CONTENTS O F PA RT 1 .

I nt ro d ucto ry Note L ist o f Lyd ian I ns criptio ns heretofore publishe d List o f A bbre v i a tio ns

e The A e Chapt r I . l phab t

h e th e L d n e e A . T e Valu s of y ia Ltt rs

B The L d n A be i n Co O A . y ia l pha t mparison with ther l phabets

Cha pte r I I The Bilingual I nscri pti ons

T e - n A . h L do A a B n c o lro m d L 1 y ram ic ili gual I s ri pti n Sar is ( . 7)

~ B . Th e rec L d ian o L . 2 nd P G o y I nscri pti ns . ( 5 a ergamon)

a 6 . C e . U n l . L 1 6 . 8 . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 h pt r I I I nili gua I nscri ptions ( . . 9 3 4 5

L d P o e Chapter I V . y ian try

C e . N e o n L G ‘ hapt r V ot s ydian ramm ar

A . P ho no logy

B . P ro n o u n s

( S s ve C . ub tanti s

e ve D . Adj cti s E V e rbs F Parti c l es

N e G . ot s on Syntax H List of End ings I The Vocabul ary

s fi ha pte r V I . Com pariso n

' C L a P e hapter V I I . ydi n rop r Names

IN T ROD U CT O RY N OT E .

It was at first my intention to publish what follows as a preliminary article o r e ssay , because the novelty of the subject and the fresh light which is sure to be thrown o n it by other scholars will cause many of the views here expressed' to need modifications and additions .

It has seemed best however to issue thesechapters o n the Lydian alphabet and

' o n thos e Lydian ins cript io ns which I believe to be able to interpret with a certain

the of degree of probability , together with this commentary in series monographs

o f v Th e describing the results the A merican Exca ations at Sardis . new texts can thus

' be s m o f pre ented in a for more worth y their importance.

In future parts of this volume I hO pe no t only to publish all Lydian inscriptions

“f ound at Sardis and elsewhere but also to embody the result s of cri ticis m s and dis coveries M contributed by other workers in thi s new and difficult field . any problems

in this connection are such that w e can look forward to their being solved only by

-s the joint labors of many different specialist .

o f I have already had the help several scholars , to whom I wish to express my h . A w o V . m \ . sincere indebtedness bove all , it was y friend and colleague H BUCKLER

‘ with his never resting zeal n o t only su pported me in the material preparati on of this P art but also contributed many a valuable note to the deciphering and interpretation ;

his ' na m e M will be found quoted often o n the following pages . oreover I wish to e K P A TOR? a nd . . A R A HERm o . xpress my gratitude to rofessors C N G . , E IL J W KE EL , G J A f number o suggestions made by Professors W A CKERN A GEL and HEKBIG have been a P dded to my commentary . rof. TOR P recognized the meaning of the negative particle n il ' ’ ' , although he differs from me in the interpretation o f the formula vzs f zs

’ ' Let us hope that his rich k no wle dge on all ques tions o f A sia Minor and Etruscan

P l “ ” Kan. f P . r L . hilo ogy will soon be made available o ydian P hilology also . rof J very k indly sent me drawings and squeezes of two L ydian fragments discovered by him

“ V ON P REMERSTEI N 1 1 T A rabl and in 9 1 . hese fragments have been quoted here as y ” Had ili “ ” j 6 1 2 o f and Falanga ; they correspond with No . 1 and 3 in the publication

‘ T V d K V ON P R EM ER 'I‘ EI N the results of the hird oyage ma e by EIL and S , see below the

L s L c i are d N . A o . i t of ydian Ins r ptions heretofore publishe , F lthough these fragments ' ’ V I I I I N TRODUCTORY NO I E. very short they have nevertheless thrown some new light o n several Lydia n words and forms .

Th e inscriptions published here are those which can be interpreted and translated

O u to some extent ; they are almost all of them funerary inscriptions . t of the 3 4 texts

A 1 O found by the merican Excavations only 5 have been edited here . f the remaining

1 9 texts a good many are small fragments o r give only a fe w letters representing

’ k o f k o r . r masons mar s the li e But about half a dozen rather long , well ca ved Lydian

of d fo r inscriptions , some which are in perfect condition , have been reserve the future

The publication since they cannot be translated as yet . numbers which all these i n n — s cri tio ns w S . . L 1 v k P p ere given at ardis , i e (ydia ) 3 4 , ha e been ept in this ublication because the vocabulary of all Lydian words and the lists o f endings a nd forms which

1 1 I made at Sardis in 9 3 were made on the ground of this numbering ; it was there ? fore impossible to rearrange the inscriptions according to their ages or their contents and to change all the numerous quotations in my vocabulary and in my lists of forms and endings .

D uring the year of 1 9 1 3 I was entirely occu pied by other work s o that I could

L T he P not devote any time to the ydian inscriptions . present art was prepared a nd w Ma A ts ritten during the months from y to ugust 1 9 1 4 . I publication has been delayed

W a r for so long a time by the .

' P H Roz m r H In the meantime rof. published his new theory on the ittite languag e

s ee m s to os te one o f l ndo It , me safe to p p a definite j udgment on his theory the Germanic origin of the cuneiform Hittite language until more o f his material will have

i d 0 all c0ns ide rate o b een ma e accessible . I h pe and thoughtful scholars will approve f “ ” V t he way in which I have presented the Comparisons in Chapter I of this Part . It remains to ack nowledge here also the great care which the Publishing Hou s e k L L . . I L d of ate E J BR L evoted to the ma ing of the ydian type , which for the first time

a re P of P . used in this ublication , and to the entire setting up and printing this art

L A . M 1 1 6 . G o t t i n g e n , arch 9 . E I TTM NN ST LYD A NS R IPT I S R T R P L S D LI OF I N I C ON H E E OFO E U B I H E .

W BUCKLER (By . H . . J

- s Fragm e nt o f inscri pti on from colum n dru m of K roi ea n templ e of A rte mis at Eph esos .

6 . See b e . 6 low , p

E e u i n B M s e m i b ed 11 1 1 1 A 1 a ll e e e e e e o d l ctr m coin ritish u u , nscri , l tt rs unc rtain , xc pt s c n

lf a . L d a 1 2 N o 1 l a nd . r i . I . i 8 e d H A B t zzs C t . 6 at . thir E D , y 9 , , p I , 7

'

“ T r e fr n s o o L d m e K S K h e a m e tar c . g y in ri pti ns fr m y ia , with com ntary by RET CHMER E I L

’ ' W ' P R EM E RST EIN D eni m /z . iener A l a aem ze L 1 0 8 N os . 1 1 20 8 . v . , I I I , 9 , 9 , ,

O ne e o o L d a and e a o N o . 1 1 K EN . fragm ntary inscripti n fr m y i , r public ti n of

’ ‘

N 1 8 2 . v P R EM E RS I EI N ib. LIV 1 1 1 o . . , , , 9 ,

a s T O ne co m e e and o ne m e e x S . A m er . our ” . A r c/za eol . p l t frag ntary t t from rdi HUMB , Y , Pf X V 1 1 1 . 1 . , 9 , pp 49

- T e n o f o V . R ST EI s r Wi e n KEl L P EM ER N enk c/z . en r e e L d a . D hr fragm tary i scri pti ns r m y i , ’ k a a 1 s A . L 1 N o . 1 6 1 26 1 2 . V I I , 9 4 , , , 3

L S T O F A R V A I B B E I T I O N S .

’ BA RT HO LO M A E : l r /z W A ti a m s c es ar /” bud : m m Ch r i s ti a n Ba r t/zo/om a e S sb u 1 0 . , tras rg , 9 4

' ' ’ ' H E : Kl i nas z z /z r e a t s c N a m en /ezc/m u en i on Gus ta v H er bi i n S ztz un s ber d . RBIG g g g , g

' B a er ka/ A d d . . . 1 1 2 . A b d u y 9 4 , han l ng .

S r a c/ze v an P a ul K r ets ck m er p ,

' ’ ’ Die ei n/zezm i s clzen N a m m df ?’ Ly ki er nabs ! ei nem Vér z ezc/m zs s e N am en

m m e van /z . n o S a dw all L e 1 1 K E e Be e . , f , i pzig, 9 3 lio, lft s ih ft)

CH A P TE R I.

T h e A lph ab e t .

i an . V al ue . i . r ek . L d L d a n V u . G G reek . y a l e e y

A a 0

8 5

(1)

1

Sard is Ex Ch a e . The A b e pt r I l pha t .

T/ze Va l ues o Me L di a tt f y n Le er s .

Th e bilingual inscription to be discussed below in Chapter I I contains a number of proper names ; these names represent the first starting point and the only safe

' for L T foundation the deciphering of the ydian alphabet . hey are in the A ramaic part as follows

’ ' R H . 1 T A rtaxe x s WDWHIN N (l ) r e .

“

I. 2 s lep S a m an ( ) fi rdis . “ M Y . N M M 371 (l 4) ane ( ani) . 1 K M L Y 6 m ( . 4) 1 S R WK S R K NODfi D ( . 4) ( of W DR T M W A . VJ ITRQ (l . 7) rtemis

' ’ 1 K L W lx loe 15: ( . 7) o

”27n l ? ( 7) (o f ) Ephesos .

A S not It was seen at once that the first two names , viz . rtaxerxes and ardis , are

L of g iven in the ydian part the inscription . It is possible that they were never

L los t co nta i ned . written there , and that the first ydian line now a different date /7

Both of them however occur in other inscriptions as we shall s e e b elow where th e . the u 8 . single letters are discussed , nder But we find in corresponding places following names

‘ " 1 ) l l 1 i 1 A ! M N Y 2 ) K M L Y

’ 3 9 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 ; SR WK ( Y)

” 4) R TM W 5 ) H m n al K L W 4

T - hese names enable us to determine Wi th certam ty the values of several Lyd i an

letters . They are

u = m m 1 2 , because it corresponds with D ( ) in , , 4 ;

‘ 1 72 w 72 1 , because it corresponds ith J ( ) in ;

k 2 6 because it corresponds with 3 ( ) in , 3 , ; = 1 1 1 2 a nd 6 , because it corresponds with 5 ( ) in ;

i = ‘ s , because it corresponds with D (s ) in 3 ; f 5 6 (or ) , because it corresponds with w ( ) in ;

“ ' = r W 7 I , because it corresponds ith l ( ) in 4 ; L‘ T = t u t , beca se it corresponds with n ( ) in 4 . “ The Value o f t he L d an Le te : A. s y i t rs 5

r w of A a but N C) nd two sho t vo els are , course , not written in r maic , sta s in

o f L A a nd l . ca s es at the beginning a word , where the ydian text has respectively i A 1 . T h e letter where the Lydian has (No . ) and (No in ramaic it

a a Th e w d the v dw els e Z o r t . m ay indicate , , the diphthong y ( ) letter 1 ( ) stan s in 3 ,

’ d has A i a 27 and 6 where the Ly ian in ramaic it may ndicate the vowels , , or the 4,

I h k A i . 1 Now , , diphthong a re (am ) . t in there is no doubt that I must represent the

' ’ Si A, a nd 1 A V wel a e z 22. I o s , , , nce the letters occur also where the ramaic has no

f a ad w n ot n v owel Sign ; we must in er th t long n short vowels ere probably disti guished

M o re o x 1 a nd l A i has Y and I and. in Lydian . er occur where the rama c , stands m 4

“ 5 where the corresponding Greek forms have 3 ; this leads us to the conclusion that

the short 5 in Lydian must have been an Open vowel .

‘

“ 1 h r i As the of 1 I n 3 Lydian is found where t e A a m a c has 1 (r ) . value is

“ nd y 1 f Z a r L . certainl , we must in er that sometimes interchange in ydian

In L 8 A th be o f 5 ydian is found where the ramaic has 9 ; is may , course , either

o le 8 é b l f . p r fi . Now is probably a as we shall see e ow rom other examples It

5 le e . tennis te n nis a nd s eems therefore that the Lydians had no 1 or fi (i . and aspirata) zrep la ce d it by their 6. 5 Th e of L l l 1 1 — 3 in F V I and 6 endings the ydian words , in 3 , 4 , I in 5 , will be k f A o o . sp en in Chap II , .

i . of T s x L . hese names have yielded thirteen ydian letters , i e about half the whole

' a : ! The A = a 8 = 5 t = e I = z = k 1 = lphabet a good beginning letters are , , , , ,

‘ 1 = m 1 cI = ¥ = T = t l = r s u . , , , ,

I shall now attempt to determine the values o f the other letters found in the

L o n ydian inscriptions and to give the material which the table of the alphabet , above A . 1 . t a p , is based the same time I sh ll give a few more examples in the case of those letters whose v alue s are already known from the proper names in the bilingual

. k L inscription I follow the order of the Gree alphabet , placing the additional ydian letters at the end .

= A . a.

, T of r L ri t S his letter is ve y frequent occurrence in the ydian insc p ions . everal

- " A A s n it The A times is found ; thi doubling may perhaps indicate a l o g . occurs quite

‘ " often in proper names ; besides (A r tem i s ) and - 1 1 A 1 (M em e) it is foun d in

- 1 1 A (A Zu which is a short form o f the na ni e Al varm g) (A r ta /éfa s s a

’ ' A - A TA A l a ree Arm ; , s . K SCH E z n lez tzm . rtaxerxes) ( f , , cf RET MER , g , p 3 49 d N A N NA ): which is rendere in a bilingual inscription published in Chap . II , B by (cf . N a va . K S 1 g CH . 4 1 etc in RET MER 3 and in several other names ; In a few Lydian lines written from left to right the a has of course the fo T C e I. he A b 4 hapt r lpha et .

= 8 b .

The - L S Greco ydian bilingual inscription from ardis , below , Chap . II B has , ,

A 1 J A 8 d A IO N Y IKA E Y H 1 I I Z O Z . correspon ing with It is easy to see that the first part ,

Aww cc - I >| A 8 must be a rendering of ; therefore is nothing else but Baxyp ; and 8 é 3 O k is , ( , as in scan and in those lines of ancient Gree inscriptions that run from

. A Ins cr . . ob right to left nother example is the name ( 9 , l 5 ) which is

l P A rtab a ne - v io us s . A o n 2 o u H y the ersian name bove p . it was pointed t that 8 l

s L . A nd Greco L dia n P must be the ydian for Ephesos in the y inscription from ergamon ,

’ ' A l ter tzem er 72072 P er a m o 6 V ‘ ‘ n . 1 . 1 1 A A T 1 A 8 published in g , II , p 7 and III , p , we find I A P A A of P T P Z . i n r 2 1 A A L s c . . 1 8 as the equivalent In the ydian 9 , l a word is found .

c k S B a al l o ne I thin it highly probable that this word is the same as the emitic , although k cannot be sure of it , because the interpretation of the passage is un nown ; it would seem no t S od S at all impossible that a emitic g should have been worshipped at ardis , for

' I ~ LID Z BA RSKI E em er zs II 1 2 f. th r fi . e O e dek has shown in his p , , p 9 , that on stele of

k of A M o f Se m it ic burnu , inscribed in an un nown language sia inor , names gods are found .

L 8 o f 5 rs a We should then have the ydian as an equivalent ( , , and 9 or of , p , and A nother example of this fact might perhaps be recognized in o ne of the “ ” ’l N o . 1 6 . 2 8 6 . L LA G A Ges a m m el te A é fia n a z m en . 2 1 ydian glosses ( RDE , g p 7 , ; p , No

' ozfl ( 2 Th B e; P . S ee K S . 2 . e in which t / and p are identified however RET CHMER , p 9

or Lydians therefore had only one labial explosive sound . Whether it was voiced

é - voiceless , I cannot say . For it is possible that all sounds had been changed to p , and that the 8 had been chosen for the labial explosive sound instead of a sign cor

t - A k A k r M A . . responding to Gree . odern West rmenian , i e the rmenian spo en in sia

M of T k A inor , and the rendering ur ish with rmenian characters might furnish certain

k é o f L 8 . parallels to this . H owever , I eep as a transliteration ydian In the single instance where this letter occurs in a line running from left to right B . 2 8 . (No 4) the form has been written , not

1 T A - not . letter representing the sound has been found so far , unless it be his

‘ ' ° Th e k 1 1 1 8 TA 1 2 . w . mar , and in the ord (No , l latter may be compared with

° P 1 1 . 1 8 TA 1 2 . the word (in No . , l But this is very uncertain erhaps is only a

of 0 . second form , a sign which is discussed at the end of the alphabet 1 A k ins cri tio ns fro m If be really 7 (g) , its form may be compared with in Gree p

A C k , the Islands and from thens , and above all with and in Western Gree alphabets

L O r on forms which gave rise to the atin C . , the other hand , it may have been L created in ydia as a differentiation from 1 (l ) . The V e of th e L d a Le e . A . alu s y i n tt rs

= i a.

’ ¥ A 4 8 T 1 N os 1 A T . T he name I I , which occurs no less than seven times , in 7 and

0 o 3 , both of which , however , may refer to the same pers n , serves to determine the

' ' Al z tr z d ta f 1 a s . A t v alue of the sign . For to my mind this name is to be read first

o f M k s t n I thought this to be a rendering the name ithridates , ta ing the as a attempt “ ” P f n ot 3 dezta P 3 . A AS P . to represent ersian ; but the ersian has a , a in given rof NDRE

“ of of moreover is the Opinion that can only mean hand In ,

“ ” - dus to o f BA H z us to . RT OLOMA E Old Iranian and hand are used men and of gods ; cf ,

T he u 0 to P A A . 1 6 8 . . S col . 5 vowels and have been chosen according rof NDRE

’ ’ “ A B a ed a - M fir ci m A s a parallel to this name we may cite the byssinian names y , through

” ' “ ” V M Ya m ii n a - K r es fas of (in) the hand of (the irgin) ary , and , right hand Christ . f H A 8 1' R D o S . S A . gain the identification with 7 09 0 ( fi ) , i e ardis , seems to me

8 A nd L O n . 1 2 . certain . this see below p , under the letter in all ydian words in ’ fr m adin which 4 occurs nothing prevents us o re g it as a a . ‘

‘ t 4 m t d n a l i l P e s b ant . . rofessor HERBIG suggested to me hat igh represent a t i , i e / ‘ f V d o r 2 o . even ; in that case the endings the subjective case (see below Ch , C)

’ ’ - - - o - d s .r 2 s s would be / , and instead of , and , and such endings would perhaps stand

' A s 1 A T¥ A 4 8 T 1 in closer relation with each other . a matter of fact , the name I I might

' ' be read Al z tr zz as i a f ; this would be the Old N orth - Iranian form which is missing else

B u f h k r nd rin l = d o . T e e e where . t we cannot be sure this reasons why I eep my g

for : 1 The S d z . the present are the following ) name of ardis certainly had a , not a

‘ ’ 2 ) A lthough the Iranian word for hand is z us t in the A vesta and should be the same

- P . . S in all other Iranian dialects except the ersian , i e outhwest Iranian , yet the truly

P dus t dart P A A S ersian form ( ) is found , according to rofessor NDRE , in all other later

“ S The Iranian dialects , and it must have pread there at a comparatively early date . 3)

A S - M . . A : chaemenian , i e outhwest Iranian , form should be expected in sia inor this

* ’ ' M z s s odus to M z r o k would be , it is true , , but p , the name of the god , often ept its

o r archaic form in proper names , and then we would have since about

' ‘

0 0 A . D M z ed u l o L . r s 4 , fi 4) In ydian we find the corresponding forms

’ ’ 1 1 m m 1 1 1 ‘ T ‘ II A It H . . this tomb and this stele ; see below Ch , seems most

I * ’ ” ’ ' k ------li ely that ef f wi nd f stands for es wi nd f and es t m r a a for es d m r a a .

= 1 e .

" ' 8 11 — H TA ¥ 1 : K um l z . 1 2 H 1 1 1 Th e In No , . , the names I I I occur . first is as we

Th e A f o n Ar Areou At s . . . e have seen above , p second must be ; ne, g, g, etc cf

' K S M Th O f AAuatt a . 0 A te . e s RET CH ER , , p 3 5 name is probably the second part m g,

or h oris ti The o f d being a short form ypoc co n of the longer name . first part it is foun

" . / 4 | 1 1 A 1 2 1 e. A u A 1 M em e . above on p 3 in the name gain in ( ) , above p , is C a e . T h e h pt r I A l phabe t .

= 1 V .

Th e 1 L Of letter occurs very frequently in ydian . proper names that conta in

- ° - A 1 TA 1 A 1 1 IT k n this letter and are the most stri ing . I do ot hesitate to connect

Ka dor k w of the former with a very well no n element proper names in A sia Minor ;

R S A r O O m e . 0a L m . A r e/z 1 V I . 1 2 X C BIN N . T 7 , see BU K ER in 9 , pp 3 3 here is , how ’ Ka dor d Th ever , a difference with t and with . e Lycia n form l a a a ’ wa tz a S N DWA LL U . . also has a ; cf. , p 9 3 But the corresponding Italic names have a

3 o r t G 1 8 a ; see HERBI , p . .

' - A 41 I T t v In , a name occuring in four places , I recognize an element z which is

” - ti e “m ai t e 1 . G . G l . A 7 3 1 E s 1 . 1 2 perhaps the same as the tru can oon ; cf 9 4 , p 5 , and L 1 . The below , Chap . III , F , ( may have represented a labio dental or a bilabial

k 1 . k 1 sound But I thin the latte is the more li ely , since seems to interchange with 1 ;

cf. this letter below .

L 1 k 2 It would be very natural to connect ydian with Gree , since the oldest

I i form of Z is both in Greek and in Phoenician . But in Lydian is undoubtedly a

voiceless s .

i obable i z s It is p that was originally a voiced , and became later a voiceless , i 2 and that the letter should really have its place in the alphabet where stands . Fo r in an ancient Berber inscription the letter X which is derived from P hoenician I i ’ ’ ’ Wi 1 1 for s ; . LI D Z BARSKI S tz un s é er . a . B er ] . A k a a . a . n . is used as a sign cf , f g 9 3 ,

X V . 2 A nd A A G d m . P . , p 9 7 rof W CKERN EL calle y attention to the fact that I is a voice .

O m i 5 less in scan and U brian . But on the other hand ( ) may perhaps have been

5 o f o ne . . 1 derived from ( ) by omission of the horizontal bars , as e g was derived

' 1 1 Th e I from 3 . I have placed below together with the other sibilant . form Occurs L in ydian in a very few cases .

The Mav Ar 1 2 L . I have found no sign for the long in ydian names ng, m g have where the Greek forms have It should be remembered also that Arsg occurs as

Ar A nd k K S . 0 . well as m g ; see RET CHMER , p 3 5 in those ancient Gree inscriptions in

H u E not s as which was used as the sign of the spirit s asper , was used only for and ,

for r but also ) . The question arises whether the sign derived from the P hoenician {1211 might

lz T n o t k n have been used in Lydia to render . his would a priori be very li ely si ce

H B h as . the Lydians most probably received their script from the . I onians . No or

“ s o u d L far been fo n in the ydian inscriptions . he L d i an Le The Value of t e . A . s y tt rs 7

6 to L No A gain the letter and sound seems have been lost in ydian . sign k Th . e m r es am bling the P hoenician or Gree 8 etc . occurs in our inscriptions na e of h e M condlus iv e t god ithras is written with a t but this is not an absolutely i proof of the fact that the Lydians had no 3 ; the North Iranian form is s r o and

Mfi d r k . a a h . t is form has found its way also into Gree literature , cf p ng, etc But we L P should expect to find here in ydia the Old ersian form ; see above p . 5 . I believ e

‘ " - l l Tl 1 L 3 therefore that was written because the ydians had no . It must also be said here that in Greek renderings of indigenous A sia Minor names 3 is extremely

" 1 ‘ ’ r 1 r w t L k E n are , that the foreign sound 1 is gene ally rit en in Gree , and that in trusca 1 3 . very often interchanges with , especially in later inscriptions

I i .

" l o A s 1 A T¥ A I TI 1 This identification scarce y needs pr of. an example the name 1 Q m ay be citedf

1 k .

I nstances o f 1 k are gi ven ab ove in th e n ames - A 1 1 1 I ? and To these m a e e - A 1 ° TA 1 1 ° 8 A 1 Ka o The y be added h r and , p g. latter occurs several times with f di ferent endings .

' ' T 1 1 2 ~ l 1 1 1 1 K um l z and hat equals was shown above on p . by the names ( )

- 1 1 1 1 1 of d It is possible that became voiceless at the end a wor , especially

s 1 1 ° J‘ TA 2 o n . 1 e after a voiceles consonant , as e g . in (No . , But cannot say k 1 1 which special ind of was expressed by , whether it resembled more the German ’ ’ I S Z A he A t . or the lavic , the rmenian L or rmenian L

m d In the lines that run fro left to right this letter is turne in the other direction ,

. 1 . 1. . 2 . A k viz In No 3 , l 3 a sign is found , which I ta e to be intended for But this is uncertain , because the word in which it is read does not occur elsewhere . If I it be , it is only accidentally carved in this form , probably because the chisel slipped

. 1 from the hand of the carver ; for in other words o f this inscription l is represented by .

‘ 1 m .

' ‘ “ ” ‘ ” - - A I . gain the names 1 1 1 1 . 1 I A 11 1 A H A 1 I 8 T I I are sufficient proof for this reading

- ‘ “ IIi a l e to l in running from left right m has the form .

‘ l n .

Th ‘ ‘ ‘ “ s e am e 1 A 1 1 A 1 N A N N AZ A 1 k v . n s , and spea for themsel e

” “ Th e s am e act was a s o s tated M r A R KW R IG HT i n h i s v e r m o rtant a rti c e N otes on M e ri my A l /z abel ; f l by . y i p l {g p see ou r / m l o H al / m i c She /l ief V ol X X X P ar t 1 1 . 1 0 0 y f , . V I 9 , , 5 , p h I Th e Al habé t . C apter . p

‘ In S m 1 to the ame way as the sign for , the letter is also turned the rig ht in a

” v iz 1 line running from left to right , .

" Perhaps the 77 lost its voice when placed at the end of a word a ter a voiceless

‘ 1 8 0 TA 1 2 1 . 1 1 . consonant ; cf. e . g . in No . , l

= I n .

