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A History of the Earth and Animated Nature

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A History of the Earth and Animated Nature 3D0 "a history of the earth AND ANIMATED NATURE.)/ BY OLIVEr'gOLDSMITH.' WITH COPIOUS NOTES; ^nti an ^ppenlitx, CONTAINING EXPLANATIONS OP TECHNICAL TERMS, AND AN OUTLINE OF THE CUVIERIAN AND OTHER SYSTEMS, BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, FX.S., M.W.S., M.K.S. VOL. l.-PART II. A. FULLARTON AND CO., EDINBURGH, GLASGOW, AND LONDON. 1840. ^^•t^AR^ J GLASGOW: Fl'LLARTON ANO CO., PUINTBHS, VILLAFIELD. (\W\\ K. Scott. J AlU E^iier .? .5 /\i/i,f(ttui. KlepluiHt. 1 Ihppn/iotainus . rulilu-.li.'d liy At.-Ii'.' I'ull.iii.Mi 8t i'9 Glnsj^dw . Gjivii a £ape'AntEcUer. Spira/ £i:hi/lrui, 3 Duck billed PUUXfpjts. 4J'ron^ hor>he,:i Hnif,lop». a Jioan ArUe/ope. 6 1-h„r hi/iedAnteiope-. 7 A/ricarv Elephant . PuKlislied i.y Ai-.-li'!" riillartou & C?Glasg-ow. Ji. 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(rXLVI 5j'u',l ftr,-ast,-<t li:n H.irii.i.-lr IjV IJtlnch; Su.m 8 T.mu' UV ' 'V„/A,„ o,'rn.,r.L2mycrJiullHe.ul.3J{edMacJcnl4 i'r^u.^.oru'pa/iJ)ori,Ml,ir.„ » o,nr„n,. ror„,./u,n,JO J-hu^d Loni, OiO^todo,,, . ^^^Wi«lir<lJ-rv /\r,q,'l \V.\:~-'...„%ViJ\tKSf0V 1 ui-iioucixiry nrcii i' utwnofl. OC Cr k GiaSgCiW (iKwn [tScntt . '.• 'hi'csi' S\i})ulijsijx . Ml/j'.2.(!i'ouyiil>h.ii- JIy,J):jrlinij3.hihi.-s ^.Vlh-rb-ir /i.SrrilnjH'n dra MorsU^jrut. 6.Wbod Ffsh..7MyrMu/^iLsAtrcu8Xouse.9.r-ediculjJj p7.lculJaFleaM£icirz ilrla.Hyhricla 12Caj-ahi,csM'irhilLoxusl3Mcij^ybaaljsl4 Gyri,n]jsJ\frzU3Jj3y-}5Staph - 1 lifiii.'.- llarillost/f:J6r,rrr7i, Buf>rosti^-iJ7.PltijrUA-i'al3diru.'^. Puliliabuil Ar.'li'.' I'ull.'iiTon by Sc CV (Jlras'^nvr G.IXW xnr :,r.-llu.-i.l ViUin.i.,' r.'iii.l.iiu rliii.:i. l l\irl: I'll fiuiH I'lvwtw.l Mi'liiii't.i.:'. I'm, .1 LlJ"i!i.i.;i /,i/'i/.-li l.nl.\i.ll U',',-I.J rl.a,.r)'i.--.l:: l-:l,:i,iiil i'i,,-/,:jt,'m.i.l:IJfi./.i.- . lurU'ulu./'t i>hiA.nuf Sm*."! /'//.'././'« I"u\' itiLiu h-luUiiuuIoMittttiftiitlJfuhlrvtMj^ Ifhiti I^tirtaruLjt^Titnt'h'U- >'f4in.-<ih'.tJ:* L'--ist •'.irnrhfurti 'JiW^/^trt'Vrrtuin.'UMosiiJ'itpa.. Vl&rnili-l-HflciiuiMHU.iH.tlis .'lutiv.l Tf-<t,i.,'lla'i'l .ihvreNvritri.Ti-.t 2i iihihulu)' Ait.ijitt'Uut.'tlO .>/*'««- i'in'tifaUu.27 i'Ti'Vi'JirUy .2'^Ti>li.-''hi'<i f^r}an,>j^.tiA.'2^>fief) Liimix . U'Jiumphiii.i'^ VohLl>rU.i..'U.fff.- S/i,jf'.:J J'urDKifi'V^i. l'nV'.li.'.Ue(l>)V j^i-.l''' Mill.iirnn.t r';rtiaj..,,<v ANIMALS. 889 Previous to putting the eggs to the hen, our philosophers first examined the cicatricula, or little mentioned spot, already ; and which be considered as may the most important part of the egg. This was found in those that were impregnated by the cock to be large : but in those laid without the cock, very small. It was found by the microscope, to be a kind of bag, containing a transparent liquor, in the midst of which the embryo was seen to reside. The embrj'o resembled a composition of little threads, , which the warmth of future incubation tended to enlarge by vary- ing and liquefying the other fluids contained within the shell, and thus pressing them either into the pores or tubes of their substance. Upon placing the eggs in a proper warmth,^ either under tht sun or in a stove, after six hours the Altai speck begins to dilate, like the the pupil of eye. The head of the chicken is distinctly seen, with the back bone, something resembling a tadpole, float- ing in its ambient fluid, but as yet seeming to assume none of the functions of animal life. In about six hours more the little animal is seen more the head distinctly ; becomes more plainly visible, and the vertebrae of the back more easily perceivable. AU these signs of preparation for life are increased in six hours more : and at the end of twenty-four, the ribs begin to take their places, the neck begins to lengthen, and the head to turn to