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Commercialized Intercollegiate Athletics and the 1903 Harvard Stadium Author(S): Ronald A Commercialized Intercollegiate Athletics and the 1903 Harvard Stadium Author(s): Ronald A. Smith Source: The New England Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Mar., 2005), pp. 26-48 Published by: The New England Quarterly, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559707 . Accessed: 05/11/2013 20:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The New England Quarterly, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The New England Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 35.8.11.3 on Tue, 5 Nov 2013 20:50:16 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CommercializedIntercollegiate Athletics and the 1903 HarvardStadium RONALD A. SMITH a fewyears after the War betweenthe Stateswas JUSTconcluded, the newly installed president of Harvard College threwdown the gauntlet,a gesturehe lived to regret.In his 1869 inauguraladdress, Charles W. Eliot called on the college to excelin sports."There is an aristocracy,"Eliot toldhis audi- ence, "to which sons of Harvardhave belonged,and let us hope, will ever aspireto belong-the aristocracywhich excels in manlysports."' Among those manlysports, Eliot did not mean to includefootball, an activitythe facultyhad bannedin 186o. Butjust as Eliot was assuminghis post,Harvard football was risingfrom its ashes. By 1903,with Eliot stillin the presi- dent'sseat, football had become such a dominantforce in the college'sextracurriculum that a stadiumwas erectedto accom- modatethose eager to watchthe game. "As a spectacle,football is more brutalizingthan prize-fighting, cock-fighting, or bull- fighting,"Eliot protested, but hiscomplaints were drowned out bythe roar of the crowds pouring through the gates and thejin- gle of coins droppinginto universitycoffers." Intercollegiate athletics,the engineEliot hoped would firecollegians' charac- terand Harvard'sreputation, was racingdown the track,other institutionsof higherlearning in hot pursuit.And no one- neitherstudents, nor faculty,nor administrators,nor alumni- had thewill or theway to applythe brakes. 'CharlesW. Eliot,"Inaugural Address," 19 October1869, p. 22, HarvardUniversity Archives,Cambridge, Mass. 'CharlesW. Eliot,1905 AnnualReport to the UniversityOverseers, quoted by John Powers,in "LandmarkCelebration: After loo Years,Harvard Stadium Still Standing theTest ofTime," Boston Globe, 14 November2003. 26 This content downloaded from 35.8.11.3 on Tue, 5 Nov 2013 20:50:16 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HARVARDSTADIUM 27 Well intothe nineteenthcentury, the curriculumat the na- tion'selite colleges, dry and relativelyunchanging, consisted of rote recitationsfrom the classicsand boringsessions of bibli- callyinspired moral philosophy sandwiched between twice-a- day compulsorychapel services.Students hoping to enliven theirdays oftenmet stiffopposition. From 1636, when Har- vard, the nation's firstinstitution of higher learning,was founded,college presidents and theirfaculties claimed the au- thorityof in loco parentisto assertcontrol over students' lives. In pre-RevolutionaryHarvard, for example, students were pro- hibitedfrom hunting, fishing, or skatingunless they received permissionfrom Harvard officials.3 A 1774 publicationof Yale's regulationsstipulated that "If any Scholarshall play at Hand- Ball, or Foot-Ball,or Bowls in the College-yard,or throwany Thingagainst the College,by whichGlass maybe endangered . he shall be punishedsix pence."4Students regularly re- belled againstthese and the manyother restrictions on their lives, resistancethat occasionallyspilled over into riots.At Princeton,for example, students angry about the qualityof the foodbeing servedto themburned down Nassau Hall in 1802, and on otheroccasions professors were injured, a fewfatally. In the earlynineteenth century, a Universityof Virginiastudent killeda professorwho had angeredhim, and in anotherinci- dent, a studentstabbed and killedthe presidentof Oakland College in Mississippi.5 In the late eighteenthcentury and intothe nineteenth,stu- dentsproposed, and the facultyand administrationsometimes approved,an innovation,the extracurriculum,a set of opportu- nitiesin threeareas: the intellectual,the social,and the physi- cal. Studentswanted to read and discussmodern literature, and so firstat Yale, in 1753, and soon in othercolleges throughout 3HarvardCollege Records,vol. 31, p. 154,Harvard Archives. 