Th e letter I occ urs n ot infrequently ; but it seems to have been used espe cially

in inscriptions written in a lofty style . In the ordinary funerary inscriptions it is very

No . 1 2 1 2 2 rare , but in 4 , which seems to be a votive stele , and in Nos . , 9 , 7 , 9 , P . o ut which are written in poetry , it is much more frequent erhaps it went gradually

o f use and was later on employed in inscriptions that affected an archaic style .

k iz E v . In determining its value we may eliminate at the outset its Gree meaning , .

” ’ ‘ F or the sound ks is rendered by 1 1 in 1 A I I A 1 1 A T I A (A r ta x er x es ) and by I 1 in

f A x a r which cannot be anything else than some rendering o l e nde . ‘l l I l ‘l T 1 1 . h e Now in No . we find , but in No 5 we read

I I I ° I A T 8 2 I 1 I I 1 A 8 1 2 . 1 1 . ending occurs in ) and ( , l . but in No , l 3

‘ ‘ l l l flA I l ‘H A l T to it is written with in . his points the fact that there must be a

I 77 certain relation between and .

‘ l 1 1 1 A I 1 r1 1 2 T1 A I r1 1 i n 1 2 . But the decisive words are in No . , , , and

T A I A 1 1 F k w . 2 . or in 3 , l a discussion of these words we must ta e for granted hat

N 1 f n N d a . o o a . . is said below the letter , namely that it means a i e a nasalize One the

’ ‘ ‘ our L l A l l H vana s most common words in ydian inscriptions is , which I read and “ ” A 3 A ‘1 I‘1 1 translate by (sepulchral) cavern , tomb . lmost always it is written , but in

1 2 2 I ‘ . 1 A 1 . 2 . 4 , l a is added after the gain in 3 , l we read but in line

‘

The inev itabl h t I 77 . . conclusion is e t a must be a nasalized , i e the guttural nasal sound This should perhaps be transliterated rather by 79 than by 72; bu t

u a e 77 since it has become c stomary to indicate the nasal vowels by , , , the closely

77 77 T 1 m m 1 71 1 1 11 1 guttural may be written for the sak e of convenience . hus on

‘ ' ‘ ’ o ne 1 A 1 11 1 1 A I A 1 . the hand , and on the other , would be only orthographic variants ’ fi T The vanas o r v a ri af kana a ka fia . former would be pronounced , the second or his

method o f spelling has a parallel in Lycian a nd in m odern A lbanian orthography . In “ “ 7 the latter the nasal vowels are ordinarily written (i e 7 o 72 3 ; but if a nasal conso

77 777 o . . nant ( , ) follows i n the same syllable , the sign f the nasal vowel , i e the circum

' 2 flex G /ze Gr am m a ti k a r m . . cf. W A A l aa nes zs e , accent , may be omitted ; EI ND , , 3 A nother parallel is furnished by the spelling of the nasal sounds in Portuguese .

The I N ‘1 I1 ‘1 I I I ‘1 ‘1 ‘1 ‘1 variants and I I seem , however , to indicate more than a

79 mere difference in orthography . Here I believe that the guttural became an ordinary dental 77 either in a later period of the Sardian dialect or in the special dialect of the m a n S who had the inscription written o r o f the mason who carved it . uch dialectic A Th e a ue o f t he L d a n Le e . . V l s y i tt rs 9

W A l . a arm k A I G N . . . variants are nown to exist in lbanian ; cf E D , , 3 , 3 In modern

72 k 77 A European Turk ish th e guttural is usually pronounced li e an ordinary . In sia

k 77 72 . S M a Minor th e Turkish is sometimes ept , sometimes pronounced as ; cf GIE E ,

' ' ’ es a zza l ol l seaen Tii r é zs c/z . 8 . T k l er a l zezz z ur K ezm l /z i s a , p In the ur ish dialect of

7 A dherbeij a n agai n 72 has become 7 .

72 wh If then I has been shown to be , one can easily understand y this sign

1 77 A o ccurs very frequently after a . For after easily becomes guttural ; the German

a l e u b i z A79 7 word K , for instance , is often prono nced or by Germans as well as by

foreigners .

‘ I have given the I its plac e after the 1 on account of their close phonetic rela

i of L L P t io ns h p . It is not impossible that in the alphabets ycia and ydia the hoenician

I s h 77 ( ) , whic comes directly after the , was adopted without its meaning , only as a

d was sign , and was used for an altogether different sound ; this soun however nearest

to 77 phonetically .

In a e w of d X cases the shaft the letter projects beyon the lowest horizontal bar , P and then the Lydian letter exactly resembles the hoenician Sa m ek/z .

T he names - A 1 ° TA 1 and 1 0 8 A 1 may su ffi ce to prove that the sign which means — a in all Greek and Italic alphabets except of course the Etruscan which had no 0

L W a w as or has the same value in ydian also . hether this long short , open or closed ,

I cannot say .

n s L A nd k i t No sign corresponding to Greek ha been found in ydian . Gree is d 8 , , . 4 . E rendere by as we have seen above ’ p ven in all cases where the small 1 l k k Phoeni slanting line of ( ) loo s rather li e a curve , so that the sign resembles a

c ian k ft l . p or ancient Gree , the sign can be only ; this is proven by parallels

' = i r.

T 8 A his most natural value of the letter 8 is ascertained at once from 1 1 1 I T ,

‘ ‘ ’ A I I A H A T I A , 1 A TI A 1 I 1 TI 1 and other names .

The words on which my identification of these letters is based are chiefly the fo llowin g 4 1 1 11 m ac) , SR WK/

W - ° A H A H A M A worm m an. R l §SS

‘ - A I I A 1 1 8 T I 1 Persian

S ardis E edi t on V x p i I . i T he A l h b e r Chapte r l . p y .

‘ ‘ ‘ Th e k N a n a; for 1 A 1 1 A 1 c Gree cannot decide the question , sin e in Greek both

. k s and X w o uld be rendered by the same sign But I thin that the above examples are sufficient to prove that I is s and 1 is 1 (or

The name o f Sardis however seems to furnish an argument against this proof .

‘ I For L H A 8 1 A fi DD S IRD in ydian it is written , in ramaic ( ) , a word which in the I S “ T O A . . 2 0 é ar a a . T Old estament , B D X is vocalized f his fact , to be sure , presents a k But . L difficulty . I thin it is not unsurmountable For in ydian itself I and 1 inter

1 1 1 a nd TI 1 h d change , as we see from the words w ich are often foun at the b e I I A . A nd ginnings of inscriptions ; see below , Chap . , such changes from 3 to f and

" k w S vice versa are well no in emitic languages and dialects . These changes are

o ne generally regulated by phonetic laws , but not always ; to quote case , in A rabic

" “ s 3 fa un a and Ethiopic and always correspond with each other , but Ethiopic } beau

” “ ” A s a w a nd Ethioic l a a fi flza tiful is certainly the same as rabic } , f he rej oiced is the

lz T o n A ta a ss a a . same as rabic f his may not bear directly the case under discussion ,

“ u o ne o f H A M - S but we m st remember that half the TD D problem is emitic .

A I s not z nother proof that is a voiceless , a voiced , is furnished by the word / TI 1 For 3 d . it is very improbable that a shoul stand directly before a t : either the

‘ ’ 7 b e s a or 2 . must become a , the must ecom an

On r t I P z ' o r piz} above , I said that may be derived either from hoenician I ( )

do I n ot wish to give a definite answer to this question . But since I placed I between

8 . 1 L wis h V and to call attention to the fact that in the alphabet of aste , which

MO S l d of L G CEPOLLA H P MM EN pub ishe from the papers UI I , a is placed between

‘ K O 1 H th S . ; I RCHH FF , p 5 7 , eliminates this , because he believes it does not belong

' ‘ - - . S CH I PA ULv WISSOWA S R ea l Lex i /é on A a k r and J M DT , in lph bet , ma es a of and s place it after the O.

In a very few cases the shaft of the 3 does not project beyond the lower hori z ontal bar a nd e k k P i I , the l tter loo s li e the hoenic an again in a very few cases

oe at the shaft pr j cts at the top as well as the bottom , and the letter then becomes = - t O . a form which may be compared wi h 1 in Carian , Etruscan , scan , and Faliscan

Th e letter 1 has a curious form in two old Lydian inscriptions running from left

v iz - k . . P O P to right , g arallels are to be found in ld hrygian and in certain Gree alpha A nd bets ; for K I RCHHOFF gives in his tables similar forms from Rhodes and Laconia . at curiously enough the same letter received a similar form in a distant country and , d P S A a much later perio , after it had wandered from hoenicia to outhern rabia and P then back through the deserts of A rabia northward to the Syrian desert . hoenician W f 2 2 ‘ S nd Safaitic . ( ) became 2 or g in abaean , a them or in script

t.

' 1 1 1 11 8 A , A i T 1 . number of names conta n a , and this is certain to be a ; cf

l e The A ha t . Chapt er I . p K 4

‘ ’ form 1 8 A 8 1 the following may be stated . Besides the word we v e rv often find

' 1 1 8 ”1 t 1 1 8 '1 d t he form S o we have the parallels a n

A o f ‘ N o w we k now that in the ramaic part the bilingual inscription n (5 15730 )

“ k k f S . is the name o ardis We now moreover that in the Gree inscriptions o f S ardis

f of - the names o the town and its inhabitants are often mentioned . If then in 1 8 A S 1 ’ S a r a k we have determined the letters , I thin the conclusion is inevitable that 8

o r A m ust be either an f a for in ramaic the B may mean either . But we learned a 8 L : the bove that p is rendered in ydian so there remains only f . It is unnecessary

of 8 to give here a list all words in which occurs , but I made such a list and found 8 that the value f for would be suitable in all cases . A mong these words many

- 1 begin with 8 .

7 77 2 The Biblical WWDD (5 77 7 77 ) in C ha d . 0 has always been identified with some

M A S a r da Sa a part o f A sia inor . lso p ( p a name which occurs in the P ersian n n . A nd Sa rd s cu eiform i scriptions , has been located there by most scholars j has many S ard a . Fo r LASS 1 8 Z el ts e/z years ago been actually identified with p EN said in 4 5 ( r . ’ ’ ’ V I M or en l a naes . 0 to K una e a . d . f . g , p 5 , a passage which my attention was called

“ H A EN n am lich S . P . WELL US : Ba ti st by rof ) Nehmen wir an , dass ardis , oder p ; in ’ ’ S wa r a a P a r aa i m der einh eimischen prache Q lautete , musste ersisch daraus ff werde n,

Griechischen aber das 77 verloren gehen . Es residierten in der alten Hauptstadt Lydiens

' f P Satra en e rklart S auch die ersischen p , und es sich daher leicht der Name ardische

77 A P A AS S arda S S ee B ei tr a e z ur Provin z . lso rofessor NDRE identified p with ardis ; g

'

”A l l en Ges ck zc z le 1 0 0 . . / . , III , 9 3 , p 5 5 H is note is of special importance

LA SS k w EN was right in his identification , for we now no the real name of the

of K Krois os old capital ing in his own tongue , and we see that the Hebrew and the

P ersian form of the name are even nearer to the original than Lassen was able to guess . Lydian Sfa r d became Z apd in the dialect of the Ionians through whom the other

G k L The ree s must have received the name of the ydian capital . Ionians probably

chose this form because the foreign name had an unusual beginning . Even if they

k t own new the name at a time when heir language still had the digamma , it could ’ in time not become anything else but Z apd A ccording to T HUMB (in [na og er m a m

‘ F or s clz a n en 1 h d 8 8 . . a g I X , 9 , p 3 3 4 sqq ) the Ionians both a voiceless and a voiced

d L 8 L 1 . igamma ; the former would be the ydian , the latter the ydian Both digam

one n d mas disappeared in time ; the voiceless first , bei g change to the rough breathing

a n d d then being ropped altogether . ’ O A S LYDUS III 1 Eua w eu Finally it may here be added that J H NNE ( , 4) gives p as d 8 1 of Z a dz Eu s . other form p u. The would be an attempt to render the unusual oun s I But it is important to k now that he gives a form without ( : this would be another

‘ ’ T 8 A 8 1 i s i of 1 8 A 8 1 . . proof for my assumption thar a der ved form A . T h e al ue o f th e L d an V s y i L etters .

= + h .

I admit that I have found no strict proof that the sign in Lydian really r epresents /7 or 7 . No proper names that could be identified with certainty have been

M a on L d found . y assumption that equals is not based y ian words , but has been

. o f k A M suggested by Lycian and by some the Gree alphabets of sia inor . ,

' z 1 o ne na- W c f . A o . H / mong the words ontaining I y) be the name a deity , i e A . I 1. It occurs four times , in every case together with rtemis In No . B , we read

’ “ ” 1 1 1 17 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 01 8 A this must mean may t ans and A rtemis destroy ;

‘1’ 1 '1 1T8 A ~ 1 11 1 r + II. . I . f. . c below Chap In 7 , l must mean something “ s A ” 1 1 A 1 1 A T 1 1 r1 1 r + like is sacred to d an and rtemis . In the same inscription . “ ’ probably means Hfidans Tav s as and A rtemis o f Eph es yfs

” ' 1 0 m 1 | 1 ° 1 8 A I TA 1 1 1 1 I T8 A 1 M 1 Y + ’ will punish ; and in l . there is a shorter for ula I /l

“ ” Huslans A as well as rtemis will punish . I believe therefore that is the

o f a A n of name some divinity , but I have been un ble to identify it . identification this

k of name would probably ma e the value definite .

’ ” Mr k a f Z sb YdJ/ ae . Buc ler very ingeniously iden tified [1 777173775 Taw with g ; H e

kindly sent me the following note : ‘ “

was si 77 . . I ard . n of S I N 5 , Hyde the ancient , or one of the ancie t names, f (FL h

a nd one k Z 5) 11 131177 10 r A é xa i o s o o ne j ust as could ma e a dedication to ; ; o to g, probably

' ‘ ’ ’ ‘ k o f H anam Ta a Th e Old- D aus . d w s o r of H dam . could spea , / alone Indian god y /

’ ' 0 7 77 725 Z a in L i ( 3 ) is the same as eus , and since t and are ydian often nterchangeable,

’ ’ ’

- Ta vs a f D a w as to D . might represent (y ) , and this would be very similar yaus

A od d . to H dans In the big stele (No 7) sacred fi a n d rtemis , the g mentione

’ A o n We k Z b e fo r e rtemis must be an important e . now that eus temple shared the ’ n A S Tm olos r of Z preci ct of rtemis at ardis , that disputed with C ete the honor eus

Z L o n birthplace , that eus was very important in ydia , being mentioned and depicted S A coins of ardis and many other towns , in short that next to rtemis he was by far

” the most important local deity .

“ He furthermore called my attention to the following facts : 1 ) The hypothesis

” ' H = 2 fidans l da i o; tends to support the identification of the letter as 17 . ) A ’ S B a : . z fla passage in teph y. (s . g) illustrates the connexion between t and in Bithynia

' ' ’ ' 7 0 2 a t o? Ai av Ttov z Th Of H 77aa77 5 9 1 npoaayopsflca . 3) e termination does

not seem to be found in any other Lydian adjective denoting origin , but we cannot k be sure that it is not a possible form , and it certainly suggests the Gree termination

Ea dt of . O r H ada fif t p or perhaps is no adjective , bu the original name the

” L Z Z ab A édw ydian eus , the e ; of the coins .

' nl t e M k v se ms to me that r . Buc ler s assumption is a ery valuable contribution to

of I T f - a w u the interpretation our L ydian i nscriptions . n aa i the ending o ld then T h e . h e A 1 4 C apt r I l phabet .

h L t e . V T . h the ydian termination of subjective case ; see below Ch , C e T in the

' T va Tr / a Tc a beginning of the name would have its parallel in the Cretan forms Z , ip , ;

’ l a r m d . a r z z z d ver . G m . S r /zez B RUG MA N N Gr m dr s s . . 2 cf , g p I p . 7 7 . The ending wi n might very well be compared with the ending 2 7“ for also in Lycian

’

- - z ow Ch V V I Ef m s . D a f m a d . is foun besides ; see bel , and , B

‘ ' P H n de H zm ze H un /e o . zw ze rofessor HERBI G compares also the Oscan , (masc ) 7

H um id f h . o T e (fem ) and the U mbrian which is the name a deity . Oscan

d u U mbrian deity woul then be Etr scan ; but in Et uscan it has not been found . r_ ’ ‘ ' A discussion of the true relation between fl finad rzf - z T oawg z H arm /e must be left

s Indo erm anic to Cla sical and g scholars . T he not . A sign does occur very often , yet it is not rare very common word

“ ” I ” ' 1 A T d below in . with is . his wor means , as we shall see Ch II , , somebody .

“ ” of l l + A 4l + Other derivatives the same root are (perhaps something ) and perhaps ,

- ‘ ‘ ’ A , A I I+ l A l I r gain a frequent root is which occurs in the forms ,

J A A Q H T A A ‘I H o I f O n . n . 8 o , . its meaning cf the commentary the bilingual

‘ of ‘I inscription M . In the middle words is found several times before ; this

k For lz r to would be in eeping with its character as /z . the combination seems be a

one d rm n A an natural in Greek (l) as well as in other In oge a ic languages ; cf. rmeni landic r /z c Celtic .

G reek Y.

‘ “ k Y I have found no letter in Lydian t hat can be rendered by p: hkeithé Gree .

‘ " T a Y L d na . here is letter in y ian , but this is , as we shall see below , a sal vowel

On the other hand the combination 3 8 is found in Lydian .

= N a .

‘ - < Th e of F or A 1 r1 8 A T I A . value this sign is certain . in No 9 , l 5 can be nothing

A rta an else but b es . We see from this word that even vowels in foreign names were

z d th e nasali e when they were followed by n . In list of words which contain the letter

' 11 “ ‘ F1 A few there are great many that have 1 or 1 after the . examples may serve to

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ A ‘ ‘ l il 1 e tc. illustrate this fact : l A l ll , l l fl T, ,

= Y é .

T ‘ ’ ‘ 1 here is no doubt that Y and 1 are both nasali z ed vowels . For ( ) they must be vowels because they often occur i n ' WOrds in which all other letters are consonants and none of them sonants ; (2 ) they - must be nasali z ed because they occur in the

A . e n t k Th e majority of cases before , or . question now arises which of the two is

i and which is 22 (or perhaps I believe however that there are certain facts which

‘ ’ to Y Z 1 72 lead the assumption that is and . A . The a ues of the L d a n Le e V l y i tt rs . 1 5

4 I 1 A ‘T' Y'1 1 . . w a In No . Ch / II A 3 , l 3 a word occurs We shall see belo in p , ,

that “ 1 is an ending often found with proper names . It is highly probable that

M 227 is . a k a proper name If this is transliterated ( ) , one thin s at once of

n t M w . o one M zZZ a a But I admit that this is an absolute proof, since also might read ( )

m uwa SUN DWA L d . L 1 6 an . 0 compare many of the names that contain the element ; cf , p

‘ ’ w T 22 1 6 . , 3 Ho ever there are also some good reasons why must be ; see next para

Th e Y . k graph letter has been found in no other names , except in endings , li e

’ ‘ J A TYH A S t ‘ — — Q . 1 1 . T I I Y I l YH A S L I etc ; cf. above p . hat this ending (and TY ) is

’ k 2m ? L efim k most li ely to be read (and we conclude from ycian , Gree cf. V I B W ‘1 Y ‘ w . . 1 Y belo Chap , ords beginning with are among others the following .

‘ 2 3 A 1 Y i 6 oo ( 7 , 7) ( , and other derivatives of this r t ;

‘ - 1 ‘ a r 0 1 11 4 1 1 1 2 r o r i A r i r 2 r A r a t r 1 6 or i 9 , ( 9 , 7 (4 , ( jj ( ) ‘ ° ‘ ‘ 1 1 1 1 $ tY8 (passim) ; 4 T 8 1 AJ 1 Y etc . Words b e

" ' " ‘ 1 Y : i flY H 1 Y 1 T 1 Y 1 i A l M Y A ll ginning with are (7 , ( 9 , ( 3 ,

these words indicate that Y is a nasal vowel ; in many other words Y appears befor e d m o r n in the middle of the word . But it woul be of no value to give here the

list of a ll words containing Y .

N

' 1 1 7 + ‘1’ w d k T‘1Y1 A F w 1 s . ords li ke . etc show that must be a vowel ; or s li e ,

‘ ‘ ' T I T H A and 1 1 7 + point to the fact that it is a nasalized vowel .

‘ ’ The reason why I at once thought of identifying T with 22 was its occurence in

o f 1 1 1 O T H 1 2 the neighbourhood and ; cf. ( ,

- S ins crs . . : . 2 3 , 3 and (inscription from Falanga , l ; (in ardian No Z 1 1 , are probably to be read

“ T i 1 1 and V A N ” n v z . , 4 But there are also a few name;co taining , ( 1 1 r1 1 7 + 1 The (4 , passim ; (see above p . 3 ) and first

o f 5 4 5 272 M 1) SUNDWA LL of these is the name a person ; if we read it , the names 3 ; ( ,

1 6 of A ~ P 3 ) may be compared . epithet rte

1 T - ‘ mis . herefore T A 1 1 I ¥ is probably the name of a place in A sia Minor ; perhaps

’ of Sm yrna .

' g . The p S- vr a z? S rO os ecl M r . identification i , é with myrna was p p to me by BUCKLER

a 6 n . H e justly suggests that , andWy are consonants that might easily interchange In m rm a nic fact , there are any examples of this change from Indoge as well as from i

' ‘ Z S 'F =i feek 26 m o n . or r éé iz z G , emitic languages the Lycian M . BUCKLER cites C k] 1m coins

' l n Studi es V Mr o H el e . , A RKW H ur ” . see . RIG T S article in yo f XXX

. 1 0 0 1 X IV 1 0 2 . n S p and Furthermore he recalls the account i trabo ( , 4) which

S a Sw r a z? p oints to myrna as being a native name . Finally he s ys that is as much

k “ S [é fz s k S na M of , li e myrna as li e Ephesos , and that the myr other the Gods T A he et . 16 Chapter I . l phab

A w to k o f E K rtemis , was quite orthy ran with the goddesses phesos and oloe . I thin k

Mr that also this hypothesis of . BUCKLER is very probable . We might then suppose

' * ' ' * * ' k S z é z r a n Sz é r a 7z S w' an original form li e which developed into z a 7z S i am ”; in

’ ' ' ' ’ * * ” — - - L a nd S zm zr a n a s r a n a s r n a Z uzz va k ydian , into ‘ p in Gree . But T Y‘I T1 N H I ‘1’ A seems to overthrow my whole theory concerning the value

of F o r with s o many of the letters coinciding it would be most extraordinary if

“ ” Ins cr . 2 6 this word did not stand for A lexander . begins with the date I ! III ” 1 1 1 8

«1 11 1 To claim that T might be a mistak e for 1 would be too easy

‘ ’ A nd to k e 1 . e . . f a solution it seems me almost impossible to ma a consonant , g d k A . (i . e . rmenian L ) Wor s li e and many others would

then have too strange a pronunciation . I believe therefore that we must look for

' ‘ of i d A fizk sa n tr some other way out th s ifficulty , and I propose to consider q as a

Lydian form of A lexandros . It would be very precarious to give a definite explanation

u of k S of a phonetic change in a lang age which almost nothing is nown . till it may

1 We be worthwhile at least to suggest certain possibilities/ ( ) may think of the change

1 > u a nd - of in U mbrian in many other Indo Germanic languages and dialects , see

' ' ‘ ’ - l k a er Orb um é r . D za eé te 2 m a tz 8 . The V ON P A A Gr a m . of l a L NT , , p 5 f change > is

k D u a nd A t also well nown in tch , in English , in Italian dialects . Naples the article ’ 10 is 2 A k 71 b pronounced ( ) I n rmenian the Gree is always rendered yL, and

all A A this letter is commonly pronounced g (3) in rmenian dialects . gain g (5 ) inter

A d A l ek - A ek - A w elz changes with w in certain German dialects . evelopment > g >

A l ek had (or A m t might not be impossible . (3) One might assume that been

c to A neé 1 a nd n related a nd hanged g since are closely sometimes interchange , espe

c iall S T 7: d 27 y in emitic languages . his might then have been change to a nasal , as

“ ” “ ” - k (m a n Lat . zm uo . W probably in A rmenian lam 5 ) sna e (g g ) d W to anoint (cf. g ) flj am m In certain Turk ish dialects of Northern Persia 72 becomes 7) in the neighbourhood of u ;

s o D r R . H . ITTER tells me .

nd 0 and L . M BUC R L . a r. I@ recognized the similarity between inscription 7 3

‘ s aw 1 1 8 1 T i] . 1 1 0 . 1 that in 7 , and in 3 l 3 stand in parallel passages ; this is a con

‘ '

T 77 . ation of the theory , that is

‘ ’ f a nd V . f . o . is one the most frequent en dings in Lydian ; cf below Chaps II , I II

’ The similarity between 1 and Cypriote u) is probably accidental .

Q

It is hard to form a definite opinion on this curio us letter which occurs very often

i n L d d w d . y ian , mostly however in en ings , and hich has many ifferent forms

‘ ‘ % A R Q f 2 - t 5 No proper names containing it have been found except i A TYH A m “ the S ar

” d 1 i P and ans , where is a case sign . Nor does comparison with the hoenician the Th e a ue of the L d a Le e s . A . V l s y i n tt r 17

i . ‘ ‘ Fo r P fid but the m Greek al phabets help us . resembles a hoenician y , it is true ; y for is represented in Lydian by I , and the sign this vowel cannot have been received

f . k by the Lydians twice at dif erent periods , once from the Gree s and once from the

‘ O f occu n k k m P hoenicians . the signs fig in Gree alphabets a certain ind of y would i s o l n 8 M have some similarity with , and wou d a sig used at Corinth , egara and - for

- é eta L in some Corinthian colonies . But here again we already have a in ydian . We L L . 1 . must therefore try to interpret this ydian letter from the ydian itself In 9 l . 5

i n i TA i TA ‘l A 8 . we read a word , in l . It seems that we have here a case in

“ ” i i h which and T have the same value . Furt ermore a word which I translate these

i Z' i A w A H 1 . N (in the oblique case) is usually ritten , but in 3 , l 4 seems to be the w i t same word . From these cases it ould appear that has a certain relation to and

5 . T he to s or . Finally another argument may be advanced very frequent endings

1 L in represent the oblique case of the plural in ydian , as will , be seen below in

V . or Chaps . II , I II and It will also there be shown that the nominative subjective case o f the plural very probably ends in JI Now there is one very well k nown

k A . language that has the nom . plur . in , viz . the rmenian I may add at once that this ending in A rmenian is generally no t considered t o be of Indo - Germa m e

A of ts i . or gin In rmenian the genitive , dative , ablative the plural have the ending 3 ( ) ,

s the accusative and the locative the ending 0 ( ) , that is to say always certain sibilants .