one side. At this time,' also, the fluids in the egg seem to have changed the which was before in the place ; yolk centre of the shell, ap- proaches nearer to the broad end. The watery part of the white is in some measure evaporated through the shell, and the grosser part sinks to the small end. The little animal appears to turn towards the part of the broad end, in which a cavity has been described, and with its yolk seems to adhere to the membrane there. the end of hours the At forty great work of life seems fairly be- gun, and the animal plainly appears to move; the backbone, which is of a whitish colour, thickens ; the head is turned still more on one side the first rudiments of the ; ej'es begin to appear, the heart beats, and the blood begins already to circulate. The as are fluid parts, however, yet j but by degrees, become more and more and into a tenacious, harden kind of jelly. At the end of two days, the liquor in which the chicken swims, seems 3 Malpighi. 4. Harvey. 290 HISTORY OP increase head with two little in the to ; the appears bladders, of the heart beats in the manner of place eyes ; every embryr where the blood does not circulate through the lungs. In abo is ' fourteen hours after this, the chicken grown more strong ; is still the and arteries i head however bent downwards ; veins beg in •' to branch, order to form the brain ; and the spinal marrow seen stretching along the backbone. In three days the vvh' . of the chicken bent the head with its two body appears ; e; ai balls with their different humours, now distinctly appear ; five other vesicles are seen, which soon unite to form the ruf r ments of the brain. The outlines also of the thighs and wii > begin to be seen, and the body begins to gather flesh. At end of the fourth day, the vesicles, that go to form the bra '> approach each other; the wings and thighs appear more sol n' the is a flesh the heart t ,? whole body covered with jelly-like ; was hitherto exposed, is now covered up within the body, b i' thin at the t very transparent membrane ; and, same time, umbilical vessels, that unite the animal to the yolk, now app- u to come forth from the abdomen. After the fifth and s' iv days, the vessels of the brain begin to be covered over; t^ the is wings and thighs lengthen ; belly closed up and tuir n the liver is seen within it very distinctly, not yet grown red; 'i. of a very dusky white ; both the ventricles of the heart are o cerned, as if they were two separate hearts, beating distinci of the animal is covered ,i the whole body over ; and the trr of the incipient feathers are already to be seen. The sev< • the head the brain is covered h day, appears very large ; enti bill to betwixt the .( over ; the begins appear eyes ; and the wi the thighs and the legs, have acquired their perfect figui >! Hitherto, however, the animal appears as if it had two bodie the yolk is joined to it by the umbilical vessels that come frc the belly, and is furnished with its vessels, through which t) blood circulates, as through the rest of the body of the chickei making a bulk greater than that of the animal itself. But to wards the end of incubation, the umbilical vessels shorten tl- yolk, and with it the intestines are thrust up into the body of t\ chicken the action of the muscles of the and by belly ; the tw bodies are thus formed into one. During this state, all the oi 1 Haller. ANLMALS. 291 their secretions the is gans ai'e found to perform ; bile found to as in animals but it is '^e separated grown ; fluid, transparent, \ id without bitterness : and the chicken then also appears to ' xve lungs. On the tenth the muscles of the wings appear, and le feathers begin to push out. On the eleventh, the heart, hich hitherto had appeared divided, begins to unite ; the ar- I Ties which belong to it join into it, like the fingers into the •Jm of the hand.
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