findings is the observation that Giles and his team of researchers consistently find the information they need to help Buffy perform her duty as Slayer. Even in the last episode of the season, “Prophecy Girl,” Buffy goes into battle knowing that she will die. Luckily, she also approaches her pre-destined death with sufficient chutzpah to return from the dead to defeat the Master.

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Appendix A: Figure 1

Figure 1: The Flow of Information in Buffy the Vampire Slayer

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Appendix B: Template for Data Collection

Episode # Episode Title Air Date Writer(s) Director Summarize the main plot of the episode. Provide a summary of the information experience or information problem in the episode.

Describe any relevant dialogue between characters. Where there any specific references to textual resources? If so, describe these sources. Were there any references to digital resources? If so, describe these sources.

Did an outside informant aid Buffy and the gang with their information needs? If so, describe this interaction and the information conveyed.

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References “Prophecy Girl.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Season 1). Created by . DVD. Fox Home Entertainment, 2006.

“Angel.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Season 1). South, J.B. (2003). “I have a hard time Created by Joss Whedon. DVD. Fox Home remembering what happened last week”: Entertainment, 2006. Episode guide. In J.B. South (Ed.), Buffy the Betancourt, M. (1998). Educating Buffy: The Vampire Slayer and philosophy (pp. 309-316). Chicago: Open Court. role of education in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Transylvanian Journal: Dracula and Vampire “Teacher’s Pet.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer Studies, 3(2), 1-12. (Season 1). Created by Joss Whedon. DVD. Fox Home Entertainment, 2006. Botha, H., & Boon, J.A. (2003). The information audit: Principles and guidelines. “The Harvest.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer Libri, 53, 23-38.Estill, A. (2006). Going to Hell: (Season 1). Created by Joss Whedon. DVD. Fox Placing the library in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Home Entertainment, 2006. In J. E. Buschman & G. J. Leckie (Eds.), The Library as Place: History, Community and “Welcome to the Hellmouth.” Buffy the Culture (pp. 235-250) Westport, CT: Libraries Vampire Slayer (Season 1). Created by Joss Unlimited. Whedon. DVD. Fox Home Entertainment, 2006. DeCandido, G. A. (1999). Rupert Giles and search tools for wisdom in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Whedon, J. (Ed.). (2002). Buffy the Vampire Retrieved April 2, 2009 from: Slayer: The Script Book: Season one, volume http://www.well.com/~ladyhawk/giles.html one. New York: Simon Pulse. Henczel, S. (2000). The information audit as a Whedon, J. (Ed.). (2003). Buffy the Vampire first step towards effective knowledge Slayer: The Script Book: Season one, volume management: An opportunity for the special two. New York: Simon Pulse. librarian. INSPEL, 34 3(4), 210-226. “Witch.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Season 1). “I, Robot… You, Jane.” Buffy the Vampire Created by Joss Whedon. DVD. Fox Home Slayer (Season 1). Created by Joss Whedon. Entertainment, 2006. DVD. Fox Home Entertainment, 2006.

Jowett, L. (2005). Sex and the Slayer: A gender studies primer for the Buffy fan. Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Characters. (2009). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buffy_th e_Vampire_Slayer_characters

“Out of Mind, Out of Sight.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Season 1). Created by Joss Whedon. DVD. Fox Home Entertainment, 2006.

Pateman, M. (2006). The aesthetics of culture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Jefferson, NC: Ingram.

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