If L A not nu then in the nominative ydian and rmenian have the same ending , it is natural to assume that the endings o f the oblique case are also similar in the two

u s s A - lang age , e pecially since the rmenian 9 is also not Indo Germanic . For the se

5 2' reasons I have assigned the value to the letter , well aware of the fact that this is a mere hypothesis and that some o ne else may give a better solution of the pro

i . ts or I » or 15 blem I cannot decide whether should be pronounced ) , although the last of these possibilities seems to m — s - i 11 The E: tter { i { e r i t 1 are the following : An ts rl 1 . s h 1

" 1 1 i 1 i t Q T“ U r i 1 s : . t : Th e ending A occurs more than 40 times in these ih

‘ s cri t i s T h % 1 V i { i " i o n . e h t Tn t t th p endings s , may in reality represent only e ;

12 W ending ; the letters before it would then belong to the respective roots . ords in

i ‘ ~ ' - z 2 1 TA J . which occurs in the middle or at the beginning are the following : i I 1 l T A 8 , 1 Y I

‘ ‘ i i ‘ l l A T l YSs T I I Q L

s ‘ ’ “ i m s . TH IH S d i 1 1 A 1 f a nfe d ome of these words , to which may be adde ( ) woul

res cm t le S with their many sibilants lavic words .

T

M 1 1 1 1 1 1 ” ins cr . 1 1 . . y identification of this sign rests on a single word , viz . in , l

M r. UCK LER com ared ‘ a ue s ee th e c an etter to w ic M r A R KWR IG I rece n t h as as s i ned th e v B p Ly i l I h h . H ly g l aum H / 7 . al en . Stu di a x n w r tten v . 1 00 . It Is u b fo r i t i s o te x x , p f q i te pos s i le th at Lydi an i i s to be deri ve d from I ; f i

i . e . th e yci a n w t out th e o we r ar t of the e t ha i r e L i h l c c . I , p l f lf l

Sard s Ex edi tion i p V I . e a b e . 1 8 Cha pte r I . Th A l ph t

‘ ’ t l TA H A H A T‘I A T 1 1 1 1 — This inscription begins wi h the words ” II III 5

” “ 1 o f k A I T . hese I translate In the year 5 the great ing rtaxerxes assume that gum /[22 “ ” nd f for k . A th is the genitive o the word ing I have chosen e value g for T in this

f Hes ch ia n be LA A d o Ger . ( G , . 2 N y o . 2 6 wor , because one the glosses RDE p 7 3 , ) ’ » says m a m as ) A udoi 1 3V fiaci lf a . I admit that this argument is not altogether cogent ,

f . but for the present I can of er no better explanation . In almost all words in which T occurs a consonantal value might plausibly be

d ° i fo r . T predicated this sign Wor s beginn ing with are the following : 1 T 1 A T, 11 1

‘ ’ Q 1 I T “ ‘ ‘ A 1 N I T, I ITA N I T. I A 1 I T1

” ‘ P I T T, T A H YT

1 ' Q Q i ‘ ’ O i ‘ T he T : TI1 . TTI1 I1 , T T H A ending occurs in the following cases h T TA Tt A i .

Q T 8 A A 1 i TT ° 8 A 1 T T Y A ° , cas es v iz . H T TI 8 In two stands at the end , and .

now T We have to consider the words which contain , but neither at the beginning

s ° e T t i q i r A s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 . 1 1 A 1 1 A a. nor at the end . hey are .

i T1 Y+ A 8 T1 . 1 1 I 8 T1 , 1 I 1 TT1 Th e last three of these words need some comment .

’' ’ A k d ta za A nd of T word li e g seems to me impossible . if my reading the be correct , k I am compelled to assume that there is a mistak e in this word . Indeed I thin

T k for TYl that is a mista e Y , since occurs half a dozen times in other inscriptions .

' 1 In the word 1 1 1 8 “ the T is not quite certain ; this h ad there fore better be left out

f 2 6 o T1 + A 8 i n ins cr 1 1 1 . Y T1 . the discussion , But is plainly written , 3 , 7 and Its

“ ” the P des tro dis ers e l A a v é a /zé fl t meaning must be may he (she , y y ( p ) re ding q seems 'Z F or d but not . to me somewhat unusual , impossible if we assume that this wor is

’ i I 1 2 f TI1 . o o f vz . composed two elements the first which may be g (cf , above ) and A that the syllables before the stress sometimes lose their vowels as in rmenian , a

” w k Wi h t / QM é a fié t A ord li e g would have become vg n . In rmenian we may compare

' v i l / k a w o rd . v m or vi ta 72a ! . ig , gen g , with all its derivatives But in order to ma e such

a : T n pronounceable , an is generally added etc . herefore the word in questio may have been pronounced I need scarcely say that in Lycian we are supposed to believe in pronunciations that look much more i m possible than the o ne which I commend to my readers in

this single case .

11 unas i Nothing can be said o n the phonetic side of the q uestion . If was an p

d T o ne but rate tenuis , might have been an aspirated , would then in some way inter

Or T k fere with the letter and its value . finally might have been a with directly

E not languages following glottal catch ( ) , a sound which is uncommon in Caucasian ’ a nd ‘P which is the regular pronunciation o f the A byssinian .

’ ’ entra Pro ‘ th e a a an ua es i n . . . E n own a s o i n g , f J j H SS ca ll ed m attention th e fact that c k u etc . are k l y l g C l y L , , q M

A m er ca. “ ese etters h av n s Id r a r firri da r . i Th l e b een term ed cut l e tter s i n Spa i h l

Th e A 20 Chapt er I . l phabe t .

“ k : (A) . 8 4 (A) . i (E) . 1 (F) . ( . J! K less ali e are the following A I I) ( ) . 1 (A) . 1 ( M) .

< ? . I (P 1 Z ) . T (T) . 1 ( ) . (X ) The 1 (N) . (O) ) . ( Y signs in parentheses are of course

Th e the ordinary Greek letters . similarity would be much closer if the oldest forms ,

s u to M such as are used in line r nning from right left , were added above . ost of these values were inferred a t once by comparing the letters heretofore found in

o f k T L d . K S y ian inscriptions with those the Gree alphabet hus RET CHMER Ken.

I 2 n iz d a 8 e , b “ ) recog A (with cer ; i 1 " 1 v 1 e re s trictio ns I i 1 ,(z 1 m 1 n tain restrictions) , , (with , , , , ) ,

< = = = I r T i u . S of o n , , ome the letters that he saw the very badly W d S eathere fragments at his disposal , are not confirmed by the inscriptions from ardis .

He stated himself that his I (7) and G) (3 ) were uncertain ; the latter is probably with

‘ flaw '2 0 I q . I I. 8 a in the stone H is L may perhaps be , his 1 may be in , a , in II , 1 1 1 1 . . a From his material he could not conclude that the round and the angular

i r) Th <> 1 v z . . e k 1 1 I 1 1 A are the same letter , letter which he too to be (in I ) is very i an d S ndistinctly written , I have found no corresponding word in the ardian inscriptions ;

’ w KRETSCH MER therefore I cannot say hich letter should be read there . S very impor

f - 8 tant discussion o the letter will be referred to below .

THUMB in his article o n the first Lydian inscriptions from Sardis adopted most of

’ KRETSC HMER S n c i n fe w identificatio s , orrecting them a details , but he advanced several L steps further in deciphering the ydian script , especially with regard to those letters

’ 11 . . 1 which are peculiar to the Lydian alphabet . He very acutely suggested that Y might be nasal vowels (giving however different values from those assigned to them d 1 above) , and after having discusse the question with myself, he concluded that and might be sibilants . He could n ot k now at that time that in only a

' careles written e A few of those Lydian letters that have equivalents in the Greek alphabet deserv

special attention .

1 A d o f has a very unusual form ; it looks lik e a minuscule ( ) which the bottom

k o r has been opened (A A I have n ot found a similar form in any Gree S A emitic alphabet . It seems that it must have been derived from in some such way

as that j ust indicated . 1 K one in o r 1 with only t wo slanting lines is very rare . I RCHHOFF has only S of o n 1 6 1 : e Eleuth e rna . stance a similar form ; p . 7 he quotes from I n later emitic P alphabets however o ne of the three cross lines of 3 is often omitted . In hrygian O L k L . nly and ycian the three lines are preserved just as in Gree , atin and Etruscan

his . P t T M d . 1 in one case a hrygian is found , as HU B has pointe out on p 5 4 of article Th k e letter is always much sm aller than the other letters . I thin this is a sign

° of T , and it great age . he Semitic Ay i ¢i was originally smaller than the other letters k i k too some time before this letter was made t for the sa e e L d an A h ab e i n o m a ris . T h o n b e B y i l p t ¢ p with fi r A l phabe ts .

0 - k in » . k o f symmetry I now of course that a very small occurs also late Gree in

to L i tio ns . s cr p , but I do not believe that this has anything do with the ydian

I 1 . 6 . add T he letters and have been discussed above on pp , 9 f I may here

’ ‘ — r m . 1 1 K REI SC H MER . 2 a . Z that , p 3 5 4 and pp 3 3 3 4 was inclined to conclude that in

i A s P hrygian and I in Lycian was a voiceless s . to the origin of I there is some

I z a i n s o e w d . But 1 doubt ; it may be derived either from ( y ) or ( t ) am sure that

5 m W 5 old L n ins cri a is the S emitic . hen the latter has the form as in a few ydia p tions it resembles the Phrygian s and the s o f some Greek inscriptions from Laca ia ;

1 0 . see above p .

The T not k o f ordinary does differ from the common Gree form this letter , but Th the oldest t has only a very short crossbar at the top . e latter form is again

P Fo r a connecting link between Lydian and hrygian . t in the P hrygian i nscri pti ons

'

C A S M i s s i on on Ca a dooe . 1 6 1 6 e published in H NTRE pp , pp 9 and 7 has the same p culiarity .

‘ ' The L I 8 I1 ii Z I additional letters of the ydian alphabet are (f ) , ( ) , Y ( ) ,

4 0 lz Two of of T (o) and perhaps ( ) . these letters remind us at once other

I 7 8 E T o v iz . of L 7 . alphabets , the ycian and of the truscan f my mind these simi

V laritie s V h ats oev er of cannot be accidental . may be the ultimate origin these signs ,

1 L L 2 be they prove that there are common features ( ) between ydian and ycian , ( )

‘ L A t of o ur k not t o tween ydian and Etruscan . the present stage nowledge it is safe

‘ f go further than a mere statement o these facts .

It is possible that I (72) was chosen because in the Phoe ni cian alphabet cam e a 11 1 8 o f . fter ; see above p . 9 . It has also been suggested that is a modification

B ut I call attention to the fact that the oldest form of f in Lydian seems to be 2;

. L 2 . f III S o f o . . cf below , 4 , at the end Chap ome scholars were the opinion

8 E - t . C . . PA WI SSOWA that in truscan did not occur before the four h century B ; cf ULY ,

' R ea l - E nc cl o ri dzo A R i ; s . o l /za é et RETSC HME o i of y p , . p . But K has sh wn in discussion this

D en é /z s o r . Wi en d i The er A ka 1 0 1 . . letter ( . , pp . sq ) that this Op nion is wrong facts which he states and the conclusions which he draws are o f great importance . Of L the other letters would again be the same as in ycian , and perhaps the

as k al h ab ths The ( a same the x of the Eastern Gree p e . sign I for may be compared

C 8 e with arian ( ) , but this is by no means certain .

How and when Lycians and Lydians derived their signs for the nasal vowels is

. no t k im possible to say It is li ely that the one people adopted them from the other , k ~ since there are . remar able divergences However , a certain general resemblance cannot

” be denied ; therefore it is possible that in both alphabets these signs were derived from the same source . A s a mere suggestion I recall here the fact that the Copts when they adopted the Greek alphabet for their language added some sign s that were a k t en W os s ible from Egyptian hieroglyphic writing . ould i that the peoples Of A M sia inor , when they wrote their native tongues h e be e . T A 2 2 Chapt r I l pha t.

nt i letters derived from the old hieroglyphic writing of those cou r es , i . e . the H ittite?

i My readings of (f ) and T (y) are uncertain . With the latter may be compared

P T w K S . 2 a rm . I. a hrygian , hich RET CHMER , p 3 5 , thought to be perhaps a variant o f A ,é o a w ea . i the pp , or perhaps Cypriote 1 hich means gain I am not sure whether

T ha d T '2 and might not have their prototype in the Hittite . h e agrees cu riously w t A T A i h the rmenian Q, his gives rise to the question whether the rmenians did A M h ot draw some of their letters from sia inor alphabets . But it would lead us too

A nd P . A far here to enter into this problem rof. NDRE A S is of Opinion that the A r S d P m enian alphabet as a whole was derived from asani e ehlevi . In conclusion we may repeat that Lydian script is in the main derived from the

Greek or from an intermediate source between P hoenician and Greek and that certain

w h L cian Ph ian a nd L d . y ian letters point to a relationship i t y H ryg Etruscan But it is

a k to A nd n ot possible yet to tr ce every one of these letters bac its origin . even in

‘ h the history of the Greek alp abets several problems still remain to be solved . CHA P T ER II .

T h e B i l n ri t on s li n gua I s c p i .

A .

T h d - A S e L y o r a m a i c B i l i n g u a l I n s c r i p t i o n fr o m a r d i s .

L 1 ( . 7 )

A S d o r c M The wa s k FUNER RY TELE ; date 445 3 94 B . . arble . stele bro en into two

k The d t0 i pieces ; the brea runs through the top lines of the Lydian part . decorate p 6 . and . A w d is 3 cm high 5 3 cm wide . djoining the top there is a narro uninscribe

of h d . a nd . T e piece the die preserved , cm high wide lower , inscribe piece .

' o f 8 2 — The d is the die is cm . high and 46 (top) 4 7 (bottom) cm . wide . ecorated top

k e . d h . . T e L cm thic , the die cm ydian letters are cm high , the a di tio nal — d . : Th . 1 . e A letters in l 3 cm ramaic letters are cm high , the a ditional

. : h was T 2 d . T e letters in l 4 cm . he A ramaic letter N is cm . wi e stele

o n found the northern slope o f the Sardian necropolis . Between the two parts of the

' i s i i k n cr pt on there is a monogram , probably a mason s mar .

T h e A r a m a i c T e x t .

— ‘ 113 57: nonm m u 1 m m iiwm n: 11111: 1 ant 11m m m i nn rut um ) : ‘ I' lDDD 2

“ “ .nu m ane m i (1 11 9 1: by 1 m m 11m m : 3 .

“ i s rm m i nn 51: 1 1 173 1 11 013 11 1: 1 513 : 1: up 4 . 1111 1 5113 5 “ m o 1 1 uni 118 m ay): 5

anu D97 3?) 11 9 1 i t: 1 1 in arm m i 6 . uni : ns nan i wwnm 15: 1 1 i nnate 7

- m m rurw i noisy um 11 m pro m un 8 . 1 . th o f Ma r eswa A On the s h n of the l o th year of King rtaxerxes , 2 . of S u in the city ardis . T his stele and the cavern [and] the f nerary i 3 . couches a nd — u S P - ( ) the fore co rt which is above ardis ( ) , this its fore court , [they are] the property

4 . o f MN Y l 0 r , K M LY SR K nd d . W , A son of , of if anybo y against this ste e

» 5 the a or - n c vern the funerary couches (P) Opposite the fore court o f this caver . e Th e B 2 C I I . l ua l I n c o 24 hapt r i ing s ri pti ns .

h t k 6 . t a is to say , if anybody destroys or brea s anything , then

A of KLW E . may rtemis and of phesos with regard to his court his house 7 , ,

8 . , his property , soil and water and everything that is his disperse him and his heir(s) (s i c There are still and will probably always remain a number of doubtful words and T passages in this inscription . his is mainly due to lack of knowledge of the A ramaic

on of L A language the part the man who translated the ydian into ramaic , and partly

o f k A Th also to the use some words not nown in ramaic literature . e translator of e this inscription tried to be very literal , and se ms even to have followed Lydian syntax

o f v mechanically , but he obscured the meaning se eral passages . H e even used Nnfiyrg)

—6 1 as a masculine (in 1. 5 ) and used the masculine plural 11311 7 3 referring to two

T L no female deities . his indicates that the ydians had grammatical gender in their M language . oreover it seems that the mason also made some mistak es when he

‘ A ll n ot s o carved the A ramaic inscription . this is very much to be wondered at if

k k A S Th e we ta e into consideration the probability that nobody spo e ramaic at ardis .

ok L tlm ffi P A - people sp e ydian , i higher o cials ersian , and ramaic was only an artificial

language in those western provinces o f the Persian E mpire where no A ramaeans o r

d t Jews lived . But it is much to be regrette tha the one document on which the

L i s entire d eciphering o f ydian rests so obscure .

I wish to state at the very outset that the interpretation o f is due to

P LI DZ BA RSKI f A A S . o h P . e rof NDRE , and that rof has been great help to me , for

i s of all of recogn zed the curious , u age firm , and above found the true meaning the

i 1 f th d . T o wor s PD) l lo 713 313 Hm j 1 3 3 1 1 his brilliant reading of his has been ehighest

importance for the interpretation . of the last two of this inscription . _ lines

‘ L : Th e c . . 1 reading of every letter is ertain Only the first {0 in the name of

‘ k Th e the ing is a little damaged . question arises how the name WDWHZIWN should

’

d . P A A S Li DZ BA Rs xi s E hem or i s . 2 2 1 . 2 be rea It is , as rof. NDRE has shown , in , p , I I , p , ann , hi Old T P of t s . . a rendering of the truly ersian form name , i e In the estament

’ ’ / ‘ we find sa s t The A A r to zs a s m A r ta zsas l o. A r i a z . the forms g , f and l ramaic papyri of Ele

h antine P . A A S p have the same form as our inscription from Sardis . In this form rof NDRE

think s wt: to be a rendering of the Persian sound s s or rs into which the Old - Iranian

V T : [ had developed at the time of the A chaemenids . his is possible in that case we

’ to A r ta i s a s s a should have read g , without any ending ; for the ending would undoubtedly

m s A n a ra , have been expressed by N . But w nr fiN might also be transcribed g a

‘ 1 T AI I A 1 1 A T I A. form which would be very natural at Sardis ; for therewe find in Lydian

r s s 1 In the latter the Iranian fi is certainly rendered by , and the last must be a L ydian ending .

i i we t ere it m a be due on m 4 7 h as an at th e end wh ic h roves th at th e o rigina l h ad a vo l h ; y ly é 1 ) IQ , p S r ac to an art fi d A ram a c. The us ua i cia l v ocal i z a ti on by a m an who w a nted to m ak e a d i f erence betwee n H ebrew an i l y i

form i s m i rf A r zsai t x ( m l ) . T e L d o - A am a c B n u l o o m S d 2 . l I p 2 A h , y r i i i g a nscri ti n fr ar is 5

‘ 1 2 . d s 2 : O n th e e HDD s e e above p . I have translated the wor Nrfi j b L . nam y

“ ” ” « T m e an s i n A , , , city . his word generally ramaic palace castle fortress and is some

‘ ” C nn “ “ ” times also a pplied to small towns . Here it a ot mean palace or fortress , since A P a k tolo s i . e . s the palace was in the plain b eyond the , and the fortress , the cropoli ~

o f S o f . {

' The I P for the whole o f Sardis because it was a fortified city . word NJ IID is of ersian

W e of n S w A origin (s ta n d ) . should expect {5 instead , since in yriac as ell as in rabic

- P 1 t h e t of this P ersian word is rendered by t . But in Greco hoenician words and {1

‘ The P w l e c . . . a so correspond with a h other , especially in the early centuries ersian ord

“ ”

k S A . means column , and the same meaning has been ept in yriac and in rabic But

' “ ” “ ” N ID thi s . e u here J D must mean stele , because NJ 1nD can only r fer to the mon ment

on which the inscription is written .

A ‘ fter the NJ IIID. i . e . the first thing that a man reading the inscription would T A “ ” . T see , follows the 81m m ) his ramaic word means cave , cavern etc . here is no k L D k doubt that the cave in the roc , the ydian tomb , was meant . rawings of such roc P o . . . ar e nd . 2 . tombs by r f H C BUTLER given in the illustrations on p . 2 5 a p 7

The a 2 l st word in l . is Th e N at the e n d is smaller than the other

f it w to or a s too . letters , because the space . narrow , and the mason did not wish put

Sardi s ed t n v Ex p i io i . 4 Th e Bl I LILt l ns c o ns . Cha pt e r I I . n I ri pti

' D fo ' o f . e a rl b it at the beginning the next line e this w a 1 e s u n lie d a s it - — : for . 1 seems to me ; in ll 4 5 also three different things , ( ) 5 m g ($ 5,9 1 i (SI N ‘ n ' “ ” I. 2 i CU I IOU 3 i s i are separated by N . In th s word comb ned NHTHN places , in

‘

. . A s l . 5 it stands by itself Its meaning can only be guessed 1 and j are in this

‘ k k we ' ‘ inscription absolutely ali e , we do not now whether should read Nfififl i o r ifnfl i ) T h " . e A so long as the word has not been identified rabic word is scarcely to be

N o r o ur A r . a m a iciz ed compared here do I believe that term might be an Lydian word ; 1 A S the corresponding word in Lydian is I I8 + A 1 . ince in similar funerary inscriptions

the different parts and belongings of the tomb are mentioned , I propose to translate this

“ ” expression by fu couches . For the most characteristic feature o f these tombs

v is their co o n p . and it would ha e been very natural that the owner

should make special mention o f the fact that all couches belonged to hi s f no o . O Nf fin family , so that stranger sh uld be buried on them course x W WII “ ” ’ - k t l a P might also mean tomb niches , li e NHQJ i in N bataean and almyrene i n s cri tio n A t e p s . all events it seems to me most probabl that the term denotes the

Zora /i the k l ow/ [i where dead were buried , of whatever ind these may have been .

L : Th e u . o es aect o r . 3 plural 81m m : is unus al We sh uld Nfi nx possibly as in

' ' - ’ ‘ S Th e d t c . yriac Ni lfi i lN wor 13 1 9 migh of ourse also be read 13 1 5 1 3 1 9 or 7 3 7 9 .

“

A A S . k In writing 7 3 7 5 I follow a suggestion o f Prof. NDRE He too as a base for

i A nu u uj w l lz r a a r a k expla ning this word the rmenian Z / / p / ( p ) , for which he postulates

* “ ” - old P r a d da é T A . an ersian f p . his rmenian word means place , court Its derivation

/z a ~ P r a A r . from the Persian is certain . For ersian f becomes in rmenian ; cf the

A n d P o r S d . 8 1 . HUBSC HM A N N A r m an . Gr a m m . 1 examples in , pp sqq ersian yriac

i

i fo r l z roa : « m o m . often becomes r in A rmenian ; cf. instance Z/ w U y) * Th e d da t Old P word f r ap ,é is no fo und in ersian ; but this is probably due only to

; M P Ask-1 e /a ll an accident . Th e word V i da l must have existed ; for odern ersian (pg ) is

’ ” ’ ‘ “ A nd tz da m S He im s tat te the same word in a later stage . for p the eaning tandort ,

BA RTH LOMA E 8 T r a L r o O . 8 . , is given by , col 7 his combined with f ( atin p ) is exactly

for the word required our 7 3 1 9 . P rof. G . HOFFM A NN called my attention to the Biblical which

“ d o n . 6 to . 2 1 8 occurs in I Chron , , and which is supposed be an an nexe building the

o f A A S e 1 3 1 9 m Now P . west side the temple at Jer usale . rof NDRE sugg sts that is a

- The 7 k m . 7 5 mista e for 7 3 7 91 and that here also a sort o f fore court is eant word 1 .

1 w . which has sometimes been connected with W3 9 , ould then have had a different origin

* “ ” If - a §fida . . 7 3 1 9 in our inscription is the Persian f r ] i e fore court , it can here

M of S mean only the open space before the tomb . ost the tombs at ardis have such

“ ” ~ In - to dr om os G reco R om a n tombs . this a small fore court , corresponding the of

“ ” - our s k fore court stele was standing , j u t as Nabataean and Gree stelae stood in the

" d r L 1 1 . om oi - im l m N aba ta ea n I ns cr i ti ons 9 4 of the tombs of Umm idj Dj a ; cf. y p , eiden

T h e B n ua n 11 . n Chapte r ili g l I scri ptio s .

L had no because at the very same place in the ydian part o f our inscription J A JIA is the word used . M L . : Th e K ffi 4 names of ane and umli are recognized without di culty . But the

w Th ' additional word is indistinctly ritten . e letters N DWD are almost certain , but the

has . to k k letter before the last a very unusual form Its p loo s li e that of a 7 , j , D

but or J , at the bottom it has a small curve towards the right which is never foun d

T “ in any of these four letters . his curve brin gs the letter into near relation with 3 and 3 T T. and I believe therefore that it is nothing but an incomplete . his would be well k in eepin g with the meaning that the added word seems to have . Greek inscriptions

‘ A M L L a a nd P i n from sia inor , especially those from ycia , ydi hryg a , very ofte mention ,

of at o f dem os o r besides the name the person and his father , th also the , the tribe

A t the place from which he came . certain periods this seems to have been a very z ' ’ A de rived o f popular fashion . noun from the name a place would in A ramaic very

“ ” fi ci A nd fl d properly have the ending y . N j fi D woul then mean a man from Siruk a

“ ”

L . or Siluk a ; cf. the ydian text It is significant that the mason should have left out e ntilicium L A the g both in the ydian and in the ramaic text , so that a correction

The : wh o was considered necessary . facts were probably these the man gave the

The P Lydian copy to some P ersian official for translation had omitted the word . ersian A T naturally did not write it in the ramaic text . hen the mason received both copies

L in and carved them on the stone . ater on when the man who had ordered the scription look ed at the finished work and discovered his mistak e h e caused the co r

T to rection to be made in both texts . his serves as a valuable hint us modern interpreters ; for hence we may infer that the two parts o f the inscription must cor respond with each other very closely .

A en tilicium of fter the g follows the second part the inscription , containing the curse against him wh o should try to interfere with the monument : these curses are k nown fro m s o many Oriental and Occidental inscriptions and manuscripts that it is

Th e our not worth while to quote parallels . syntax of formula is not quite clear , but I can see no other way out of the difficulty than to assume that the construction is

o ut a H k . anac l hic and that the first t 773 is ta en up again by T 773 finx If this be so , the fi P LIDZ BA RSKI b rst relative clause would have no verb . rof. was of Opinion that y $ “ ” of contains the verb , and he proposed a verb 3 to wrong , which the translator

‘ d k o f a uwe! A the inscription would himself have create , thin ing and lthough ” o f i i n o f E 0M I do not deny the possibility this interpretat on , view also the thiopic

‘ ‘ w - k t N 53 m hich is used in the ground stem , I thin that fig I are the real verbs that

“ w 3 7 WIN was ere intended to be connected with the first 7 73 , and that the second used partly because the verb would have been too far separated from its subject by L the interposed objects , and partly also because in the ydian original the corresponding wo d w ' u r s ere sed twice . '

- ua n n o m h e L d o A am a c B n sc o Sa d s . A . T y r i ili g l I ripti fr r i 2 9

“ ” ‘ f - o- os it Th o . : The j fi , e e L . 5 preposition Tfi p means in front pp funerary couches

- n r Op posite the fore court would the be those in the first oom of the cavern . For the

d oo o ne k b tombs generally containe two r ms , at the bac , pro ably for the man and his

o ne o wife and sometimes for his children , and in the fr nt destined for more distant relations o r for other members o f the h or s eh old such as free dmen or the lik e (see

P of e the p . ersons the latter class are som times included in funerary inscriptions o f A sia M inor .

: A A L . 6 Wm }: is an ramaic word , but the ramaeans scarcely ever used it in the

' LI DZ BA RSKI P . of sense which it must have here . rof called my attention to the use

k of WHR P ersian which he thin s was the prototype this , and to the fact

n The P a s fa z m . that in P ehle v i and pa y corresp o d . ersian p is often used to in O “ tro duce the apodosis or even merely to connect sentences . riginally meaning after

” “ ” fo r . k wards it gradually came to be used then , furthermore , thus , and I thin

‘ The A LI DZ B A R SKI is undoubtedly right in this suggestion . word IWD meaning in ramaic

“ ” to rub to pieces , would scarcely have been employed here by a man whose native

A ha t and ~ tongue was A ramaic . gain we see that the translator d bu a slight super

i l k of fic a nowledge that language .

: The ” L . 7 words 153 and ll /WEN certainly denote the l ak e of Koloe a nd the

o f e W s f A s a o . town Ephesos , at each of which places ther a famous sanctuary rtemi

5 But here we have again a linguistic difficulty . The words 153 7 VDDWN are perfectly

A fi 3 A . or good ramaic fter them we should expect WWDN n, even better (5;n 7 finnflm

ff But S ‘ T since they were di erent deities . the tone bears the letters WWDM . his can

“ ” “ nd E o n N o w A to my mind mean only a the phesian e . in correct ramaic the

” ‘ E A Our phesian one referring to rtemis should be NWWWDN {worthy translator , how

i ' ' k of the i ta tus em fia tzcus s ta tus a é s ol utus ever , new very little p and the , and certainly

“ n t o f e thifik o f h o hing grammatical gend rs . I he was perfectly capable translating t e ” E A “ phesian rtemis by W EN VDTfiN .

“ ” L . 8 . The HB T not word O would literally mean his anythings . his is good E A T nglish ; neither is it good ramaic . he plural o f the indefinite 13 337 373 together with

f Old A T o a su fix is very conspicuous in ramaic . he form NDDSfiJ D with ut the suffix

E u occurs in the papyri from lephantine , and the masculine plural is fo nd in later

— ; . NOLD EK E Gr a m m a ti k 8 6 r . 1 a m . . T dialects cf , , p and 4 hat we should

‘ 7131 7 ? o f 2 The expect instead , m fiflm has been said above on p . 4 . last word is flr fifi which is the singular , whereas from parallels in other inscriptions we should

. P Th o f expect the plural erhaps this is another mistak e of the translator . e choice " the verb fl: “ ” meaning dis perse is also very strange . What the writer intended was “ ” “ probably or may the gods drive him away from his property , may the gods i ” d sperse his property . The translation given above is an attempt to imitate the cun o us ly A worded ramaic phrase . C e II. The Bi i n ua l 3 0 hapt r l g

T T h e L y d i a n e x t .

Unfortunately the beginning O f the Lydian text was destroyed when the stone

The T . was brok en . his lost part contained the date end Of this date consists o f the

‘ ’ l C - T h e W T 1 1 H A 8 I H l T A . words I ords which then follow are also partly destroyed .

B ut the missing letters can be restored with approximat e certainty from a few other III i funera ry inscriptions that will be discussed below in Chap . . By comparing the s e

i N O . w ns criptions , especially 9 , we find that we should here read the following ords TH A h . t t e;

¥ l + r1 1 J . TI IA d i end of l . 3 we should supply the word which generally follows (or a er

‘1 ITJIA h . 6 In 1 v ative o f t e same root) and which is here found in l after . . 5 parts

f 0 to 1 o an are be seen over the , and as the word is a very common

‘ one a 3 A 1 r1 1 o r , almost lways combined with there is no doubt that here too

k n . in it must be read. Now ta ing these restorations for gra ted I shall try to present parallel columns wh at appear to be the corresponding words o f the two parts o f the

n A . i scription . In the first column I give my English translation Of the ramaic , subject

i d L . to all reservations po nted out in my commentary , in the secon the ydian text

i ~ ( I ) This StClC 41 q 1

‘ ( 2 ) and the cavern [1 A 1 n 1] M N (3) [and] the funerary

(4) and the fore - court which is above l ° 1 q A TT 8 [T A ‘III‘H ‘T' N TI I TIJIH JI >| A 1 i f Sardis this its fore - court (5 ) [they are] the property Of MNY son

KM LY o f S LVV K Of .

(6) A nd if anybody against this stele T N H i m Tu ».

‘ (7) o r the cavern T A I rH 1 1 3

‘ it A H H- M { A Q N 111 8 (8 ) o r the funerary couches T A ‘I M1 T H H I J H TI1 1 8 (9) Opposite the fore - court Of this cavern

. t o s a that is to y if anybody destroys ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 7 1 1 + f l i' l l l l l TJIA k i or brea s anyth ng,

‘ ‘ ( ” l the “ m ay A rtemis of Ephesos and 1 1 '1 IT‘l A f H A B

O f KOlO é m a m a:

1 2 ( , ) with regard to his court , his house ‘ ' TA ‘l A A w his property , soil and ater , and all T1 7 + A 8 T1 T 1 I8 >IT 1 1 + T A ‘l H that is his disperse him and his heir(s) . nu We cannot expect that absolutely every word in the two parts Of a bilingual n scription Of this k ind has been literally translated . But comparing the columns we soo notice that the t ranslation is as a whole accurate enough to allow us to identify most

For a o ns r t o n . - p s s ibl e m es toratj on s ee the e nd O f th : co m m en ta ry on th is i c i p i ' - Th c L d O A rai ii ai c B n ua ns c o o Sa d s . r A . y ili g l I ripti n fr m r i 3

O 1 2 s of the Lydian words . nly in 4 , 9 and we cannot as yet be ure Of the

n w L O f . o m eaning Of every. word I shall give those ydian words which the meaning n seems to be established with rea so able certainty .

” ' “ L TH is in A ramic NJ m D nJ T this stele . In ydian therefore es t mean s

’ ” ‘ “ ” “ A 3 A 1r1 m r ua . 1 t NO 8 this and stele number Of other inscriptions begin f ( . , 9 , A 6 1‘ A ‘1 r1 1 ’ 1 NO . 1 H . k 1 1 x , three ( , B , and ) have Now we now from 7 , 3 , 5 §

‘ “ ” 0 - A l r1 1 A Nnfi b for o n p . 3 that is in ramaic y cavern , and we find another word

” ’ ‘ “ ” “ r es w m nas W e iz es s o . v . this , , employed when the ord cavern follows conclude ’ - a es t therefore that when a word ending in is used , the demonstrative pronoun is ,

’ ’ ‘ ' s s 6 TN but with a word ending in it is e . Furthermore in and 7 we have ' ‘ r1 1 T ‘7' T A 1 N . of and Judging from the context , is the sign the Oblique case , whereas

' ' ’ 1 4 O f . fOur WOrds es t m r ua and are the signs the subjective case Now all , , and

wi n e s : es zZ es? es t have the same sign in the Oblique case (derived both from and ) ,

41 77 The s 7727 21 22 0 5571 . es , stem Of the demonstrative pronoun is therefore but when ,

' th e s ending Of certain substantives in the subjective case , is added , the is assimilated

' ' ‘ fs s L : es s e e . O ur by the , and we have or first results then are three ydian stems

“ ” “ ” “ ” m r zt ad na v this , stele and ca ern .

‘ ‘ “ ” 2 3 A 1 r1 1 an “ A The reads [ ] , in ramaic ND WD) and the cavern . demonstra A L tive pronoun is omitted in the ramaic . Nor is there any rule in ydian with regard

to the use o f this pronoun ; generally it is used . with every word denoting a different

L . part Of the tomb , but sometimes it is omitted in ydian also Here however to the

“ ” 1 A . pronoun another letter is added , viz . this corresponds with the ramaic 1 and

“ ” W e k ‘ ~ now then that in Lydian and is expressed by t h e su ffix k .

In I J A H ‘H M I . 3 , have placed only the word It is very probable however

' S u IN Th e ta fir zs a /e d A ra that before this we should pply P ] . word is here rendere in NHW A maic DN m m but in 8 b th e first o f these two words alone . bove on }; y’ 6 “ ” . 2 The p I inferred the meaning funeral couches for this term . word is in the

A in for plural in ramaic , and must be the plural if my translation is correct ; there

were always several couches in every tomb . But what is the sign of the subjective

? k a case in the plural I thin , but cannot be absolutely sure that it is the For it p

“ ” ’ - esk m r ua I pears that when the 1 and is added the case ending is dropped ; cf.

“ ” * “ ” ”‘ — f m r a d k . es t 7727 741: 1 1 1. 2 o r and this stele (for and , and the stele ( ) If we

“ ” J - I A ¥ + A - h e 4 k 1 U N I ,é es k and t read the in might be the conjunction and , ( 0 in

[a /z r ts a é T he o f would be the subjective case O f the plural . Oblique case the plural Q A 8 Q A H ‘H M i A i H k . which has the ending is much better nown In we read , and in the other inscriptions there are over thirty instances Of words with the ending

i ‘ A n Inscription 9 has in the first part the words H I H M H 1 and in the second

' Q ‘ { ' A H H M A t- H ta /z r zs - k a l a /zr zshk . In the form an is perhaps omitted , so that

‘ ' - e - é ta /z r zs a - é o ne d should be read . From the formula s might conclu e that the demon ” l n a n c i The B o ns . 3 2 Chapter I I . i i gu l I s r pti

‘ s trative m the if d pronoun was the sa e in singular and in the plural , used as an a jective, P T k ' ’ as for instance in modern ersian and ur ish . But the form esta i with ta /z r z s a e shows

“ ha - . t he us that this is not the case I believe therefore t t . form es é meanin g and

” ” e es - h é “ k these should r ally be , and that where two came together at the end O f the

i The word only one was wr tten . paradigm Of the demonstrative pronoun , so far a s

k : we now now it , would be P l u r

S ubj . Case es /e Obl / . Case est a t

’ * ’ “ ’ In este e the 5 has been reduplicated ; for es a e or es e would be the form expected f from the analogy O other plural forms .

m - L A In 4 there see s to be a divergence between the ydian and the ramaic . We

‘ m ust compare with o ne another 4 and 9 ; the former reads fieta ta t a d/ti t z s t es z?

’ ' ’ é zl ta v 27 m fit Th r oa t a ki t é ua 2st 8 5 215 m é a r vod . e , the latter read translation of

“ a A - S the former is very uncert in in the ramaic ( and the fore court which is above ardis ,

“ this its fore - court the latter i s reasonably certain ( Opposite the fore - court Of this

“ ” ‘ k es z? vd n a z? o f ad ua - s We now that is the Oblique case Of this , that is that “ ” Th ' . e z s t N o o S a r fi cave word occurs twice in . 4 t gether with f ; I am tempted to

' ’ “ ” l ‘ ’ ’ z s t S a r z? S ardis TQA 8 1 o f H A S i translate f here in , since is the Oblique case , as

“ ” Now - A is of the word fore court occurs three times in the ramaic ,

i ‘ ’ L d wi n a zt é fita r w a L li e/a le. twice where the y ian has , and once where the ydian has

“ ” - The fiela - d—é lee/a d latter may stand for , and might then be the word for fore court ,

’ “ vei na i m utt e r/0d whereas j might be a synonym , meaning that which is before the ” Th e cavern . But we cannot as yet reach a solution Of these questions . same is to be

’ ' ' ’ - A s aid about é zea k z t and é uk z té ua which in all probability are equivalent to the ramaic

‘ “ ” A O f , T5: 1P5 opposite . definite Opinion on the grammatical character these words

f The o f S their prefixes and su fixes , cannot be given . only equivalent ardis in the A — — “ ” if TH . ramaic passag e this be correctly read would be , here L 5 again is , plain and acquaints us with several important facts as to ydian

’ ' ’ ' ' ’ “ - l - z grammar . It reads a ka a M e m e l id K u m tz tza S z tuka t a and is to be translated (they

” are) the property O f Mane the son Of Kumli Of (the town Of) Siluk a . “ ” S Th e words they are are not found in A ramaic ; for i n most emitic languages

“ ” “ ” the verbum substantivum o r the copula or whatever it may be called is omitted .

k es wi nd s M a ne- [i s . n L for I presume that this is the case also i ydian , sentences li e

' “ ” “ - M A tu l zs o f A lu or , , this tomb (is) that Of , this (is) the tomb of ane

” A lu The w J A JIA i n son Of , Occur several times in our i nscriptions . ord is the same

“ ” and “ ' - V N o . 44 Cf. here A ks um Ex edi ti on I i i n Sado i n i ns cri ti ons from A k s um m ed i ti on i n D en/s eiz e p , , p , y

' " 2 “ " ‘ “ as ! h ere . A s a ara el h t i s ur . a zs k and p ll t at m a not rove an y thi n I ci te A rm en i an ai s h l , y p g, , p ' Th e dO - A a m a c B l I n ri o n f o Sa d . A . Ly r i ilingua sc pti r m r is 33

‘ “ ” A m inx . place as the ra aic , which above has been translated the property I believe c this meaning to be quite ertain , and I cannot refrain from calling, attention to the — F or s c/z zm en 2 . 1 0 0 fact that P A ULI in his g , I I , , pp 9 9 , suggested the

“ ” “ ” E rd -a ct! meanings property for the truscan wo and he appropriated , dedicated for

' ;1 a ez tzm e in the Lemnos inscription

“ ’ Th e The three words following ha Ve the en ding J i a . most natural supposition

" would be that this was the ending Of the genitive in Lydian . But though genitives

s of the first and econd names could easily be understood , that Of the third name

2

nc . which indicates the place whe e the man came , would be difficult to explain It

d is might however be claime that the third name that Of the grandfather , or else a ’ B ut J i i : i t i s i t i tle . even then m cannot be the gen t ve for used only when the preced ng “ - ' A s ’ - - : - a s tzs Of word ends in , and when that word ends in the ending is used instead

This may be inferred from the following list :

' ” m i nd s M a m e- [i s A tu - tzs 1 A ( , B)

' ’ p a . 1 m f u (5 , l )

’ ’ '

- m i nus Ku m tz J zs A te 12s 8 . 1 ( , l )

’ ’ ' ’ — - 1 a é a a A r ta é ei n a tza . (9 , 3 5 )

' ’ ’ ‘ — a é a a K a y o- [zit Sa é zi a - Zzd i i 1 ( , 3 4)

’ ' ' '

- ’- vd fla s A ta tz s Tz va a tz s 1 . 1 ( 3 , l )

’ ‘

wi nd s A r m d v l zs 1 . 1 ( 5 , l )

’ ' ' ' ’ ’ m u f - a l t 1 r a A tr a ta tz Tz m /e zd 2 6 . ( ,

. ' ’ I believe therefore that - /z s and - l zd are the endings Of adjectives denoting ap

’ ' ’ ’ ’ ’ or a ka a M a i ze- l id K um tzJ za Si tu/é a - l za purtenance origin , and that are all three nomi

' ’ o r T he - s - tzs f - a natives subjective cases . Of corresponds with the ending , the Of

' ' ’ ' ’ - l za - a l ai o A t o . w i k M T Te a a . with the ending Expressions li e arcus ullius , p g g, etc , are o well k nown to be here discussed at length But it is a new feature that the adjective

Of course not only possible but even highly probable that these adjectives , appurtenance

are derived from the genitive and that t was originally a termi nation o f the genitive .

6 m m TIJIA f fi‘ , n begins , and these words are the equivalent O f I which means

“ ” “ ” ‘ “ 1 0 N H ? ! 1 IT>| A of either whosoever or if anybody . In is the equivalent WIN

“ ”7 73 ” ‘ “ , a n bob . Th e I I WIN 7 that is to say , if y y ending must here correspond with “ ” Th A . e that is to say , then beginning Of the apodosis is again mark ed in the ramaic

“ ” firm L ‘t' flll A T w L by then , in the ydian by B. here are three correlated ords in ydian

‘ J l ‘ ' TI IA . l l T l A , T H A B T . h e relation between Y fi A and was also recognized

P - f. T Th e H B d 8 k Of . by ro UM , and he correctly conclude that must be , a ind prefix ( 1 A T L common element in these words is . his occurs in ydian with many different

1 P r o es so r ER BIG re er s a so to O R P 2 2 8 El m / s i t r a a ove . ° f H f l n B e / e 2 1 0 1 . See T , g , , b P

Sa rd s ed t on V i Ex p i i I . B n a n c ion s I Th e . C a te I . 34 h p r ili gu l I s ri pt

TIJI A ‘I IH A >| A su ffixes . Besides and we find without addition ; furthermore TA xA

“ i i A A IA. e H A. 1 1 1 . I t is not y t p ossi ble to say

. m e what all these different endings mean But it seems to that the meanings o f

‘ Tl ‘1 I ‘1 IT fo r l l Tl ue (probably and can be g ssed with some certaint y . m m 1 A ‘ >A T and H H 1 1 TI | evidently mean almost the same . hey both occur in similar sen

h o f O f i i i te ees at the beginning the second part the funerary nscr pt ons . I take Tl ' to be a sort of particle either connecting the two parts and leading over from one to

or the other , having a generalizing idea well suited for a conditional clause ; its meaning

“ ” “ ” k no w would be either li e that of the English , German nun (wenn n un Greek

‘ ” “ 6s or as 776 xs l J r? k o r o f - ( ) , Ethiopic and the li e , the English soever , German nur

” “ ” The A i n w . A immer ramaic here gives 1 and , a word that Hebre , ramaic A rabic , ,

‘ Th e fi 1 I has to serve a great many purposes . suf x must convey , j udging from this

’ “ ” O l k T '1 inscription , rather a consecutive conclusive idea , li e the German also . on “ ffi ” to . . k t the other hand seems to me be a personal su x , i e a suffix ta ing h e place

' ’ ' ’ O f s a b u z - a personal pronoun . I conclude thi from such sentences a z t lz z s f En s fizé z a

’ - a k m fi- t s de s - v a fié n t NO A s f n A r tem a L yé ( . we shall see below in t o and

' ‘ ’ “ ” “ 1 2 f en s zt zé i a equals destroys and aged /l en t may they disperse Now in the sen

‘ m m or - m zz - t tence just quoted there is no object whatsoever unless it be , perhaps .

A 4 7227 not or e ncliticon fuller form of , used when it stands by itself, as a suffix , seems

’ ' “ ” 2771 27 i c: e m i T k to be ; cf. p and p . hus when we ta e to be a personal suffix the

“ k : phrase ma es very good sense and is perfectly complete if anybody destroys this ,

' ” If m 2? Had . ans A . . then may and rtemis disperse (i e punish) him this be correct ,

“ ” would mean him and the personal suffi xes in all Semitic languages and in

‘ '

P A nd T . modern ersian . we have already seen that is the sign for the Oblique case

’ “ ” - Returning to our sentence we may translate a k z t fi zz bi s if now anybody . Both

’ ’ ' I ns —fi ? lz z s n é zs a k z t a ki n a larm . and occur after , , etc It appears that is an indefinite

7 1 u ts m i pronoun with about the same meaning as g, g , and that is a prefix which

” ‘ “ m : m eum ue . O emphasizes the indefinite meaning whosoever , y g , etc f the eaning of

‘ ' ‘ ’ a t : The T 1 l 1 I H we shall have to S peak again in g 1 1 . words are the oblique cas e Of 4i m m .

A “ ” The Of 5 21k T . 7 . he word 1 1 8 is rendered is A ramaic by or meaning is

Th - la therefore established . e at the end may be the same as the connecting post

“ ” ‘ ’ - ,é TA fi rfl T N . 1 . Position which in other cases means and . On see above p 3

' ” T ’ ‘ ‘ “ 8 . he words h e] : esea c [a fir zs a e o r these funeral couches (oblique case) need

e 1 no furth r discussion after what has been said above on p . 3 and in g 7 TH TIM “ 9. I have no satisfactory interpretation to offer . In 4 we read

‘ ‘ — — [T A I IH T 11 2 . 1 0 I N a nd . . 9 we have exactly the in /nser 9 , 3 and ll

Ti l . same reading , with the single difference that is omitted But here the sentence

‘ ’ l H TIH S k art/ci t es ze ed na zz awa r e/0d i begins . If the correct formula is it is poss ble

e Th e B n ua I o ns . 36 Chapt r I I . ili g l nscri pti

L the latter de notes a man who is or lives at S myrna . In ydian then would

T ‘ o f A m us . be the name rte is , beca e she dwelt there his word seems to have a double

’ ’ he escue : t , adjectival ending sibilant was repeated as for instance in see above p ,

' ' ' - v u The m t s c . . S z r a m zs A P ending oc urs also , e g in , another epithet Of rtemis . erha ps

”‘ ' I é sz m i s existed also in Lydian ; this may have become and then l é ftm s ts ,

' ' ' ’ a u Th e - m s z s kz tz u a é tz . o f as became forms in would then be a sort hybrid . If a d

' ' - ectiv es tzs J - j ending in were derived from a genitive ending in , those ending in m zs

- m may have been derived from a locative ending in .

g 1 2 gives a number Of nouns in the oblique case ; some have the ending >I some are without it ; But there is much doubt with regard to the equivalents in

‘ ‘ ' ’ r L a nd A m i . L : 1 a a a u é tr a zz/e 2 é uz a a u ydian in ra a c In ydian we have three pairs ( ) , ( ) ' '

,é o u ué fiz m u lzetué t is (fit/u k f , (3) ; after these here the word , which I ta e to be the

“ ” A 1 “ . . Ha missing word for his In ramaic we have ( ) his court , his house , (i e . ns

” “ and 2 und H of , house ( ) his property; (3) soil and water ; (4) and everything I that is his . t is safe to assu m e that the first two words are the same in Lydian and

A m k a Ins cr N O ramaic , since they a e a good p ir , and since they occur together in . . 3 0 .

‘ “ ” a a a u n ute - W o f We should then have r m i court and house . hich the two mean s

“ ” ” an d “ k court which means house , may be doubtful . If we were to eep the same order

“ L A we L in ydian as in ramaic , ought to translate the ydian property and soil , water

” and all M that is his . But such a combination does not commend itself. oreover the

“ ” w d fi r m ? or would mean water . Now this word is found in several other inscriptions ,

“ ” é o uu W k but never with the word , f hich would mean soil , if we eep the same order

' of k Iz zr a u in both parts the inscription . On the contrary , I thin I can prove that

' k m u A r tz m uf In s cr 1 . a cannot mean water , but must be something else . . 3 , l 5 ends f

' “ l ur a u betuk v é a /zeut A g . It would be very strange to translate this curse may rtemis

” “ m a A destroy him and all the water , whereas a translation y rtemis destroy him and

” of all (his) property would be very n atural . I propose as a solution the difficulty

It that the order o f meanings in the A ramaic may in the Lydian be changed . would

“ ” “ ” “ : 1 2 be very plausible to read ( ) house and home , ( ) soil and water , (3 ) property

” ” “ or . and all that is his , better (3) and all property belonging to him In that cas

’ “ ” .é ui aa u ko u u A not f k would be Soil and Water . gain I shall decide the question

” “ ” “ The which of the two words is the equivalent Of soil and which is that of water .

' “ ” fiz r a u li etule O f k k etuk . third pair would be . these two we now to mean anything

’ ” ” “ “ W e uzs ue But not in English only may anything also mean everything . have g g

“ L é utl , in atin and in all Semitic languages the root , which means all , everything

” W e k fietuk anybody , anything . are , I thin , entitled to assign here to the meaning

’ all ” A “ ” . nd fi r u that , z would be property . It is moreover surely not accidental u b ; the three pairs Of words which we have j st established are united , y alliteration

’ ' ’ T w e uk h zr a u h etuk . for we have ( i ) a a ra u é ira ué ; (2 ) k uzauz? k of u ; (3) hese er ' O- A a a B n a In io fi The L d S d . A . y r m ic ili gu l scri pt n om ar is 37

“ ” “ ” “ ” k or Ki und K h m e probably proverbial sayings li e rhyme reason , nd egel , house and o . “ ” A “ ” The word 6172? I tak e to mean his . In the ramaic part th e su ffix his is

“ ” “ ” “ ” “ l ” W a l . e found with court , house , property , cannot here dispense with a word

” ' ' “ w bi te? w é z ti No s . T for his . is the Oblique case ; its subjective case ould be his is

‘ : ¥ 1 8 “ 1 N 8 1 I 1 a n . d . . 1 of found in No . 7 , l 3 where we have I I ; the Oblique case both 1 7 1 18 N O . 0 . 1 . these words is found in 3 , l 3 , viz It is very tempting to translate

“ ” “ O f n or e wh o the d the first these passages neither he anyon is his , secon him . two ” W e a nd anyon e who is his . should thus have the paradigm

’ ' ' “ ” “ ” é zs o r é z tzs S . : ubj case he this , that

“ ” ' : 6 22 é z tu Obl . case him

' ' “ ” “ ” Th e possessive pronoun o r adjective denoting appurtenance é z tzs would be derived

' i - a n - A n fl d from h s lik e M a n e 11 s from M e s . in ecte possessive pronoun of the third person o r an adjective Of appurtenance deri ved from a demonstrative pronoun might A well have existed in Lydian . lthough such forms are not common and their place

k fl in is Often ta e by the re exive possessive pronoun , they grow up independently dif

’ 1 S k tud z a L S u o eu a fe ren t e . ua us e languag s ; cf for instance ans rit y atin g j ( panish y , y )

' ’ P eu o cu a L k betzs d etc . , ortuguese j , j i e these last forms is probably erived from a genitive . “ The L e ed /tent T d t e t last word in the ydian text is y . his is no oubt h equivalen

‘ fl “ of Fij j flj may they disperse The exact meaning of the verb is not clear .

” A s I u “ said before , we sho ld expect may they drive him away from his property or “ ” S A r may they scatter his property . ince there is this uncertainty in the amaic , there

L 4 7227 uem u is all the more in the ydian . However we might tak e the in j as a sor t

' “ ’ ” “ ” o f dative denoting to somebody s advantage or to his disadvantage (dutz vus since personal suffixes may signify either the accusative or the dative , especially if it

’ o ne Obli i i e c s T of be true that there is only q a e in Lydian. hen a literal translation

“ L - . 6 8 : no w ma d A O f the ydian in ll would be then , y to his isadvantage rtemis

o A K e' Ephes s and rtemis Of olo scatter his house and home , soil and water , all his

“ ” il k etuk k If this is right , the in is not ta en as a conjunction and but

- 1 W v é a fieut . with the same meaning as in 0 . hat verb form g is I cannot say It seems O f course to be a plural form of the third person in some imperative or j ussive

N O ‘ ‘ . 1 it H l l T I A ; _ . mood but in 3 occurs with , a singular T “ ” here is however in the word and his heir o ne Objection to my inter

re ta tion . L not i m p In the ydian I have discovered no similar expression , but it is h possible t at the A ramaic has an addition not contained in the Lydian ; a similar case

A of S seems to occur in 4 , where the ramaic has perhaps the name ardis , which

1 Sec SO M M H a n del/ z f ER d e l a t . La u t a n d r d F o m m /e/z r e . 2 ar m . 2 . , , p 47 , 3 “ ” Cf. i n Germ an die e nd e rs r F i z c t6 ten i li m sei n Hairs . The B n a ns o s . 38 Chapt er I I . ili gu l I cri pti n

l L d . o n is not found in the y ian I repeat that my interpretation is yw ,

it is the best that I can now offer .

Fo r L a restoration Of the beginning of the ydian text W . H . BUCKLER suggested

to m e the following :

‘ 1 5 07 122 X ut/el A ta t’s a a fi . [ g m r s s f ]

' 2 um ? zs /u B a l d/172 . M . i I “ ” ” Y I O K A o r u of fh e .DiOii s iac m n ” ear Of ing rtaxerxes during in the co rse ) y o tli .

n L i Th e . 1 o . i . . v . E restoration of l is based ; see below Ch III Howe er , I

’ ‘ “ should rather propose to read [tor /u X A r ta /cs a s s a fim yum /[17 o] r a u In the year 1 0

” “ ” “ ” A k um /127 e n k or a l? of rtaxerxes , the great ing ; for g (g ) ing and (gen . ) great see

L . 1 1 the commentary on .

M r - as . BUCKLER suggests ; he feyM

W e learn from

“ - I=| A 8 T he D p . 3 9 , that equals ionysiac

“ ” w l ~ rh wan ou d then of L M a es . Th e , course , be the ydian equivalent of latter

ur — T corresponds to o October November . hat would be the time when the vintage is ~ “ ” k D The and . over the first wine is drun , a month very apt to be called ionysiac custom of calling certain months after the name of a go d or a saint or o f a festival

w fo r d . A t is very wi ely spread the same time we ould have here a new word month ,

i s ! viz .

B .

'

‘ - T h e G r e c o L y d i a n I n s c r i p t i o n s . L ( .

- G reco Lyd i an Bili ngual fro m Sar dis .

S M A LL M A RBLE P EDESTA L found at Sardis 1 9 1 3 on the north side Of the temple

A fl of Of rtemis . In the at top of the pedestal are holes into which the base a statue seems to have fitted . L 1 L I 2 k . ine ( ydian) is cm . long ; . (Gree ) 3 3 cm

The L k 1 ydian letters are cm . high , the Gree cm B The G eco - L d a n In o ns ; r y i scripti .

' ‘ < : 27 IVa zi iz a s B a t tea [i s A r tz m u .

—- I / V V V ‘ ’ V Na n a A rsu tdi . TT Hll l THAQ’AAflTA I IA I ; p l

“ o f Ba kiv a Dio n s ikles NA NNA Z A IONYZ lKA Eo z A PTEM lA l Nannas , son ;( y ) ” (dedicated this) to A rtemis .

i ' — From this inscription we learn that Baki v a(s) is theLydian for Ai ovuazxi fig and

’ ’ ' t i that A r tt/uu u is the equivalent of A ep zd .

' Azow o' i xl so u S T hat the Ionic form ; sho ld be used is only natural at ardis . But are * ° — w e to conclude that B a al s was the Lydian name for D ionysos a nd that Ba xxog Bacch us are derived from the Lydian ? It is k nown that D ionysos was not only at home i n

l T o n the T m Oll S Boz D irr L hrace , but also / mountains , the agh , ydia ” I leave this

o wh o k k a nd k question to th se now Gree mythology Gree etymolog y .

o f 4 0150 w a tts W n Th e . e e second part the name , ; has its equivalent in have s e

' - f Th that tts is the ending o the adjective of appurtenance . e meaning Of the roOt

must then be contained in Lydian va But this va may be an abbreviated form

O f some longer word . It is not safe to draw conclusions with regard to etymology k from proper names in an un nown language .

k h A r thur/ 27 b k I t is li ely t at has the meaning of a dative , ecause the Gree has

h A e But perhaps t e Lydian supplied a verb that tak es the accusative . bov

- we saw that the ending a seems to have the meaning of an accusative . We can therefore not do more than state that 4 7 is the ending o f the Oblique case in Lydian .

O n N a w a ’ K R WA LL . 2 . S 1 . SUND the name ; see ET CHMER , 34 sqq , , p 7 3

P A l /1 7 v a d in O . us t P er m on . . M ERG M N ( g No . y attention was calle to this W scription by . H . BUCKLER . It was published i

' BOi i N A tter tum er w u P er a m on II 1 by in g , p . 5 F A V u. 1 . 1 . e by R NKEL , III , , p f I end avoured to o f get a squeeze it , and when in Berlin in

1 1 d M im 9 3 I enquire at the useum , but it was

fo r to possible me have access to it . From the photograph o f the squeeze published by BOHN

' o n Gr eco Lydi“ B il i n gua l from Pergam ' I have made the following drawing .

’ ‘ ' Th e k Ha ra a As va i i f d B artaras Gree reads p p ; n n . O the Ly ian only the name can

dr w m O n L 8 k TT . . be read with certainty from the a g . ydian ; Gree see above p 4 M y drawing of the Lydian text indicates what e photograph o f the squeeze . It may be read

e u ta a u A ta P P . t T A s g . his column ( ) for tana ( )

‘ ’ ' ’ B a r ta r a s or a ez t B r r a ta as. erected .

’ O ne of th e H es hia n o R E v t ere b e a c s s es AGA D 2 am 6 ai Aou A 0 30? T 5 V oTvo . M t y l . N o . h as 7 0 i h h g (L , p 7 3 , 3 5) u g re at on tw l i b e ee n thi s word an d th e nam e Of th e m ou ntai ns ? II. Th e B o C e s . 40 hapt r ilingual I nscripti n

i u ta a u are d t Th e words es g istinctly read in the inscrip ion from A rably Hadj ili “ d The meaning col umn for ta agu is merely guesse . I have been unable to read

' The d l . 1 t . the last letters in wi h certainty wor seems to contain the name of A thena ;

tt a re A ta The k its first three le ers probably last word I ta e to be a verb . The

' ‘ - ° - TI A i . z t or a letters are reasonably certain If we consider to be the ending ,

T m a ed would be the stem . his root y be connect with the word ar m ? for which I “ t” Th ud . . 0 . e concl e the meaning grea ; see below Ch III , p . 5 verb might then mean

“ “ ” “ ” “ ” k or . . . to ma e great , high , i e to erect - C H A P T E R III.

n t U nili n gual I s cri p i on s .

In this chapter I sh all give a number Of Lydian inscriptions Of which I am able to Offer tentative interpretations based on the bilingual inscription published in

- fore going chapter . I follow the order of the numbers

Sardis according to they were found .

S O S on TELE F LI ME TONE found in the dromos Of a tomb facing East , the hillside ' W est Of the temple . In the interior Of the tomb there was a single couch on the

Sard s edi tion V I i Exp . 6 e l n a n c . 42 Chapt r I l . Unili gu l I s ri ptions

‘f er on k : T he ight , anoth the left , and a double couch at the bac top line contains

k In s cri t n b blac colouring matter in the letters , while those of p have red colouring

Th e . . T k matter . stone measures 5 9 x cm (maximum measurements) hic ness : 4 . The O f i s k 1 9 cm . face the stone smooth , the bac very rough , the sides are fairly — 1 . m . T The a : b : c . well finished . letters are in cm , in 3 high his inscription t T A m e our u . o A r e/ m ea . P . N r . o . 2 was published by rof HUMB , Y f .

’ l ‘ l I V T ll l l /l i ll s j /I d Mi l i fl L) I

“ M NH “ )

h e 1 : . Ins cr L . Sc l . . L 5

k b f . I ta e first , since its interpretation presents no di ficulty

1 es vauas M a n e/i s T Of M . his tomb (is) that anes ,

'

é m ut Of A . 2 A u . a . t l zs the son lus If it

' ’ [22s eus uzé id 3 . f anybody destroys ,

’ ’ a k m u H u a s Hudans 4 . f t a u then him may

A r tam uk v aa /zeut A . 5 . g and rtemis punish

The Of are d nor letters this inscription all certain , but not very well carve regularly

The i of I . written . letter occurs twice without the projecting part the shaft )

” ‘ ‘ The 1 of 1 1 1 0T IA u . In the I (l . 5 ) the pper part is a winding line without angles

‘ ' in $ l 1 i 1A 1 has a curved top ; this word is a proof of the fact that there is no dif ‘1 1 ference between and .

ab e 7m N for N i 1 The a lam ut of , On see above p . 3 . word is composed and i t Th ' a k m ut . e a k u . . . m z t . fuller form occurs also , e g 7 , l 9 From the forms and

“ ’ ' a k tz u - z t . I have (above p . 3 4) we learn that the su ffix does not bear the accent

' ’ a ‘ A t - - 0 l M GT I m z2 z t. ried above on p . 3 4 to interpret and On the in see above

'

) - . 1 . The d H zi dc uf ha been on . 1 . 9 i , 3 L _ eity s l m entioned above p

L

s n a n c on . 44 Chapter I I I . U ilingu l I s ri pti

WA LL ’ 68 S UN D . 1 2 . Th S . e A M . K CH , , Mari sia inor ; cf RET MER p 3 , pp 7 ff name v das may

- be the same as the second part of the Carian personal name Z ou - a oud cf p p F qg, . S N DWA 6 6 U LL . 1 S . 2 KRET CHMER , p 3 , and see similar names in , pp 4 ff.

: 8 L . 5 It it j ust possible that there is a before but it is not very li kely .

T he am ateur 2 6 form without the f at the beginning occurs once more ( , l . Pe r

' “ ” Eus u za - em rs haps the verb ( ) is used , when the deity destroys man , and f u ) when

. man destroys a thing In this inscription such a difference might very well be recognized .

S E O S ' T LE F LI ME TONE , found in situ before a tomb on the hillside West O f the

P k t the riv er S a olos k m . S V , about from , opposite the outh part of the outh illage .

Th e T . he tomb had one double and two single couches stone is cm . high ,

. 2 . k . Th e 3 3 cm wide , 7 cm thic letters are

1

2 . T / cm . high here are traces O f the stone c ut

ter s guiding lines . Below the inscription there is

'

a single letter which is probably a mason s mark .

’ ’ ' 1 es vii uas e é l a /z . s r z s a Uz) ’ t l a 2 . es be a

' é t ri z 3 . a z u /z i s es ? wana u flue]

' ’ ta /z r z a 4 . s e auk fieta

’ a t‘ a e 5 . f

’ ’ ’ ’

6 . w i s e va t u y r é ok za .

1 T . his tomb and these couches

2 d . an i this fore are sacrosanct ( ) .

3 . If anybody destroys this tomb o r

- 4 . the couches or the fore court , k 5 . then may a god ta e

6 . . vengeance upon the godless T he letters of this inscription are somewhat indistinct ; for the limestone has not

1. 1 preserved their outlines so well as the marble . In at the end a is probably

. 1 H . 2 é a va u M a m obliterated In after f there may be ( ) or ( ) , but after this nothing

“ A t is certain ; my copy made from the stone indicates TA A as being very uncertain .

of f un . A o . the end l 3 the letters 1 1 are easily restored . t the end l 4 I drew an

but for certain in my copy , I rather believe now grammatical reasons that there ‘I‘ A 1 H never was another letter after .

“ L . 1 : i t for H i stands again .

L . 2 : M 1 H 2 The , On see above , p . 3 . last word , howsoever it may be read ” “ ” “ ” “ k . must mean something li e is sacrosanct , is protected by the gods , or is inviolable L B. ( . 4 5

We have here one O f the very few cases in which the owner of the tomb i s not

Th e 1 8 A 1 A 8 d . . 1 it i n mentioned . word cannot be analyze In 7 , l 5 occurs the form

f u 7 1 8 A 1 A 8 o . , but there the meaning the context is altogether ncertain

: Th e k L . 3 and 4 words occurring here are nown from the bilingual inscription .

6 : L . 5 and Here we have a new formula which must contain a curse or a

T . T : menace . his formula occurs complete in three other cases hey are the following

‘ ° ‘ — H 1 T8 8 A 1 { TI I1 I 1 I II I I1 2 A 1 A 8 I I I z )

¥ I1 1 I1 i A >IA 8 1 1 — 6 ( 5 , . 5 )

° ‘ ‘ 1 T8 1 A1 { TI H I I I II I H i A i A 2 2

H I M “ N H { TI HI ‘I d i TH H I ‘l We see that stands for and that again stan s for . It

' ' m f - s es the seems to me that stands for , and that we have here same adjectival

’ - - The s s ending as above in K utu m s zs . first was as imilated because it was directly

’ ' ’ ' s Th e w s s- t v zs- t of preceded by . form g was probably always pronounced g , because

’ ’ ’ 1 the coming together Of so many consonants ; the spelling vzfs gc in NO . 5 is probably

’ ‘ ' vzs f zs only an etymological spelling . But also became since it seems that double

' ‘ ' a T m ss zs consonants gr dually came to be pronounced lik e single ones in Lydian . hus

' ’ ' ’ w s zs va é toa NO 1 6 k r . would be historical , phon etic orthography . If in is not a mista e ,

’ ° var é tok va t Pr - ,é z we learn also that ut and r é oa are synonymous . obably is the sign

' k - é z The a of of the mood , li e in may be the ending the third person

Th - singular . e stem o f the verb may be wa r d ; fo r the syllabe to I believe to be

k - 10 the sign of a derived stem , li e in a verb which stands three times

“ after the name of the deity and probably means m ay he

’ ’ ’ The i o f a ré We k w mean ng f ae va r é tok za can only be guessed . no

- a é - f to be the conj unction of the apodosis and a 5 to be the ending Of the Oblique

‘ ‘ 1 O f - . ffi a c m ea t case the plural It is possible that the su x is an abbreviated form Of ,

‘ “ ” “ k - . T a to and this I ta e to be the plural of hen e would mean them or them ,

” to im cf. not their disadvantage ; . . A . above p 3 7 plural in the apodosis would be

‘ ; fo r s u xaroc 6 1311601? probable the prota is , altho gh gramm atically in the singular , is in

“ ” . S a The two the plural In yriac everybody that (a g i n ) Often tak es the plural .

visa The o f words following are undoubtedly derived from the same stem , prefix the

1 ' ’ ' 71 2 — - . u zu : u i u l u A ui second word is ; cf also uz ; bests : uz lza a s l u : ui tza s t . gain

’ ' ' ' u zl é . uz é azs u zé 6277s occurs in the word ; cf , above p . 3 7 . It would be most natural

' to consider uz a negative and to translate by Now

’ ’ u zv zf t o n of is in the subjective case Of the singular , while g account its final 6 ' l - - H ow u z vzs f . is in the oblique case of the plural . But I cannot explain the g in g

be ever this may , we shall not be far from the truth if we suggest as a translation

” o f “ the formula something like the following : may a just one punish the unj ust ones ;

“ or Perhaps rather : may a divine one (a D eity) tak e vengeance upon the non - divine

’ The or m akm a c occurs a f f ls o. n 46 Chapter I I I . U nili gual I nscri pti on s .

” “ n or v s O es (the mortals , better the If means divine , the stem i

' a zs recalls the Etruscan but this comparison is very doubtful .

A S or A A S d FR GMENT FUNER RY TELE , which were foun in different places built into a T k wall on the hillside near the tombs . hese fragments have been stuc together and

follow$ z ht . : the whole now measures as Heig cm I width , at the top f n 8 . o 2 . 2 . Th k : 3 7, cm ; at the bottom cm . ic ess cm Height letters cm

ca e 1 1 0 Ins cr. L . S l . ‘

’ at vauaf K uan i . uz. Th of K is tomb (is) that u mli ,

' l - A t s f m s 2 . zs e/{s a m s on of A te Sa fi , a man from

. r zs 3 and [also] the couches .

' aa é t . a ua z 4 h fl] /z s If anybody 5 . esu] destroys [this]

u “ 6 . v ua a 5 241: es eat] tomb or [these]

' ‘ ‘ . ta teh s a a ié a e u 7 h f ] co ches , [may then]

- 8 . [a god . upon the godless]

i ’ bd r é fbé zd 9 [ ] [tak e vengeance] .

' M ‘ T y restoration of this inscription I tak e to be reasonably certain . here are

u . eno gh traces Of words . left at t h e en d to indicate which formula must have been

’ , O two l name o . ca nnOt be empl yed nly the etters in l 3 restored , since this proper e i occurs nowher else. Neither can we be sure whether S a m might be the beginn ng

n . C L e tilicium 5 a T s . BU K ER Of a g derived from mos . his was sugge ted to me by W H d H erodotos 1 w cal rons who recalled a passage of (I , 5 ) in hich are mentioned bronze

d Tli s ma e by eodoros of Samos ; these caldrons were given by K ro is o to the temple

D , . M r B d are not at . uc ER now Of elphi However , is Opinion that the thir names L L. . D. c. ( s) ( 491 47

f w of . o names of places but persons He wishes there re. to withdra his suggestion with regard to A ll other words Of this inscription have already been discussed .

T AR S . L 8 A FUNER Y TELE his stele was found same as . . bove inscription there is a decorated top ;

Th two see the photograph . e fragments

fit perfectly ; there can be only one line

Th - missing . e decorated top piece has

i - ' w n m e s e n Hei ht : the follo i g a ur me ts . g

1 . : T k : 5 cm Width 3 9 cm . hic ness Th cm . e lower part (die) measures as

. : 1 2 8 . : 2 follows Height cm Width 3 cm . T k Th hic ness cm . e inscription is

0 cm . 5 , the letters are cm . high .

‘ ’ 1 . eff vauaf es t m f ua

' ’ k u 2 . ta /z r zs fi dk z t es u ’ ’ uan a a azi ta v 3 . ( ) r oa a k aa

' A r ta é au rt 5 . a tz K a toua l

' ' ' ' 6 . 4 36 A tr asa /za a é z t n as s

' ' ’ eu u 7 . f s zaza es u vaua u

/ 8 . au/e es u m f ua é ué es t

’ ’ ’ ' a 9 . c ta /z r ts a e k ua k z t ’ 1 0 . es u vaua u auta r voa

’ ' ’ ' 1 a k 1 . f a o w s f zs ’ ’ 1 2 r é t é z a . va o .

i . This tomb and this stele and these

2 . couches Opposite this

3 .

4 . of

. s on A rtab a ne s K atov as 5 of , and of ,

6 . o f A s s son tra a . If anybody this tomb 81 . or this stele or these

9 . couches Opposite

1 0 . e this for court , 1 1 . then may a god upon the godless

1 2 . k ta e vengeance . C e u In U sc i i . hapt r III . niling al r pt o ns

T d u u Of s do k w here is some o bt abo t the arrangement name , since we not no w Th . e a o ne how many of these ere lost in l 4 . above translation supposes th t only

” I ll “ as . M long name w contained in 4 . oreover I am not certain whether the and f was ad ded to the name of the second person or to that o his father . B w ' k elo the inscription there is again a mason s mar .

' L 8 P th FUNERA RY STELE found at the same place as . . arts Of e top a nd o f the

k ff The z 2 d O . r i g ht hand si e are bro en stone in its present si e is 7 cm high , cm .

3

i is 1 . wid 1 2 . i k . The e , cm th c nscription 3 cm high , the letters are

The slab is smoothly finished on the face and the back .

’ 1 a k? V a ks a sa uf . M r X or a u yuwetla A r t s

’' 2 a u baas- eem . [fl m uuu aaf eff vii uaf m r uk

’ ' ’ 3 . kid ka tat z l ta li r i sak zu wer e a kaa L. E. (

’ ' ’ Kar etia Sa aua tza a k tzu 4 .

’ ’ ’ ’ 7za/z z s ens uié td es cue m uvea a t 5 . f ( )

’ ’ M eta ta m e t ut: van ua es u a u k 77z r uu due 6 . ( )

' ’ ' m a m a es u but? ta /zr zs a e é uk z u daze 7 .

’ ' ’ uae t ask z s t es u v a ua u K a r o/u 8 . a v ( )

’ ’ ’ S a é ua tu K a r ola s s é ua ae a r r/o! a é m u 9 . f

' ’ ’ A r tz m ue K utum taé Szvr a um u 1 0 .

' ' ' ’ ’ ' 1 s am e a ktzu ua/z zs eus uié z a a é a tae eaaa 1 . f f

’ ' ' ’ ’ s ' ’ f - a t z ta e ta k a ua t s z zr or s s eua avm uz u 1 2 . 7 s f

1 3 .

A bout two thirds of the inscription can be translated either from internal evidence or on information derived from other inscriptions .

1 ki A x s In the year 5 of the great ng rta erxe , in the days of the This to m b and the stele a nd also the which

b which are d als , and the couches , ( ) insi e (are) the property

' ’ o f Ka O f Sabhas f Istubeii n ros , the son , a man rom If anybod y destroys these

o r or or . . this tomb this stele

“ this or the couches o r even a uee

” ’ a m i d e s K , and whosoever burie here in this tomb Of aros ,

’ O f Sabii as o f K the son , may the aros ,

“ ” ' the A rte m ides Of Ephesos and of Koloe a nd of Smyrna (i) d if anybody destroys scattere .

.

First the corrections and restorations in this inscription are to be j ustified.

'

1 : Of h d . L . the first word only 7 127 is entirely preserved ; the o is alf estroyed

; o 8 u L h as the . d a nd Before the I restore a beca se the fragment . 3 wor be

' ‘ u ‘ ca se the fragment from Fala nga begins z A T I A III III fi

L : Th e . 2 e at the beginning is again restored from the Falanga fragm nt where in line 2 we read i f“

L . : W: I ” L d occm s u 3 Instead of I read , a y ian word that q ite frequently, which would here have its correlative in the l l + at the beginning o f the line . From

. 6 in l for 1 1 8 we k now that in this inscription small lines are sometimes omitted .

'

L . : O f A 1 u L 5 I read A instead , ( ) beca se the latter is not a ydian

2 a t ~ letter and ( ) because is a most common ending . Here the slanting cross bar was left out by the mason . The last word in this inscription would as it stands have to

' be ’ ztzé ou - read . But I read z (s )é 0u ( 1 ) because the small cross bar is not exactly in

Sard s ed t ion v i Ex p i ‘i . 7 ili ii ual U n n . 2 C e . 5 0 hapt r I I I g I scri ptions

ft 2 i ° to ( , 1 i | 1 2 the middle as ought be the case with ) and ( ) because ( , a nd

6 L . . 1 2 . 1 0 2 ( , l and 9 , l ) are ydian words 8 1 6 : The 1 1 8 1 I . L . correction for is evident

I1 TT1 1 | 1 T1 1 8 ‘ ' ‘ L 8 : O f 1 . 1 . Th e . Instead I read ; see above p correction TA 1 I1 1

- for r u m is self evident . A f A 1 : o . 1 L . 0 . In again a has been carved in lieu , cf 5 . I may add

k L S 1 A fo r A that in Gree and atin inscriptions from yria have often noticed . O n the interpretation and translation of this interesting document the following

may be said .

“ ” k t er /77 1 : . T L . I thin there is no doubt that must mean in the year he Obliqu e

to not v k k case seems serve only for the dati e , but also li e the Gree dative and the l f / L to i i . a vel u o f k n atin ablative ind cate t me and place g , which I have spo e above

“ ” ” o n 1 8 k or a u “ p . , means ing , can scarcely mean anything else but great . Both

d i The wor s are in the oblique case which here has the mean ng of a genitive . word

’ ’

A r ta ks a s s a us of . s in noticeable because its ending For the , which usually indicates

a In the subjective case , is here dded after the sign of the oblique case . other cases ,

’ — k an as wan a u 72 k s . T ar w v . e t o li e etc , the ta es the place of the here possible ex

planations for the form in question : ( i ) the f is here not the sign of the subjective

k s A 2 o f case , but indicates determination li e U ( ) in rmenian ; ( ) the sign the oblique

“ ” ‘ ‘ “ ” ' not A r ta é s a s s a s in fixed s case was affixed to the form , but before the which was

L o f . considered as a part of the name , not as the ydian ending the subj ective case

L . 2 : (lz ) a u77z uu u is an oblique case ; it seems to me that it is a genitive here

’ ’ T a ri e dependent upon the following noun . his is , a short noun in the oblique case

o f n t of the plural . It is course o necessary that after the year the month should also

k . be mentioned , but it is li ely to be the case , as above in the bilingual inscription i i There is no figure giving the exact da y ; therefore {tat w o uld s tand in the plural and

“ ’ ’ A i e ad e mean in the days of the month . certain s milarity betw en and Etruscan

’ “ ” ’ tl a si i F or a t days cannot be den ed . in Etruscan must needs become ; and if we

* ’' ” k a z u (ta in L i ta e as the root , we might say that this became ydian by a sim lar development to that which turns Latin into a (ezz) in modern French ; the inter

i n eu a we k L mediate stages both languages would be , and now that in ydian the

° 7 was 5 The of k . an Open vowel , since it corresponds with Gree name the month if lz — o f a um uuu represents it is un k nown to me ; the eight k nown names Etruscan

' '

- - to é ua solé z fz i z 72 months furnish no point Of comparison . In we have ; § and added

’ e Th e . b a k tz u . . the same word ; we found a similar case in above , p , 3 4 noun may ’ é ua s W t ea m s o é ua s oa k but . or ; but the latter is more li ely , because follows hat the

- k S , is I do not now . ince we have the words for tomb , stele , fore court , couch there

1 h an e e . . It is ar e o 1 The s ounds u and i s om e t m es i ntei c g i g b ly p s s ibl e th at bik was a v a ri an t pronunc iati o n for (5l k . i i n m ode rn P ers an and . A r i i ab c di a l ects .

e III . n n ua Chapt r U ili g l I nscri pti o ns .

‘ ‘ 1 YA HH ‘ ‘ . k T A I IH In 4 is on the stone , but this may be a mista e for . However — - not . 2 k ud k a fia fir es the words near it are certain , and in l we read ,

1 The Ta m / 12 6 41 . tomb is that of the son of from 0) . On the

’ name A ta (s ) see KRETSCHMER ,

' ’ ’ - p . 3 49 ff. In Tz wza s the first

’ element may be tz a which E r “ in t uscan means moon ,

” month . In A sia Minor the

M enodoro s M names , e n odo

tos M e no enes M enO hil , g , p os

3‘ . etc are very common . They

show that the moon - god (or go d d e s s ) w a s worshipped 3 T il there. his f m is in my opinion to be disting uished L M P from the ydian anes . er

. “ haps the goddess Q ua w as

t h e {i t} A nd same as . the

Tuco To n ames g, m ; and others may be derived from the name

of this goddess .

Iri a k i n a b and of l . 2 the

“ ” conj unction a k if cannot be

recognized ; the a le must here

have some other meaning . Perhaps it is an “ independent

” word for “ and used bet ween

- L ue a nd ue . the words that are to be connected ; cf. atin t g

The kudka fia fir‘es wa word probably means , i relatives or persons in some y con i m b P h d nected with the owner of the to . er aps this word is erived from the same

’ ' “ ” root as é ua ktt opposite

Then follow two groups of three Words

’ ‘ ’ ' ' tefias tza si r/Zi m l za m fiola

’ ’ ’ ' ' s rf af tza m é fia /za m i m ic)

' The f . 1 . I 2 . I k S zwi m o From 5 , l and 7 , l we now that is the name a person word

- IN D r i t le Rai se W. H . BUCKLER re ers to Tar r a a ace nam e and Ta r aé om a ers ona nam e KEl L P REM ERSTE f , pl , , p l ; , ,

. 8 1 N o 1 1 . p , . 3

2 See UCKLER— OBINSON A m er our o A r c/ m al X V 1 ” . e . I 1 2 . B R , . y f , 9 , p 3 7 . 3 Cf. E D . EYER ert /z d A l r m s . G . . te u nd d . 6 t I 2 2 e . M , , , , p 3 9 . B c n - u x s a Ronm son 1. a 0 and SU N DWA LL . 3 2 f. , , p . 4 , , p 3 ’

- L. G . L F . . H . ( ( (L. 5 3

. ’ M o v 1 ! m afia has already been compared with fi ; above p . 5 . It seems then that tes aflt)

The m nola m a and are proper names too . word y signify some grade of T . relationship . But the meaning is very uncertain here are besides in these words

' ’ three problems which I cannot solve as yet : ( 1 ) why is the ending - z a used here ?

. ° ’ ’ - tza ? is zZ (2 ) what does the t in the ending mean (3 ) what grammatical form m ola ? d m Th e last two lines contain again the curse , but most of the etails escape y

“ g d d A k 1. nowled 0 e In 5 we have may then to his isa vantage rtemis destroy all his

” T n 27m ? Zm z n af property . Cf. above p . 3 7 . here is certainly a connectio between and ;

rd they are likely to be personal pronouns of the 3 person or demonstrative pronouns .

’ h e ac But then 5 521 5 could scarcely be t e same as s l .

L 1 ( . 4

F A S T L. 8 . UNER RY TELE . his stele was found at the same place as Height of

k . . 1 . stone 7 5 cm ; width cm . ; thic ness 5 cm Height of inscribed place cm ;

— o f 2 T k ‘ letters cm . he stone is broken at the top and at the bottom ; the bac

is smooth .

’ ‘ ’ ’ ' 1 . es z dn a c n z m z t

’ '

2 . a k m s z n f a [f l f . The inscription may be complete and may simply say “ If anybody destroys any

o f ” these tombs , may punishment be upon him .

’ The wi n ac Th d ef only certain words are e first wor , seems to stand

’ ‘ ’ es f o r es ca c The wi ac The . n for third word must o n account of its ending refer to .

' ' ’ ' ' ‘ n z m z t - d z - z tf not k fourth word , , has the same suffi x; as d é z t a n li s It is unli ely that m m is the substantive form of the relative

“ , k A m a n pronoun li e the rabic , meaning he ,

” “ ” who and whosoever .

L 1 ( . 5

A S FUNER RY TELE. This stele was found at L the same place as . 8 . Height of stone l z . W : 6 7 /s . T k : cm idth 3 cm hic ness cm .

i i i i : 1 He ght of nscr pt on 7 cm . ; of l etter s :

cm . U n . Chapter I I I . ilingual I nscri ptions

' ' eff vd n a§ S z vii m l zs A r m ei T o f Siv am A 1 . ( ) his tomb (is) that son of rmar

' ' ' k z t Ii zs em nei n a n d 71 11s . a 2 . If anybo y this tomb

’ ’ é uk est ac un to/at fink esi or o r 3 . these bodies these

' ' ' ” ‘ a t la /zr zsac z’ns fizé zd 4 . f couches destroys ,

’ ’ ’ ’ ' ' ’ a ka c w fs zs n zw s f f d 5 . f g may a god upon the go less ' ’ k va r é tok za . . 6 . ta e vengeance ll A words occurring in this inscription , except the two names , have been discussed

’ The Szzzd m k to already . name is not nown me from other sources ; the name A r i /ni a

A a wa DWALL . S UN . may be the same as p p g ; cf. , p 5 4

L 2 ( .

A T u at to F ONER RY STELE . his stele was fo nd the entrance a tomb in the northern

of S r 6 1 of . part the necropolis of a dis , on the hillside facing North . Height stone cm ;

i r d 6 1 6 . . k 1 2 . r wi th 5 cm ; thic ness cm , at the top cm Below the insc ipt on the e is a

o f on u to m a t i n relief a man lying a co ch the right , with a wo n si t ng to the left turni g to the right a nd apparently conversing with him . ’ ' ’ di e eff m i nuf 3 k fir s/(i f [I] 1] A fizé s d n tr n z? . e m r na 1 .

T (1 7' a l a r m f a de! af faf 2 . n f

’ ' ' ‘ ' ’ ' ’ ’ ’ d é fizf Iz zs r ea a é af f zla va a a t n za enf nzé za akm n 3 . f f

' ' ’ l eaf f a r e/el f fli n t enf fizé za es zZ vd na z? 4 . f

' on é 5 22 w r n z? a k m n [er/f v é a fzen t. 5 . 4 ] f q

’

k - The first line undoubtedly contains a date , and it loo s as if it ought to mean

” “ in the fifth year o f A lexander . But there are considerable differences between this _ T “ ” . 1 1 . d r k? o n . 0 a for date and the date above p 5 in No here we have in the year ,

’ “ ” Now and fo r aJ f the meaning in the days was suggested . it is perfectly possible

“ ” fo r A that i n Lydian there were two words year . In rabic for instance there are

“ ” ‘ s a n d /i fin! d m A three words for year , , and , and in rabic documents they alternate

“ ” 1 dor l é r m with each other . I f then and both mean year the passage in this “ f h i nscription could only be translated O the years 5 (i . e . the st ) in the days of

” “ ” th of A A . . S lexander , i e in the days of the 5 the years of lexander . uch an A expression would seem very strange . nother strange fact would be the omission f w “ k ” o the ord ing . A fter the date w e read

“ This tomb and this stele (are) those of the son of

‘ ’ k A tras ta s k Both names are probably Gree . ( ) seems to be we even now

’ o f A o f G ordi s K is Tim l o ro os . e s an drastos , the son who came to ( ) seems to be

’ ’ m a m ; The name A tras ta(s) seems to indicate that in Lydian a was tending to t become . O f of 2 . T the second part l . I do not understand anything hese words may

' (l to o f f - taf m f relate the family or in v we may recognize the stem god ,

” divine . A gain in l . 3 there are several un k nown words . It seems that the protasis reaches from a fe to and tha t the apodosis consists only of the words a k nz z?

’ ’ ’ ’’ l eaf f a r e/( i f d z ea e . The word fizs r ea wo uld seem to be composed of M S and r e ; l zs r

v - . L 1 The ta f vs ta f . 2 . occurs abo e p 5 3 in . 4 . ending is also found in in l I believe l ' eaf A r tz m nf . that is the name of a deity , since it stands where otherwise would stand

T E O n here is in truscan a nomen div in um which may be compared with this . the P m l bronze liver from iacenza , is mentioned , and this has been identified with the L ' m e: M tt d . y KO D ie B r onz eleé er von P i acenz a M i . of artianus Capella ; cf. G . RTE , , K D . . A r e/ m eal I n o f th e . s t R 6 The o m 1 0 . , 9 5 , M XX , p . 3 5 general meaning

“ words from a k to s a r efaf is probably if anybody preserves these monuments and does

” l and . L s L . not destroy them , to him (may) ev (be) merciful . 4 5 are intelligible

“ ” o r L s whosoever destroys this tomb this stele , may ev punish him

1 Per a s t h e are e ve n ot d er ved rom th m r z bah 1 an d 7/ are add t ona etters . p h y b h i f e s a e o ot v i . if i i l l , , ” “ . n n In Ghapter III U ili gual scriptions .

From cast.

From original vase. 5 7 d in or er to show the oldest Lydian b d will e publishe and d s u ed in i c ss the Section on n n in the inscriptio o ly,

T a to ' his is prob bly be. transliterated

eral letters have special ferm s to

a n has n tte tion bee called in Chap . 1 u d r ec e a h n er their esp tiv he dings . T e s dividing point are also of interest since ,

’ ’ ’ u d ' i S i they are fo n a em tic as well as in

and Ka a are m . e na e i prop r m s n the obli ue case} a q We m y con sider t o ve ‘ both ha

m of ’ i and e A ta ' the eaning genit ves th n é m ight be th e o : t ) s n We are " " at ' " of Awq the s on of Korv in t once reminded e, g he pedi ree of c t g the an es ors lof Avdést ’ But - b e ' this may accidental . No r we know do wheth er zfv f w ' K ete ' d ) di u vine o r h m an persons}

Sardi s E xpedi tion VI: C H A P T ER IV .

L d i a n P o e t r y y .

It is a remark able fact that no less than five inscriptions written in poetry hat/ e f d Sar . o been foun at dis H owever only one them is absolutely complete , the others m v being more or less da aged . In order to gi e an idea of this poetry I publish here

fun ' one e . on era the complete poem , although very littl can be translated It is a f y

e o f k the d S st le very fine white marble , which unli e or inary ardian marble contains no

' : h The The t a n 8 . . of blue . d traces s ele has a cap 7 cm . hig 3 cm wide lower part ’ z o t he . 1 . l o t . (die) is /s the p cm , at bottom cm wide , and 4 cm

k Th . e . . thic . inscription is cm , its letters are cm high It reads , according d to the alphabet establishe above , as follows

1 L . 2/

I b . ' ' f ( i m j t Y I d Sp ’ ’ f s e t m z a z o I . s r w aa m s tr of n Sf ar w a a s tr l on f t I N ") é NM m P ’ 1 1 ?" 2 . va n naf vzgf a r efi I] ka n a r eak m f zs kofi i s to“! ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ a ezs ' 3 . nza d a s a ve w a tn n a r f n a ns r s k a s n oa

kfé nt n r 4 . a é f a gg o/12 taf a a z? f a é a nk ol i ’ ’ ‘ . a vka c fia m ezi vedm a f va r ea fa zz f a tof ~5 j f ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ’ k ai af 5 . ga l lz eafena zz gfifa a z sa a na l nm eorz

’ ’ ' k i ‘ . a r zs tr os z? Sr é a s tnf K a tee/ 41 12s f n zi of n vval 7 H 5A T h e‘ f a ng; c: ) ’ ’ ’ t 8 / v ‘ " $1 , 9 . a a r os zs Iz a n m na a /z s Za é fa n a l a l r okl f o i l 0“ H é I 1 3 o U ' ’ ’ ' l / oi b i S h a ; " 5 p t . S a r aa lé A r te/n un da c el /t r i m ? df l r kon T o m 9 f Hg p l "t t o at t M , . We af h f . f é d q

i ' A 1 1 wi m » a l . n 1 H l

1 2 ‘ . 7m m f a é m fia ” I D “

Th 5 2 and“? e rhy s poem i s o ; 7

0 z . have ; No . 3 4, which is a very small fragment , has the rhyme

“9 6 1 0 . I , ) I have indicated in my transliteration of these verses (except in ll , 3 , 5 , a H caes ura in o r ild rather sy a / the middle of each verse , W

k - that I thin each verse consists of two half verses .

~ L i I do n ot preten d to be able at once to solve all m etrical problems in yd an

60 Chapte r IV

T d : . his or er not the order accented and unaccented is given beca use the syllable / ,

last syllable , the rhyme syllable , certainly had the stress . Now into this scheme the

. do whole poem might be pressed If we that we must assume : ( 1 ) that the caesura d may sometimes come in the mi dle o f a word ; (2) that the sonants may sometimes be counted as a syllable , sometimes not ; (3 ) that nasal vowels sometimes constituted ; 4 w u a syllable , but generally not ( ) that double vowels are al ays co nted as one syllable ; no o (5 ) that quantity played r le whatsoever . Th e whole would then look li ke this

' ' ’ es t 2222' 22 vaaa a r zs tr s zZ S a r va d a s 1235 0 22 1 . I/ I X I éII I I 9 ' ’ van fiaf 0 2 a r en ea fza r ea e f {s een 2 . I n I II I gn I

' ’ ' ’ ’ ’ ’ 0 5 216 Izza aa s a ve vr a tn n la r s nans ' s ea s n oa 3 . I I II I z - I

’ ’ kfé fita zZ/és a t ' ol zi ta a a zZ a é a flk oa 4 . I gIg II f I f I

' ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ a vka e eta m czw ea nzaf na r ea ta n f a tos 5 . I I II II I I f ’ ’ ’ ' ” bota f a t lzea enaa fa a z s a a na / 20 225 00 6 . I g I gfifl III I ' ' ' far z s tr of z? S r ka s tnf K a to a /zs f n nos 7 . I I II s I I ' ' ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ a a tr o s zs na ze m na a k zs Za é tana / a te o/e! 8 . I II I I

' ’ ’ ’ ’ S a r aa k r tz nz n z? a dc a n 27 a s t n 9 . if I A I II g g 10 goé o

' ‘ ' ’ a 22 a a fi 1 0 . f k(2) es t I z n l dafl/ IIa é Is aa k m n I 2s k00 ’ ' ’ naé t es tat lz zs a o a I I . van k r z é a t I I II f I f I of n .

’ ' ' ' ' ’ 1 2 021 k m r n vaa n a k m na tae 0 2f s 2 w a f e . I f I I s I r n za l a n /r od.

d A I a mit that this is not very inviting or satisfactory . lthough the only thing

’ ' ' k w L d a - - . k z t z n a et2n no n about y ian accent is the fact that suffixes had no stress (cf f > f ,

. 5 6 0 n 22a k I. k above p 3 ; here , I thin that it would be incredible to i ’’ ' S a r a a e n z? L A r tz m . e accentuate f I I (l unless ydian had lost its stress altog ther . 1 T d of A hen this metre woul be nothing but a counting syllables as in the westa , in Syriac poetry and in the French blank verse It seems to me therefore at present

k L of - o f h ad more li ely that the ydian verse consisted two half verses , each which

u to . three arses , witho t regard the theses If that is so , this verse would have some

9 L S u T to 1 similarity with the atin at rnian verse . his would enable us discard ) the

of h m im caesura in the middle words , w ich fro the beginning seemed to me rather

2 c probable ; ) the regular ictus , and espe ially the accent on syllables which in all ' n l . Sa r zs tr of T . 1 probability never had the stress . hen in the caesura would come after ;

’ . ar a tn zi eta m cnoedm af m a f and in l 3 after ; in l . 5 after , unless is a word by itself ’ 6 f a a only erroneously written together with the precedi ng word ; in l . after qfi ; in

. 1 0 a ri a /27 l after .

A nd it Old L this metre would have s parallel not only in atin , but also in Old

a nd T e Hebrew , especially in modern igr .

P r o . WACK ER NA G EL ca d f ll e m y atten ti o n to thi s fact. 2 Cf. the atest d s b L /z l i r s a . 2 1 . cus s on C. H U IN I l a /i s e e s akr a e P oes e um ] P o l i i y T , , pp ff Lydia n Poetry . 61

’ ' ha the l h m A word is to be said o f the rhyme . We here ve ear iest r y e in the

' Of a obs er . ved as history of human literature course, occ sional assonances have been

of S t L ‘ an embellishment poetry in Hebrew , in later anscrit artis ic poetry , in atin , per

haps even in Old Egyptian ; but in Lydian the rhyme for th e first time has been m ade

' i found th rou hout the distinguishing feature of poetry , and for the first t me it is g the

A ' A M A in . poem , as rabic and byssinian poetry and in the tirades of the iddle ges

I n Etruscan the rhy me was beginning to be used , as we see from verses in the long

1 text from A gram :

( m a l e) eei a ea etna m ci z 22a tr i n vels r e

m a l e rei a /z i a etn a m ci z va c! a i s r/ a l e

m a l e cei a lz ia [f i n s etna m r i z a l e

m a l e eei a fii a etna m ci z v a c v i l va ! e le. did But it not become a fundamental principle of poetry as in Lydian .

The L o ur We ydian rhyme is no rhyme in modern sense . should call it but an

. all assonance It depends entirely upon the vowel ; the consonants do no t matter at . Th e reason probably was that when the verses were sung the last vowel of each verse was lengthened and its note held , so that only the vowel was of real importance .

' ’ ’ T ------k 0 27 os 0a 01 we] 0 n 0a . 1 herefore we have rhymes here li e , , , , , f , , and in No 9

' - - a a a s 0 22k - a tf - a t Th e f K . S o , , , , , etc rhymes in the older urahs the oran are very

' ’ ’ - - - - - . S 1 0 1 : a i f a n S I 1 : 0 121 a a 0 n a a a s aa . similar ; cf urah , f ; or urah 3 0, q , g , In ’ T e $ 222 47 P a tti e o tbe P r i nceton Ex ea . to igr we find such rhymes as , 0, (see my . f fi

A é s s i n i a - - 6 1 t . 2 N o f . 1 0 i t . a en az en atet fi e] . . y III , No 5 , v , or g , , , f , etc ( 7 , ) , ’ o r - a i t - a i z - a i a a if 20 8 W . . k . e y , y , y , y ( No 3 3 ) and the li e see that there is much

Th e L A and A . similarity in the form of the rhyme between ydians , rabs byssinians

A A A not byssinians probably learned the rhyme from the rabs , but the rabs did learn L . o o f our E it from the ydians However , it is p ssible that the home uropean rhymed L . The k L poetry is in ydia Gree s would have learned it from the ydians , the later

R k R o n omans from the Gree s , and from oman church poetry it was passed to the W modern languages . hether in trying to trace European rhyme back to its origin we

k o f A . should ta e no account rabic rhyme , is a question which cannot here be answered

’ The for r Sa ris tros K atov a s inscription was probably written a ce tain , son of I ) , a

C i S “ o f tizen of ardis . The first line may perhaps be translated This stele (is) that

aris tros i ” s S — o f . S ( ) , a ardian citizen . Lines 2 6 probably contain an eulogy this man

L 9 “ ” . 7 f n zl of gives his name more fully ; if means son , it could scarcely be dis

s oci ated - s a n n 8—1 2 S A k from the Indo Germanic etc . In ll . the ardian rtemis is invo ed

tw o against infringers , and their punishment is described . It seems that there are

k of ari a inds infringers , and that the former are to pay a certain sum of money (cf.

i

Cf. THU Li N . a nd 1 1 , p S p . . 3 See b e o w a l Ch . VI 0. p , P et L a . 62 Chapter I V . ydi n o ry

’ 1 0 L a a a be de r . d in l with the ycian ) , while the latter are to st oye by the deity

l tter va re (niffi s in l . What the former and the f supposed to do to the tomb

222 0 a I 2 1 van fia kt 1 1 to 7 22 . 1 2222 22 0 0 27 naf . 2 0 1 van . 1 2 ( , , , l ) or the stele ( , ; , ) cannot be ’ ’ ’ ’ Th e m r uva a a and S a r oa a m r ua a r stated as yet . forms f (for and Sf a ) are undoubt ’ - edl . A S a r va 0 L t/a wa y poetic , archaic forms perfect parallel to f would be the ycian ; ’ P S a r aa k S S UND WA LL . 2 . k . 9 , cf , p 7 erhaps f / if this means ardian which is very li ely “ ” us r um a R is also an archaic form ; it would then remind of Etruscan a x in x oman .

f of We saw above that in prose di ferent forms gentilicia are used . C H A P T ER V .

N otes on L y di an G ra m m a r

On the basis of what has been stated in the fore - going chapters it is possible to L T d form an opinion upon certain grammatical features in ydian . his chapter is boun

Let to be very meagre . us hope that the longer inscriptions will soon be better understood and that our k nowledge of Lydian grammar and of the Lydian lexicon

will become more complete .

A . P h on ology .

1 . Cons ona n t g s . L 0 : 0 0 . ydian has three labial consonants , f and In one case f is written for ,

The . k no t . above p 3 5 ; but this is probably due to a mista e , to a phonetic change

0 k o f 6 r: 9 sound ta es the place , , and 3 3 see above p . 4 . ’ T a t here are two dental consonants : and . But it seems that in foreign names ’ a 6 1 1 K a t . . ooa f A 27 ié sa n tr u f A tr af ta f ) was changed ; cf ( ) , ( ) and ( above pp , and 5 5 , ’ es t m m i a . T 3 L no d . . also here is in y ian , see above p 7

T L : e nt T 1 ? here are two or perhaps more gutturals in ydian ( ) , 0 ( ) ; perhaps (g ) k and (if this is the old Gree x, i . e . the aspirated voiceless guttural explosive)

O n 1 - . . 1 h t t e i . see above p 4 If is g , g interchanges with

’ T s F f l c d here are three sibilants ( ) , ( ) and if the last may be place in this

. L group ydian f seems to be rendered by D in A ramaic in the name of Sardis ;

. . 1 0 cf above p . A nd Lydian s becomes f when s and f follow each other directly ;

' ’ - . es f > eff azs - s i s > 0 if f i s 1 cf , and , above p . 3 and p . 4 5 .

“ ” - A l s o 1 2n n r e I . l Finally there are the called liquids , , , , and the guttural ( )

o f for 222 I a tr okl 1 2 . them seem to be able to form syllables . For compare ( , l o

' 0 ,4: in fim i n ( 4 , n : ,é a to z 1 2 v a zvr a . g several times) ; for f g ( , l and the ending n in f 1 1 ( , . 1 0 a la r m z 1 6 ' ) . r : a ft koa 1 2 . 1 l and g ( , l for g ( , l and in several other pas

’ ’ f a f tid 1 sages) , . 07 0425 2 6 é a s tn s 2 s p /z l i s 0 . gf . s c 1 . ( 3 , l ( , l , l (3 , l It 0 z ( m a f y here be added that certain voiceless consonants may also form syllables ; C “ en em a/er 1 2 /zé n t . of t f v é a a 2 6 . f k ( , l ( , l in which ta es the place of a vowel ; in g

(passim) 0 k ut k w aa /zen . seems to ta e this place , b I thi n it should really be pronounced q t ote o n L Ch e . N di G ar 4 apt r V s y an ramm .

The d I 7 to ( H A H N ? soun s and seem interchange ; compare NODWD with above ;

a nd 2 8 “ 1 1 1 ? J N . 2 U ” 0 . A p ; furthermore 3) with (3 , l l s o 22 and 2?

m a - interchange ; but here we y have mere orthographic variants , cf. the endi ng i 22

- 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 a nd i n . ( , ; , ) (passim)

It is to be noted that no certain case of a word beginning with r has been found

L T s no d . u T k l T k d r a n in y ian his reminds of ur ish ; genuine ur ish wor s begin with , d

“ ” A M T k or n m r s I have heard in sia inor from ur s for Greeks , e a for R zi s

“ ” “ ” Ru or ooa ta r r ot a ssians , cloth es (from Italian ) ,

N TA T AN O I ONS .

’ ’ 1 On Me el a n e o voicea a na voi cel es s cons on a n ts . z g f . ’ ’ e a is t a d . . a It was not d above th t in a few cases change into , i e that loses its;

i ’

. us e a . in t e voice In other cases however the of is very consistent , e g . h endings ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ —aa - ea - i a - 0a - na a t d , , , , , in which a change from to woul be most naturally expected ,

’ “ ” ’ “ ” - - One a to t v iz . es t es t m r na In case seems have become , this ; cf. this stele . It

‘ is therefore not very likely that in cases lik e a i m /i t and é a tof n wh ere Z and n follow

' nd I a n 22 e d u d s . at the after a voiceless consonant , this this sho l lo e their voice But

d of 1 2 d th e both words are at the en s verses in No . ; sin ce the rhyme is base on

and z d is the vowel since this vowel was probably emph asi e in singing , it possible that consonants after this rhym e vowel were n ot strongly articul ated and perhaps becam e

o A M voiceless . I have heard voiceless l and r in the Turkish f sia inor and of Northern

S A d e of S a nd at E fi a the yria , in the rabic ial ct yri a especially in th of gypt , n lly in

of Ak u traditional pronunciation Ethiopic at s m .

2 On i nc a . don ti ng of cons ona n ts

D u o : o ble consonants are rather rar e in Lydian . This is probably nly a difference

“ e d a w 0 1 in writing . Eith r double consonants were pronounce but not lways ritten ;

w for r an long consonants ere gradually shortened , as instance in F ench , in most Germ

S w ds w d u an d e dialects and in j acobite yriac . There are several or in hich o ble singl

' ” 1 1 ff s nd vi fi s navif- and eff a nd ef e . vi i a consonants interchange ; see , abov p 3 ; , c

’ ' ’ ’ n 6 a dam i s i vi is in 1 . nd. , dum m a t a m ni s i . 2 um m . z n n a c , above p 4 5 ; and , No 7 ; , , l 3 i n 2 . 1 . The o w dum m f . 9 , l last root occurs als in the ord (4 , l the original

’ ' is a m n m - z a n z m f u s dnm m z? and dam n are O c root then n is the s bjective ca e , bje tive 0 6 da m m i s a nd ci nr i u 1 ccur 3 cases , n s are probably adjectives . Do bl e o s in (in

' ’ cas e f er / ow i rd led 1 , 2s i t l a 0 1. . , 3 1. o ta , see above g , in l . 9 ; 3 , 7 (cf h ever g I nd 2 » B a h t/is B a 1 l 1 w B aé i va/is in 1 8 a 5 . . h /In . . , in 4 , l 9 , , in 7 , , (cf ho ever

B a ei va tz? l a in 6 but s 1 6 I. a ve/[22 n 1 1 1 e el ni n . i . s thi in , g , l ; p rhap also f ,

1 h a e: P ro WACK N o r e w rds e n W th r and that t e s m f. ER A GEL rem i n de d m e al s o o f th e fact that n genui ne G e k o b gi i ho ds true a s o of the Bas ue a n ua e l l q l g g . A; P o o o h n l gy. 6;

' ' En a z ena n zn . n t 2 k . . D u n N a n nczs m ay be a mista e for f , cf f , in 3 4 , l o ble is found in ,

2 . o o 7) s a w/ as 0 . 1 s t 1 2 . . A t not 5 ; double in , 3 , l , cf in , l 3 double has been found ,

rm K S . 0 m A s CH , , but the na e , for which RET MER p 3 5 gives a great many references , is

' ’ ' ~ ta tta 2 te 2 A . A / s TA L . 1 . I A td zZ 2 A . 2 . spelt in ydian ; cf in g, l ; in 3 , l ; in 4 , l

' ‘ e A. 1, l, G a e z o n and hre l Lydian has six simpl vowels , ( , , , , , t e nasa vowels

” ‘ d e Th e e (l z n, , T . 1 . Y ( , , vow l is seldom used and is usually replaced by , see above p 9 f m W W e have no means o deter ining hether these vowels we re short or long . In w A f c . a few cases a double A is written , and this again interchanges ith a single , ’ ’ ’ a 2 6 n t/z a s /tzz 2 lz ta . 2 n z aa s . e n bo a s /z? 2 . r nocm a 1 2 . I in 7 , l , in 9 , l ; in 7 , l 9 ; in , l ;

’ ' ' a a n 1 2 . 1 2 . i tz? nzr no . z z 11 S a r oa a ib . . f ; in , l I one case a double found ; cf in 4 , 5

Th e l ee w r and 1 0 . most natura conclusion from these facts s ms to me that he e double

L lon w re Vowels were written , long vowels were intended , but that in ydian g vowels e

in course of time shortened in the same way as long consonants .

S “ A ometimes a short vowel was probably pronounced but not written , as in rmenian

1 8 see above p . .

a 1 1 . The vowel n seems to interchange with the consonant see above p . This may indicate that there was the same relation between n and v in Lydian as in all Semitic languages .

The i . . vowel must have been a very open vowel , see above p 3

A ccen t. 4 .

The only thing that can be said with regard to accent in Lydian is that the

S ffi s u xes did not have the stress , and that the stress on one of the preceding syllable

’ ' s uffiix a ktz n for seems to have been strong enough to suppress the vowel of the ; cf.

‘ ' ' ' ' ” ' — - né z t zn 6 s - . [o i n m n a é t 2 z z em e i 6 a é t m tcz . s s s s . , above p 3 ; for (M , p 3 ; and , p 4 ;

' ' vci n fia kt fo r oci n ficz k - t 1 2 l 2 z . Ti m /e ect 2 6 . probably ( , l If in , l is derived from ’ t ol a o L k im la os w d e s g, we should have in ydian for Gree T o ; this ould in icat

L to o a strong stress on the first syllable in ydian , strong enough elide the in the

” ace 765 5s for St r/ r a n; second syllable and to reduce the to e. Cf. also i

' * ' * ' ' ‘ S z ozr a 72 - ? for S zm zr a n a Z népva ) But in words li k e wood /l en t and osta s a short z s eems to have been elided at the beginning on account of the stress on the last syllable .

' '

. A oor eoz a tzon 5 s .

A t 6 be the end of Iuser . 1 there are two words which as they stand can hardly

k T two pronounced and which I ta e to be abbreviation s or sigla . here are additional s on f No 1 6 entences written the side or margin o . ; they read

T 1 A 1 I 3| A 8

' ' ° ‘ ‘ ‘ “ 4 T8 q A 1 Q TI I1 I 1 t l I I I1 1‘ A 1 A H 8 IT T 1 Y8 TH q l Tl TTl

Sal d i s edit o n V Exp i I . e o n L d a G a m N o . 66 Chapter V . t s y i n r mar

The word ena nt cannot yet be translated . It may be a demonstrative pronoun

” ’ “ B a letw l z? en r zca . or mean the said seems to be a genitive construction , meaning

” “ ” l The o n I s te e . . oa va z/ nt letters may mean is sacrosanct ; cf f . above p . 44 .

‘ e M 7277 1 27 In the second s ntence I believe that certainly stands for 7 . Then th e

' ' “ “ ” - z t es fi nzr n z? lczs wh o whole would be now ) this stele ( ) if anybody ( , literally he , ) k n ” . destroys , may a god ta e vengeance upo the godless

2 2 1 “ 3 1 1 A >I L. reads and the fragment of an inscription from a

- of K rois ea n A M ? col umn drum the temple of rtemis at Ephesos , now in the British u

' l ‘ s eum 1 1 I I I . ” e z n / i of e , gives the letters It se ms that ( aalso) an abbreviation som

“ ” d . If o f Krois os h a fuller word , probably a verb meaning he edicated the name d been on the column at Ephesos the inscription might be read

1 ‘1 I I l [1 A TA 1 1 A or

2 2 o f of Met- [fi a t/es In L . the name the father the donor is 5 the word probably

“ ” - A a RO SO A m . our n o c/z eoL V ol V K . r . means priest ; see BUC LER BI N N in y f , X II

6 2 s . pp . 3 qq

B . P ron oun s .

P on a P noun 1 . er s l r o s .

A personal pronoun o f the fi rst and second persons has not yet been discovered ; nor is it very likely that such forms will be found in the funerary inscriptions from

S i ov ed n ardis , unless it should be p that in the poetical inscriptio s the dead are

d or k ad ressed spea themselves .

' A personal pronoun of the third - person seems to be the word ozs ; but this may

d not originally be a demonstrative pronoun . It woul be impossible to assume several

demonstrative pronouns ; for in A rmenian as well as in the Caucasian languages these

Th e of exist in co nsiderable variety . exact m eaning the following forms cannot be

d e etermined . W should have I

Subj . case on he Obl on ? . case him (5 771 77 him ) I‘ Besides the independent forms there are as suffixes in Lydian

P u . Sing . l r ’ P 4 71 77 a c . him , her;it them , to them ( )

. 1 SOL s fra m ent was LER b is h b EWTO N i n Tr an s . ” com m un ca ted to m e \V H UCK . I t has een u e Thi g i by . . B p bl d y N t i /i r { t. A c/l oco] . IV 1 8 6 , 7 , p . 33

C a e . No e on L a G 6 8 h pt r V t s ydi n rammar .

o f of T hese endings may just as well be signs classes as signs genders . Furthermore

'

- - - - a e z o - n I do not wish as yet to say anything with regard to and stems .

’ ll fiv e A vowels and even some of the nasal vowels occur before the endings and a .

' ’ ' ’ o f es zs - zs - os 4 1 5 The words ending in , , , , are probably all substantives or adjectives , ’ ’ ’ ' - ao - ea - oa - n a o r those ending in , , , may be either substantives , adjectives verbs . h J T e ending , which seems to signify an old genitive , occurs after different con

u S a 0 . sonants , after , after and after uch forms occur several times , but I have not in a single case been abl e to determine the meaning of these words with absolute

M . The certainty. any of them may be genitives , others verb forms conclusion that

' - 1 old i v iz - t is an genitive end ng is suggested by the adjectives . cs of appurtenance , ,

' ’ J za ; cf. above p . 3 3 .

The z? oblique case ending in evidently has many different functions . It seems

of s of to include the meanings the genitive , dative , accu ative , locative and a temporal

’ ’ ‘ ‘ a z? a ve/tn A r taes a s s a ns 1 A zc k Th w or 1 . 1 z s a n tr n zc 2 . 6 . 1 case e ords g m , l and in , l Th . e of are in all probability genitives meaning a dative was suggested above p . 3 7

- ez T e o f or for the suffix en . h meaning a dative an accusative is implied in the words

' ‘ ’ s e? vci n a z? eut es et en r zczz or o which occur very frequently , followed preceded by the

“ ” W e do n ot k verb he destroys . now which case this verb tak es ; but it is

' ‘ k k or A cs t S a r zc li ely that it ta es either the dative the accusative . gain in f and in

‘ s t es zc c na zZ { the oblique case probably has the meaning of a locative ; cf. above fln k “ i ” . 2 . oo e p 3 In , a word which in all li elihood means n the year , it would hav the function of a temporal case .

k - on It is not unli ely that other case endings will later be discovered . However

o f L the existence only two cases in ydian would have its parallels in other languages ,

P o n f - o f . e o e . g ersian and the newly discovered Indo Germanic languages Central

’ ’ ’ ‘ — MEILLE I [ndo er m a n zs cn s a n oncn . 1 0 1 1 . Asia ; for the latter see in g e y r , I , p

- é In the plural the subjective case very probably has the ending , the oblique

’ - c 1 case certainly has the ending see above p . 3 . In the demonstrative pronoun

’ ’ h - - h of e t e u v iz . es c a c. T e t oblique case of h pl ral has a double ending , meanings the

“ obli e of t on e; of q case the singular seem o occur also in the plural . We have the

” ’ ' ” h ‘ ‘ for . t es ca c ta /zr z s a c years , above p 5 5 for e genitive , these funeral couches the

’ ’ ” “ for d a ci c . ative or accusative , in the days , above p 5 0 the temporal case ; all this , of course would only be true if my readings and translations of these words are correct .

D A d cti v es . j e .

b Adjectives of appurtenance are formed by theending A paradigm would e

Sing .

/i M a n i M a ncla k P S . M a n e s e d ubj case / , ( ) l Ob . case A d e v e . E . e s . D . j cti s V rb 69

° ’ ~ zs r-edu licated - s cs for A nother adjective ending is , and p ( The simple

ending as occurs quite frequently , but the words containing it cannot be translated .

' ' ' ' Th e ending - s cs is found in vcss z s (for to which I have tentatively assigned the

' ' ” ‘ “ A or a r s zs . . m zZves zs 2 meaning divine , deity gain in occurs in f (7 , l 7) and ( 7 , l .

' ' Th e same ending - s cs is probably contained in m s zs ; for the - 7n is rather a remnant

’ ' “ ” Th e [os i - nz - s cs m E . . 6 of a case ending word eans phesian ; cf above p . 3 .

’ ’ a r t m n fi - é S r aa é A z . a , In 1 2 . , l 9 we read f It seems that is an obsolete adjective

T he “ ending denoting origin o r appurtenance . two words would then mean to (or : ‘ ” ’ of) the Sardian A rtemis . But we cannot be sure of this since the word Sf a r aa é

2 occurs only once more , in the fragment 3 where the following word is lost . ’ A gain from the same word Sfa r a several forms are derived which may have a ’ ’ t T S a r a en n S a r dé tfi S a r aetaé meaning similar to the one j ust sugges ed hey are f , f , f , ’ ’ ’ ’ k ’ tzé a a etac S a r a eta . S ar eta bl b a r a e S r . a c o . f , f It seems that f (subj case) and f ( case)

“ ” ’ S a r aetn are plural forms meaning the S ardians . f would then be the oblique case é k a r deti . o f the singular . Sf may possibly stand for But I have found ’ r n P - en t - en - t O r t no parallel to Sf a a en . erhaps is composed of and is here ’ ’ ’ a t 72 a L a really , and after should be pronounced as in ycian ; i n that case the might

n O n be n . a hybrid sound developed from But this is all very uncertain , the question

’ ' ‘ - - o f n na . KRE I SCH MER . 2 . t and cf , pp 9 3 ff

E . V erb s .

A lthough there are undoubtedly quite a large number of verb forms in the Lydia n S inscriptions from ardis , I have been able to recognize only a very few of them with some degree of probability .

' ' ’ “ ” The standard verb o f these inscriptions is m ens fizoza which means he destroys

“ ” o r d T a n of he amages . here is scarcely y doubt that it is in the third person the ’ - singular . S o the a is probably the ending characteristic of this person under certain

'

- . en circumstances Furthermore f is a prefix , probably also a prefix , or a preposition ;

‘ o r eoz 27 a W may be a sign of the mood ; then 5 o r s t would be the root .

“ ' ” A v a nen t I Hfidans A nother common form is oo . In No . it stands after and rtemis ; N “ ” ' o . 1 A E s A K e 1 A r tz m ns in 7 after rtemis of pheso and rtemis of olo ; in 3 after , in

2 Levs 4 after . We have therefore the same form in two cases where we expect a

’ ’ ’ A r tz m us L evs plural , and in two cases where we expect a singular , unless and be he . t also plural forms If the latter be true , my notes on the plural of substantives u L sho ld be revised . eaving this question aside for the present I venture to suggest

v oa /zen t - n t - en t d that o is really a form in the third person of the plural ; then , or woul

be the sign characteristic of this form .

' ’ ’ ’ O v a r otok za va r o a k a tsa r tokta ther verbs are and to , , It is possible that

’ ' va r otoa ’ is only a mistak e for va r otoé za ; for the former occurs only once , the latter Ch e V. N o e L d a n G a m m ar 70 apt r t s on y i r .

The T s four times . substantive to which this verb refers is always hu we have —’ h another instance o f a as the sign of the third person sing . T e verb occ rs

- ‘ t . T 8 fi s k . . e ts a 1 1 . a r /oé ta in , l , after ; see above p 49 his again is a singular But is found in the three following passages :

' ' ’ ’‘ ’ 1 — b fiaan s Ta vsas A r te/n ub l ost/125 1 s k a ts a r /ok ca 7 , . 3 4 .

’ ' ’ H fia d n k A r te/fi n k ba ts a r /oé za 1 0 . 7 , l . — ' ' ' ’ A r tz m zz s [of t/725 2s f a ts a r toé za . 0 1. 1 2 1 . 3 , 3

in to l e In the first two instances it refers to two deities ; the last one on y . Her

f v oa /zEn t again there is the same uncertainty as in the case o o .

F P a icles . . rt

The Lydian particles so far recognized are

1 2 s . ( ) independent words , ( ) suffixes , (3) prefixe

h we t ts 1 T e ou n i . ( ) independent words are , ,

a n is the conditional particle ; its place is always at the begi nning o f the protasis

It a t O o ne corresponds with f at the beginning o f the apodosis . nly in case is the apodosis introduced by a /e and there the protasis has no d é but a relative pronoun

’ ° ' ' ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ’

i h s 6 2 . es z nt 7n r u zc /z cs ens fiz oza a ka c v zs zs . 1 . w t conditional meaning , viz . ( ) f etc , , l 3 f

° ' ‘ ' e t - z t - z t - z n ; G nerally however it is found with suffixes , mos ly , sometimes + ; if the last

' ‘ ar e /etz n - o n a a . two added the word becomes . Cf. bove p 3 4 and below the notes

L é o f ydian Syntax . Evidently a has sometimes another function besides that intro

“ ” d ucin n de g conditional clauses . F o r it seem s also to be a in penden t word for and ; ’ 2 P f o ur . u nae see above p . 5 . erhaps this is even the original meaning o particle ; cf

' w ith conditional M clauses in iddle H igh German .

“ ” on/e o r means see above p . 3 4 .

n zlé seems to be composed - of the negative n i a nd the suffix its meaning is

“ ” ' ' b r S e t: . e n i/ en n i oz l zs . pro ably neithe e above p . 3 7

' ' 2 Th e s uffixed - /é - z t - n z . ( ) particles are , ,

“ ” " a 1 . (a) is the usual particle fo r and ; see above p . 3 . In such cases the endings

’ ’ ' of - s - - A r tzm uk la te for s a d . the subjective case , , ) are ropped ; cf for a A f t /e . m nzr n 7n r nd é . , for + But the ending o f the oblique case is retained ; cf

’ ‘ tz nz n nk we fe . L ne nzr zczc . S i t , , omet mes is repeated , in the same way as atin o and

” ’ ' “ ' k t s L Hudans A . . 1 H n d nk m . 0 a A r tz nk Gree ; in 7 , l must mean as well as rtemis

A - s 6 . é . . nother meaning of , is that o f a g eneraliz ing particle ; cf above p 3 In thi

o f ai s le late/e l am a . k . case the ending the subjective case seems to be ept ; cf , , (above p

'

- to (b) z t is generally found at the beginning o f conditional clauses ; it is added a é a s iri s n i ne or to k v iz . well as to other words ta ing its place , and , even any word

’ ' ' ’ “ of : léz s z t ens nioz e z? an a z? or : s the protasis f a s v etc . whosoever ( if anybody) destroy

” ’ ' ' — — z t ~ . 2 6 i a c n zzn . Th e in. s vc n . 1 e this tomb etc , , ll 4 5 sentence 4 is No e o n S a . F P a t e s . G . . r ic l t s ynt x 7 ;

' '

- n znz z t fits - i t h ot absolutely certain , but I believe that here has the same meaning as , and that the object is here placed before the verb and before the conditional pronoun

” “ . T o f i of T k these tombs if anybody destroys his order words rem nds us ur ish ,

' Th e - A byssinian and Bavari a n constructions . same order is found in a case in which z t

’ ' ' ‘ ’ c t 7n z? /z z en nz oza 6 2 W es z z r n s s 1 . . is joined to another word ; cf. ( ) f , l 3 hen a personal

' ' - z t ak - - . m zZ zt an suffix and this s uffix come together , the former precedes the latter ; cf d

- - a é m n t . 2 . , above p 4

'

- v l (c) c;c seems to ha e the function of a conc uding particle ; cf. above p . 3 4 . It

° ' - z t k v - tzn o ccurs almost always together with or , and follows them ; we ha e then and

‘ P as en $ I>l~ s 1 I>l bi n . w erhaps it originally , for in a few cases we read in tead of (3) Th e prefixed particles are f and n a

'

fl o f ns r 1 n . a co t uct o s . ( ) f occurs chie y in the apodosis conditional ; cf. above p 3 3 sq

In many words beg m nm g with f it may also be a prefix or a prep0 5 1t10 n prefixed to

' ' ’ n ennz za a verb or a noun ; but we are ot able yet to analyze these words . Cf. f s o and ' ' ’ ’ ’ — n o . aé s a c Eta m e 1. 1 1 Z ns z za n 8 . above p 44 and in 7 , 9

(b) na is prefixed to the pronoun lei s in order to mak e it an indefinite pronoun ;

’

- i z . o f r nc fc . s . ; anybody , cf above p 3 5 It is also found at the beginning several other wo ds

(c) It seems that z (or en is also a prefix o r a preposition used i n compound

uns no o r . k verbs But its meaning is un nown .

(4) l nfix es .

of A few words are to said with regard to infixes . It seems that a number syl

labl T l es are added to verbs o r nouns between the stem and the ending . hese syl ables

“ ” may be formative elements of declension o r o f conjugation or s o - called i n fixes expressing

fl xi n A 1 1 6 2 different shades of m eaning not connected with the in e o . bove pp . and ' ’ ’ - attention was called to the syllable va in m r n va a a and Sf a r va a ; o n p . 4 5 to the

' ’ ' - to v a r otok za - to d ; syllable in ; may also belong to this category , an inference suggeste

’ ” A nd s a vc s a vvas s a v~ va by the verb if we compare the words , ( and

' ’ ’ s a v ta r za s a v - va m r n va a a we conclude that is the stem , is the same element as in ,

“ ” - ta fixed of of and is another in element . Nothing can be said the meanings these

s - va th e of yllables , except that does not seem m uch to change signification the

. S S D WA LL . U 2 original Cf , p . 79 .

x. G . N otes on Synta

4 It sounds almost audacious to speak of syntax with regard to such an u nk nown l anguage . But I intend only to present a few remark s on the order o f words in se

e s ntences which are fairly intelligi ble .

1 P os i tiono ta n n ( ) f e f r ono . ” . T “ th e he pronoun es this stands i n our 1ns cr1pt10 ns always before e substantiv , V Note on L d n G a m r a . f; Chapter . s y ia r m

' “ ” ’ “ ” ' vri na s es t m r ua es z? van a n es fc m r u n Cf. this tomb , this stele ; in the oblique , ;

‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ a c Za /z r i sa c es ca c m nvea ac . es t , , etc d (2 ) P os i ti on of Me a j ecti ve. ’ o f a Pl Th e adjective seems generally to follow the substantive ; cf. a [ a n e/id [£11 a ‘ ’ ’ t z us l osi z i A r i n n s s . l i /i a . . S a r da é , above p 3 3 , , above p 3 5 and elsewhere But if f S A A r ti m nn 1 2 . in , l 9 means the ardian rtemis we should there have the adjective before the substantive ; it is to be noted however that this inscription is written in

de of d poetry , so that one might expect the usual or r wor s to be changed .

“ ” P os i ti on o t/ze en i ti ve (3 ) f g .

’ Th e oblique case that seems to serve as a genitive m av either follow o r precede

“ t z? a z? a v n the word on which it depends ; cf. or / X V or g e/t in the year 1 5 o f the

” ‘ “ ” k A zcifes a n tr n n doc A great ing , but in the days of lexander (if my interpretation be ’ B a é i va /n m r n 66 a . correct) , an d , above p .

Or der o s n oect oo ect a nd r di cate e . (4) f j , j p

’ So e k di b ecarts e far I have car fully avoided spea ing of subject , object and pre cate ,

We do k S k the not now at all the internal structure o f Lydian . I have po en only of

S a nd e ubjective the oblique cases and of verbs , and these are meant when I adopt her

- thfs e grammatical categories k nown to us from Indo Germanic a nd Semiti c languages . It seems that the usual ord er in Lydian is the following : subject object d pre icate . A standard example would be

' ’ ‘ i a ki t m i nis es ic vana n f ens zcioi a if anybody this tomb destroys

" ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ f a ka c v i s s i s n i vis gc om en/tie

then a deity upon the godless shall tak e vengeance .

’ - - he Th e word f a é ac however indicates that we have not yet penetrated all t

’ m of i - a c ysteries this comparatively s mple construct ion . I assume that is a personal

- hicus or Suffix of the third person plural : if it corresponds to the s o called dativus e t

” ” “ i nco m m di “ dativus o we should here have an indirect object besides a direct object , but if it has the m eaning of a direct obj ective it may be used with a sort of prolepsis ,

' a d “ n a literal translation would be : then upon th em a deity o pen the godless sh k ” all ta e vengeance . In this case the object would be expressed twice , once before

a to a the subject by suffix added the particle , and once fter the subject by a sub s ta ntiv e in the oblique case .

Th e “ — — ” i rule subject object predicate has however many except ons , as may be e se n from the following examples .

3 d : I ( ) Or er ( ) subject ( 2 ) object (3) pred icate . ‘ ’ “ h f 1 ’ ' kac 1 ( ) ( 2 ) 8 3 22 vci na z? one ta /zr is ac t ut: li e/a n (3) fens 12(z) oia f a ( )

‘ ‘ (2 ) m u r e w i n/ted N o . 6 g (3 ) , in . H . L G e on S x . e d . . N ot s ynta ist of n ings 7 3

’ ’ ’ m a kd n a n kitez? on e em i na f es at i ta taa aa i n t a é m n a t: ( 1 ) nalzi s (2 ) (3) o f f ( 1 ) A r

2 lz i r a z? li e/27,5 v oa /zen t 1 . . ti fn ns ( ) (3) o , 3 , l 3 ff

’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ n a zc one es ca c a n totac oa k es cac la /tr isac e n a ki t ( 1 ) lt i s (2 ) es n vci (3) f ns ioi a f aka c

’ ’ ’ issi s 2 n i vis s c va r otoé i a 1 . 2 . ( 1 ) v ( ) o (3 ) , 5 , l ff ’ a k ti n 1 ncZ/z is 2 t wi nk a ki t ( 1 ) m i ni s ( 2 ) es z? m r n z? ( ) ( ) (3) fens fiioi a f a km z?

’ ‘ nen t 1 1 A r ti zn n s 2 a a r a z? oi r a zcé v oa . ( ) ( ) (3) q , 7 , l 3 ff

(b) Order : ( I ) subject predicate object . ’ i t 1 ncZ/z i s en s ni oia 2 65 27 vci n a zz 8 . . a k ( ) ( ) (3 ) f ( ) , , l 5 ff

' ’ ’ ’ t 27 r z? a ki t ( 1 ) m i ni s (3) f ens ni oi a (2 ) en ? vana z? ou 63 m u out es ta c l a nr i s ac f aé ac

’ ’ ’ ’

1 v i s si s 2 n i v i s c va r otokia . 6 . ( ) ( ) o (3) , 9 , l ff Here we have only in the pro

tasis the order (b) , whereas in the apodosis the order (a) is followed .

’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ak i n 1 m i ni s en s fii oi a 2 es ca c m avenaa c . 1 1 . . t ( ) (3) f ( ) etc , , l 4 f

‘ ’ ( 1 ) lz i s i t (3) f en s nioid (2 ) es z? vci na z? one es a m r a zi f ak(2 ) m n ( 1 ) L evs (3) vgoa /i en t

- 1 . . 2 6 . , 4 5 In the apodosis we have here the order (c)

2 1 (c) Order : ( ) object ( ) subject (3) predicate .

’ ’ k 27 t a k 2 m z?t 1 bi s en s fiioi a a 2 7n 1 H adam A r tem uk v oa /zent I . ( ) ( ) (3 ) f f ( ) ( ) (3) g , b

’ ’ ‘ ’ ' ’ ’ ? z? k a jki t ( 2 ) es z? s ja a m ez one es z? m r n oa es cac m as tci c ( 1 ) his (3) fen [s 22ioia j 2 f. ' ‘z ’ nos en z io . 2 obi t 2 on? s r fna zz 1 s ia . ( ) i ( ) (3) f 7 , l

’’ ’ - i a r a n i m i t 2 es vc n e ni s e c 1 en s zi ioi a 1 . 1 ( ) ( ) (3) f 4 , l

‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ’ 2 es zZi t m r n z2 1 at; en s fii oi a a é ac 1 vi s s i s 2 n i vi s c va r otoa 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) f ( ) ( ) g (3 ) , 3 th Here the apodosis has e order (a) . ’ a é i t 2 z? ta a z? M en fi o In es 1 s i ia s cr A r l H ad ili 1. . s . ab ( ) o ( ) (3) f , from y j , 4

O : 2 1 (d) rder ( ) object ( ) subject (3 ) predicate (4) other objects .

’ ’ a é 2 7n z?t 1 lzi s en ai oia out ta s 1 a . ( ) ( ) (3) f (4) cc c out etc . in A ll k these examples have been ta en from the inscriptions written in prose .

H . Li s t of endi ngs .

It is perhaps of some use to give here a complete list o f Lydian endings so far

to - as I have been able recognize them in our inscriptions . In the fore going pages

many of them have been mentioned , and suggestions have been made as to their

probable meanings . I shall now give an alphabetical list of them without any reference

to their meanings . I have arranged them with regard to the characteristic consonant

of the ending .

’ Endings with a . ’ - ’ ad - ect - - i ci - i a a r i a . l (very frequent) ; (very rare) ; (frequent , cf also belo (ve y ’ ’ ’ , nina - ao a cct J a a P 4 2a rare only in ) ; (frequent) ; (rare) ; ( , very rare) ; (very rare) , ’ - ’ ’ ’ ’ ,é i a - ( /ia - tia - r a - a r a one w rare) ; (frequent) ; (very rare) ; or (only in ord ,

Sa rd s ed tion V I 1 0 i Ex p i . N o e on L a n G a e . d a m Ch pt r V t s y i r mar .

- Endings with v .

‘ - ao (very rare) .

we Endings with .

" - k following a consonant is rather rare ; but it is very li kely that in most of the

w - k i s follo ing endings the the real suffix whereas the vowels belong to the stems .

°' - - i ,% o f: - - ek n /e z7é - d é (frequent) ; and (very rare) ; (rare) ; and , (very rare) ; cz é

- - - - /éi n a re é i n i n a s firem an es 2 - 1 . ki t (rare) ; and (rare) , (see ) ; in , , l 4 ;

e i t . , rare) J Endings with .

' - - 1 and 1 a - t - On following a vowel the same is to be said as on . (rare) ; a l

- - l - ot - zzt (rare) ; cl (very rare) ; i (frequent) ; (frequent) ; (rare) . ’ - la M ao/a - taa J a s (only in ) ; (very rare) ; (very rare) ; (very rare , probably

- - - 1 + i n) ; l zZ (very frequent) .

o n Endings with . — «o ne i m o wn d i n - 7n n on (after consonant) ; ; ; ; ; all of them are very rare . (very 9“ ’ ’ - 7n i n - 7n s né nzs rare , perhaps ) ; is rather frequent , in most cases the words end in ;

o n e? on tct on ZZ i t 4 7222 - t (frequent) ; and ; rare) .

Endings with n .

- n - n n - i n s m - l n (after consonant , very rare) ; (rare) ; (frequent) , ometi es written ,

- - - - - f h e o 4 7 i n t i t i n . c . n . m i n + ; (very rare) (rare , probably reduplicated) ; (rare , )

72 Ending with .

' ’ d $ 7272 a r e n Only the en ing in Sf a n ; but cf. also the other forms

above p 69 .

- Endings with s .

- s - a a Li - Zi s s s s , (after consonants) , and (very rare) ; (frequent) ; (very frequent) ;

on i s - i - s s i s d . (rare) ; re uplicated , rare)

d f En ings with .

’ - - r - as os ; (after consonants , especially frequent) ; (very frequent) ; (very rare)

’ ’ ’ ”

- - i s os n - a s a s - é s o7s . (rare) ; (freque t) ; (only in ; , and (very rare)

- Endings with t.

- - - - i t t f = - i t i a i ; (a ter consonants , rare ; perhaps with elision of the (frequent)

- - - - et en t (very frequent) ; i n t (very rare) ; ot (rare) ; wi t and a n t (very rare) ; and (rare) ;

”

- zi t nd - zZ - a n t é i t ti2 . (rare) . n (see above under J r) ; (very rare)

- Endings with u .

er - n n n ot - i i L abov e und It is certain whether is a separate ending in ydian ; z §_ _

’ - n zc ka n tor a and a nz-ii a m zc- L ending was mentioned . Here the words (or ) are to be i w - n d . mentioned , in hich seems to be an en ing

e o n L d a G m m a . C V . N o 76 hapter t s y i n ra r

l

“ ” “ 1 su ffix ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) s o 1 ending of the subjective

” N H . of ever in etc case the singular .

(3 ) sign of the plural . 8 “ ” N 1 A 1 priest (P) . 1 I8 I'T' T‘TY8 “ ” “ ” he destroys 0 . 8 1 soil and water (obl . case)

1

” “ ” - 1 A 1 1 + etc . fore court . 1 A¥ H + A 1 etc . funerary couches

‘ ' ”

1) T1 1 one . . ( all , every (obl case) “ l ‘ ' ‘ ” P bl 1 A l I o . . property ( , case) ‘ ' r 1 . . . suffix , cf p 3 4 ” T etc . anybody . ‘l T e negafiv . ” ” “ 1 . 5 . the godless (plur . interior above p

case) . 1. ” neither . T sign of the obl . case of the ” whosoever . singular . ” etc . anybody . c

‘2 l ob . ” sign of the case of the ‘ 0 l P ob . r Aq great ( , case) plural . 1: T T ending of the subjective ‘ ’ “ ” P t 1 1 i 1 1 T k obl . . u . case of the sing lar ing ( , case) C H A P T E R V I.

om ari s on s C p .

A L S a . Th . ydian has very little in common with e m i t i c and H a m i t i c langu ges e suffix forming adjectives of appurtenance occurs with similar import in the Kushitic A L k S languages of byssinia . ydian has personal suffixes li e the emitic languages , but

S As uffixe s in emitic the denoting the object are always found with the verbs , whereas f L d . P . A o in ydian they are ad ed to the particles as e g . in ersian nother point comparison f S might be the absence o the verbum substantivum . In emitic languages the words

“ 0 ” 1 k our 5 d . for , are very often are omitted or replace by pronouns and the li e In

“ fl d to our inscriptions a word for is , are has not been foun ; this is probably due f k w f e imper ect no ledge o the language . But it seems to have b en epigraphical style

in ordinary funerary inscriptions not to use the s o - called copula ; this must of course

e k - O n e have b en in eeping with the rules and the spirit of the language . the oth r

’ ' - h k o - A w k eo rtv P . and we n that in Gree also in very often omitted , and , as rof W CKER

- - A G P . N EL tells me , the omission of the copula is also common in roto Indo Germanic k ' I thin we may safely say that Lydian is neither Hamitic nor Semitic . Th . e s L P L . So B language adjoining ydian were h r y g i a n , C a r i a n and y c i a n

as L an P i 1 m of far I can see , ydi and hryg an ha ve in common ( ) a nu ber letters and , in

t he P 2 the old hrygian , the general aspect of the alphabet ; ( ) certain proper names ; (3)

o f T L P style and diction the funerary inscriptions . his indicates that ydians and hrygians

had intercourse w ith each other and both probably partook of the same civilization .

‘ T m os t nat his is ural . Th e Carian glosses and inscriptions furnish so little material for comparison that

a ff k 6 . for K S . I prefer to le ve them aside the present . RET CHMER , p 3 7 , thin s that L Carian and ycian had a ve ry important su ffix in common ; but this suffix I have not L found in ydian . Th e L I 71 . a nd L k . . ycian the ydian alphabets have certain stri ing similarities , e g But there are two important differences between the Lycian and the Lydian languages " which are noticed at once when a Lycian inscription is compared with a Lydian

( I ) L L ; ycian as it were revels in double consonants , ydian has them very seldom

in L e nd L w d ycian almost all words in vowels , in ydian almost all or s end in 78 Chapt er V I .

' ‘ consonants with the exception of those ending in 4 7 (which of cours may be developed

- - r L dian T 2 zc7n a m . am e e from or ) If fl d the y / were , the similarity between Lydian d " L and Lycian endings woul be somewhat greater , because many ycian words terminate

‘ ’ . 1 f. k 1 2. in However I have given above , p 5 , my reasons for thin ing that must be 27 .

A n important feature in both Lycian and Lydian is the frequency of nasal vowels ; and h ' this point undoubtedly has considerable weight . But t es e two languages are not the

Indian ' l a n ua es u . d A only ones possessing s ch vowels g g (especially Ur u) , lbanian , French ,

P P S and S of and ‘ ortuguese , iedmontese , outh German lavic dialects are full them , it

' Etrus cai’i i a n ua e has also been suggested that the g g had them .

“ T d of L P . L rof HUMB conclude from the points agreement between ydian and ycian ,

” e a nd o as shown in their alphabets , their phon tic systems , the forms of their w rds ,

“ that we may well be permitted to consider the possibility of the two languages being .

” e I do and r lated . not deny this possibility , I believe even that it is almost a prob

- on not ability . But the word forms which he based this conclusion were at that time

corr ct d W e w to e jy rea . may however add a few words hich seem be the same in ’ L Th a a a k L . e d ycian and , ydian wor cannot be ta en into consideration , since it is

'

p d L L . . 6 1 n i robably a foreign wor in ycian and ydian , cf above p / But is the

L nd e m ; a r ian a L d and . A negative both in y ian in ycian the ending in M , if this “ ” S UN D WA LL S a nna enn i L a . means the ardian , is probably the same as , in yci n ; cf ,

. 1 . d A S B er li ner Woc/i enscnr t p 4 It was allege by J COB OHN in the i/ ,

- WA LL . ff vo a vo S N D 1 . k U No 3 , col 9 9 5 . , that the Gree suffix m g, g which and HERBIG

k L of - Thraco - P thin to be the same as the ycian ending , is Indo European ( hrygian)

” origin . It would not be altogether impossible that the Lydians borrowed this suffix s from the Phrygians ; for it seems to me certain that there is a connexion between thi

k L do - L L d s L d L Gree and the y ycian suffix . If ycian I is rea , as in y ian , the ycian

l d i z a z e i . . a s i es z emotica ending in , , (i e , ) might very well be compared with the

L - - The - t e i s s i s . . ydian adjectives ending in , ; cf above p suffix is not so fr quent L L s s . in ycian as it is in ydian ; but it occur in a few case , cf the epichoric name of

~ ~ S ND WA LL L tr enin i ti The va k to x L . U the ydians . suffix is also nown e ist in ycian ; cf Q " “ ” - . 2 . k p 7 9 On the other hand , such a characteristic element as and , is not found

L - in ycian . But we know that also in Indo Germanic languages there is a great variety

“ ” in the words meaning and ?

" and C . There are no doubt a number o f resemblances between Lydian the I n d o

of G e r m a n i c languages . I wish to leave a fuller treatment these questions to students of comparative philology . Only a few points may be mentioned here .

” “ - The - k d us of n e rs S k ca . postposition and remin s at once o , , ans rit

’ ’ The of - s - s - a similar Indo endings the subjective case , , seem to agree with

“ ” ’ Germanic endings ; and es t this recall the Latin i s te and i s ta n .

SU N DW A LL . 0 . , p 4 C m a s on . o p ri s 29

iri s . laid Th e e. . pronouns and , which are probably interrogative , relative and indefinit

k ke L zei s uid . pronouns , loo somewhat li atin g , q etc The fact that s o far only a subjective and an oblique case have been discovered f k reminds us o the same phenomenon in the later Iranian and in To harian languages .

T he ending of the oblique case is - 22 ; this would most naturally be a later

i

- - R k of . zm z or e m . development eading this , anyone would at once thin of the endings

.

" ‘ M w 22 é AC. a ccus at1v e k L . N o In of the m Gree and atin this is also used as a locative .

- Old - A um o n rmenian the locative in is rather rare , but later it becomes more and more common ; in Russian certam classes o f nouns have a locative in - ze ; in Sansk rit

4 72 L J a m e of , and in ithuanian , are respectively found as the ending the locative with certain substantives .

“ ” The word for if is a t ; the Greek a t as (in Homer) sounds somewhat like the

k 4 k L . ydian word , but is undoubtedly of a different origin Besides we now only that

o f Its (usually with suffixes) stands at the beginning conditional clauses . original

“ ” “ ” See k r . meaning is un nown to us ; this may have been as o even and above p .

’ ’ ” ' A L . s er i ar 1 2 6 s on K a tow l zs fuzZof ydian word z , in , l . , may mean ; would very

“

K v 6 1 . well be translated by son of ato as see above p . It seems that if this meaning

‘

- be correct the word must certainly be the . same as the In do Germanic s zm ze But

’ “ ” accidental coincidences are not uncommon : in a Guatemalan dialect r ué a means hand

na R Co tic en i e l just as py does in ussian ; in p / g has exact y the same meaning as the

' ' “ S ” “ ” German cheune ; in Telugu pa m p er means to send ; in T igre s z m zn means the

“ ” Z for same as the German insen etc . Secondly even words relationship are some t o ne m n e tf imes borrowed by language fro another , as we see from Etruscan f (nepos)

‘ pr um a Su rone os O k T P M am a L eé r a ta ( , , , and p p )/German n el ante Cousine , apa f ycian * “ ” i dr a ta 1 a m e ( . S s for ) daughter But Indian , Gothic and lavic , the languages in which

, rathen fa r L The m e nd is used are away from ydian . word means but if it

“ ” * e - the m er . translated monum nt , Indo Germanic root presents itself at once ’ ’ ’ The i in L end - d a - eu - ou only verb forms recogn zed with certainty ydian in , , and

‘ em T o f v - te hese course will be at once compared by e erybody with Indo Germanic ,

- ’ t - , a a in some languages ) and with w t: (in several languages m t) . But as I have

. 6 f f two and said above , p 9 lthere is still some doubt which o the is singular which is plural ; and perhaps Lydian had a verbal inflexion built on principles totally different f rom those of other languages . T A here are certain parallels between Lydian and rmenian , which have been pointed out ’ - 1 k - of . in the preceding chapters . Cf. and e as the en dings the plural , above p 7 ; <1 A as the . 1 equivalent of rmenian Q and its omission , above p 9 ; the probable chang e

n > z7 . 1 6 1 from of . . , above p ; the doubling endings , above p 5 But these peculiari t1es are explained with difficulty even in A rmenian .

' 1 ' ‘ Se e A RK WRIG HI i n m m o E el /en Srudzes 1 1 . 1 0 . 7 . f . , 9 5 , p 4 e Chapt r V I .

A A M D . language very widely spread in ancient sia inor was the H i t t i t e . It is probable that more will soon be k nown of this language when the tablets from

- f Bogha z kyoi are published . From the description o the Hittite vocabulary published ’ ’ A é /za n l B er A ka d . ] . a . 1 1 D Z S a . . P . by rof ELIT CH in the 9 4, No 3 we learn that H ittite

’ - a§ - z¢ s L . P nouns have the nominative endings , exactly as in ydian . rof. W INCKLER

' ’ ' ’ ‘ D euzs e/zen Or zen t- es ells e/za t l a . G . . M z ttez . 1 d . sai in f No 3 5 , p 9 , ann that in Hittite

- - d .r n . the nominative en s in , the accusative in If this statement be correct , the

' ' ' - 4 7 M ending n may be compared with Lydian . oreover in H a ttus z l and M z tm ff zl we

' find an ending - s z1 which reminds us very strongly of Lydian see also PEI SER in ’ ' l T f L z t. Z ez t 1 1 co . . o Or i en t. n 9 5 , 7 his is great importance ; but it is not decisive . d S Wor s common to both languages with the same meaning I have not found . ome of the words that might give us a clue are unfortunately written in Hittite with ideo

’ Th é zr em L T A ‘I IS . e . 6 grams Hittite word , which reminds us of ydian above p 3 , is

“ ” A f sa né uf r é a not translated . very uncertain parallel is H ittite / the first : Lydian s s tuf ;

“ ” ka tuf K a te a l es f ufiof firs t- f K t 1 2 . s r s e o a ov as for in , l / might mean the born son .

P erhaps a few other Lydian words may be compared with Hittite forms ; but this

D Z S . 2 0 . 1 comparison is very doubtful . ELIT CH p , l reads in the H ittite column .

’ ’ ’ ' ------eef/4 725 a a m za r a i d a a a n r a kd a tzfm Th e ,é ueaa m b , in the Babylonian , word recalls at

’ “ ” “ ” L kfiiaa zz or 6 un once the ydian which means soil water ; see above p . 3 . But

of fortunately the meaning the Babylonian expression is not certain , and the H ittite

' D I ' ‘ e el l e 1. 2 EL I Z SCH equivalent is incomplete . On the same page , , gives the H ittite z

’ “ ” e w m Th S . e r o f fa zci tu . e z as an equivalent Babylonian j latter means eite , Umgebung

' ’ “ L b ed or ka dkan d . 2 Now we have foun above p 3 that ydian means probably before ,

' ' ” “ ” ’ T s a z ci i um kn i fe é zr a m opposite and that dar d e? (obl . case) means house . hen l and

“ ” D r EHELOLF may possibly be interpreted what is before , or around , the house . . tells

” “ ” - ed arm pit , but may have a more general meaning

“ ” side ; but it seem is meant to be a part of the body at the passage

' ‘ u P S f and k L é zm ze j st quoted . rof. JEN EN is o the same opinion thin s that ydian has

' z c nothing to do with Hittite é r m . E T L and . he most interesting question is that of the relationship between ydian

o f E t r u s c a n . In the course of o ur discussion several points agreement between these

T . two languages have been mentioned . hese and others are to be presented here

no L d Etruscan has double consonants : ydian has them very sel om , and often a f u 6 . o single consonant is written instead of a double one ; cf. above p . 4 But co rse L the ydian writing may be imperfect in this respect . Etruscan has no medials and the aspirated tenues often interchange with the s : L imple tenues , showing that their pronunciation was not different ydian has the ’ 6 d a t medials and , perhaps also g , but is sometimes changed into , and g seems to have become k in all cases except one (as far as our inscriptions go) ; there are no L aspirated tenues in ydian . l t ~ Com pafls ons . s x

' “ ' ’ : Etruscan and Lydia n h av e b oth the voiced and the voiceless labial s p1rant (v and f ) 8 m 1 . 1 L n and express the both by the same sign , and But may be u in ydia a s well as in Etruscan .

R G L a Etruscan had nasal vowels ; cf, HE BI , p . 3 4 f. On the ydi n nasal vowels

’

8 . f 1 ff. 8 . ab ov e . s ee pp , 4 , 7

u v fo r L In Etruscan and interchange ; the ydian see above p .

Etruscan had a very strong stress as near the beginning of the word as possible ;

“ z o f w t his brought abou t a great many changes in the vocali ation the syllables follo ing .

’ ' v L F or z m f n t tol a d T h e same seems to ha e been the case in ydian . even if T le is o s g

o f the one of the (cf. above p . the omission certain vowels in suffixes shows that

a é d - m a preceding syllables had a strong stress ; cf. é

: l . In Etruscan there are two genitive endings and , with varying vowels In .

fr m Lydian the adjectives of appurtenance which are most naturally to be deriv ed . o I M a s . the genitive have and s . their characteristic consonants oreover it seems that

Lydian had originally a geniti v e ending in J which became abs olete and was used

only in archaic style , and which was gradually replaced by the oblique case ending in

27 1 A e . , when became more and more restricted to th adjectives lthough , as I said

. l fo r above , p 7 7 the is used similar derivatives in other languages , and although

E c Z- L J i s k the trus an ending has often been compared with the atin ending , I thin

- that there must be a nearer relation between Etruscan and Lydian in this matter .

E no r L o ri inall ‘ h ad a It seems that neither truscan ydian g y , grammatical gender ;

'

. fo . 2 r L . 2 . for the Etruscan cf HERBIG , p 3 , the ydian above , p 4 E truscan had a ge ntilicium ending in e x; the same seems to have existed in ' L E “ ” ’ “ ” P . tr . r um a R , L S a r aa fe S . ydian Cf l omanus , ydian f ardian ( )

Th e . L patronymic is in Lydian almost always used as an adjective . In atin the

’ co fis id e t o k of use of these adjectives has been er d be of Etruscan origin , in Gree “ P ” - W A P o P . f P . elasgian origin , in hrygian pre hrygian origin But according to rof CKER

A N GEL these hypotheses are not justified ; fo r the use of the patronymic adjective is

- i - Old ndo Germanic also .

The “ ” E - e L k particle and is in truscan , in ydian .

In E P A A l t ” 3 . . truscan there seem to have been verb endings 3 and Cf ULI ,

'

zta l . . F or s e/r 6 . . . . 1 0 L w t . II , p 3 f. In ydian we find the endings d and ; cf above p 9

l i t) Etruscan and Lydian seem to have several word - stems in common . Cf. “ ” oo “ ” — ' “ ” P , . 2 d ea d wit z a z s . 45 ; m n above p 5 ; property , above p . 3 3 ; deity ( ) , above p

' ’ ' “ ” “ ” ‘ “ tz fzs z 0 r d P : é o- flze days above p . 5 ; perhaps even Etruscan year ( ) in the ” . The L Let/f h as Lvs l . year ydian deity been compared above p . 5 5 with the Etruscan 9 Of proper names Lydian may be mentioned here ; o n the stem 5 41 see

BI G , . 1 8 HER p f,

a 6 1 Etrusc n in Lydian poetry appear to have the same metrical system ; cf. above p .

Sard s ed t on v i i Exp i i . e . Co a o n 8 2 Chapt r V I mp ris s .

It seems to me that the relationship between Etruscan and Lydian cannot be denied , unless we are misled and duped by accidental coincidences in the most extra d L L . A n ordinary way it is also probable that ydian and ycian are related . Then L k L ydian might in time become the connecting lin between ycian and Etruscan .

The L o n o n F . problem of the relations between Etruscan and ydian the e side , a nd u on be the C a c a s i a n languages the other side , must left to future investigation . T here seem to be certain prominent features which belong to both groups , e . g . the

“ ” ' l - s uffix infix - é z L role played by the , or the verbal in ydian and in Georgian . But I cannot treat of such difficult and intricate questions before I have acquired more k nowledge of the Caucasian languages ; a nd even then I am afraid the results will be very scanty , because the local and temporal distances between these groups are exceptionally wide .

e L d P ope N . . y ian r r am s Chapter V I I 8 4 and other deriv

‘ ’ 4I1 A T 8 A i 1 1 — E r t us c . m zz 5 places . p . atives in l

2 . 49 ” " ‘ “ 1 i A 1 i 1 l T i A ¥ | P 1 1 1 H of Koloe 7 7 ; three times before

- — cu7n l na . Etrus c. 4 i n 1 . in ; 73 “ S ” P O . 1 . ° > 1 a . f myrna ( ) ; see p 5 1 4A 1 l nom . , u m m n

411 A >I1 1 H m l i no . oc 1 . 73

i v . 3 1 “ now . d

[1

1 8 2 8 1 a 1 b , ‘ ” , , H 1 T 1 A 1 o/n l oci 8 n .

‘ ” m a ne. Etrus c . U H I A ! 1 . 73 AM } 2 (uncertain) 3 . ‘ il A H l l / M n one. 3 A 8

1 . 9 ’ l A i A J M uncertain) 4 ‘ “ ” (meaning - l l A 8 t Sardis in different derivatives ; s e “ I A 1 | 1 (meaning uncertain) 3 1 . above p 1 1 .

r i i A TA q ‘ ‘ 7 , l 1 ( i t) . 3 3 A I 1 IH n one.

0 . . . incomplete at the end 3 20 99 93

Mé oiko ? 2 . “ M P H (uncertain ; cf. p g ) 9 7 ” P ” 3 A 3 1 A T P I M . ‘ ’ ' 7 3 attribute of 1 1 . l l 1 A I Y 3 3 ~ ~ ‘ loei 1 I A T n om . e A 1 1 | r 1 $ I1 1 A I 1 3 l

H H A H T 1 The word i ll ni m 3 4 8 ;

IT 2 8 . i on ¥ I1 A H , 3 is perhaps to be derived from M a 3 1 This might be the epichoric name for ” ‘ T I n d I H ITI (meaning uncertain) Lydians ; for the name has not

been found .

” 11 47 + 7 A D D EN D U M .

flf a r i odrz e /7 . / EHELOLF v e r a Son 4 5 . D r . A y acutely suggested to me th t the deities v ‘

A .Sa m rzf [Ma r duk above p . 43 , might be the Babylonian and ssyrian gods and He loi d/ me also that these two gods are frequently invok ed in imprecat i ons agam s t 1n ’ f r r r The v o f fil a r i z 'a a /c ringe s $9 9 4 b ouLda y lines and the like . owels he compared with ’ o M - l M er a a le k L . I those of the Biblica , who is the same as ardu Inscription would

o ne o f L then in part give the names ydian deities , in the other those of foreign deities .

T n o . O ur L m his would be b means impossible ydian pantheon would conta ,

“ ” ‘ A o f S K o f E h e s os of S the ides ardis , of olo p and myrna , the

” Z L L eos E L os l Sm n af eus the ydian ( truscan ) , the Babylonian and

c M a r duk B a a l o ne k , perhaps the , and un nown deity

x ¢ h v f KO € fl /

fil e .