4The Laws ofYale-College (New Haven: T. & S. Green,1774), p. 11I sFrederickRddolph, The AmericanCollege and University:A History(New York: VintageBooks, 1962), pp. 44, 97-98. This content downloaded from 35.8.11.3 on Tue, 5 Nov 2013 20:50:16 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 28 THE NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY the country,they created literary societies and debatingclubs. They wantedto improvetheir social life,and so in the 1820os and 1830sthey formed fraternities and othercommunal organi- zations.They also demandedopportunities for physical activity. By the mid-nineteenthcentury, when college athletesfound occasionto competeagainst their peers at rivalinstitutions, ath- leticshad alreadybegun to dominatethe extra-curriculum.6 It was not surprisingthat American colleges would initiate sports,first within individual campuses and lateracross them, forthe Englishuniversities, Oxford and Cambridge,had done the same a generationbefore. Once studentsin the elite En- glishinstitutions participated in such sportsas cricketand foot- ball (soccer style),it was onlynatural that American students would followtheir lead. At Harvard,a traditionof "Bloody Monday,"part of fall hazing in whichthe sophomoressought to "annihilate"the incomingfreshmen in a soccerfootball game, was establishedby the 1820os (see fig.1). By the mid-1840s, a Harvardsophomore wrote, "The greatannual battle between the Sophsand the Freshcame offat thebeginning of the term. We 'licked'them 'all hollow'of course."7 Whilebaseball, cricket, and footballwere popularon a num- ber of collegecampuses, not untilthe adventof the railroadin mid-centurydid intercollegiateathletics become widespread. Harvard'sintercollegiate athletics program was initiatedby stu- dentsin 1852, and fromthe first,it was a commercialaffair. The owner of the Boston,Concord, and MontrealRailroad, eagerto attracta vacationingclientele, offered the Yale crewan all-expenses-paid,eight-day excursion if theycould persuade the Harvardteam to row againstthem on New Hampshire's Lake Winnipesaukee.'Harvard, which had been rowingsince itsfirst rowing club was formedin 1844,accepted the challenge 6Fora morein-depth discussion of the extra-curriculum,see mySports and Free- dom:The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics (New York:Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 13-25. 7"ASophomore in 1845,"Harvard Graduates' Magazine, December 1900, p. 205. 8JamesM. Whiton,"The FirstHarvard-Yale Regatta (1852)," Outlook, June 1901, p. 286, and CharlesF. Livermore,"The FirstHarvard-Yale Boat Race,"Harvard Gradu- ates' Magazine,December 1893,p. 226. This content downloaded from 35.8.11.3 on Tue, 5 Nov 2013 20:50:16 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HARVARDSTADIUM 29 fromYale. And so, the quiet summerresort at CenterHarbor became the site of America'sfirst intercollegiate contest. Al- thoughthe two crews had no professionalcoaches nor regi- mentedtraining schedules, they did have commercialpoten- tial-at least the ownersof the railroad,area hotels,and the lake steamerthought so. On theday of the meet,the two teams took a practicerace in the large and heavy-keeledboats thathad been comparedto whale boats. Afterthe mile-and-a-halfcontest, which Harvard capturedby sevenand a halfminutes, the winnersreturned to the wharfand-regaled withale, mineralwater, and brandy- ate a heartymeal, rested a bit followingcigars, and returnedto thewharf for the officialrace. Harvardrowers were decked out in red,white, and blue outfitsas theireight-oared boat linedup againsttwo white-and-blue-cladYale crews. Framed by Red Hill in the background,Democratic presidentialcandidate GeneralFranklin Pierce and aboutone thousandother specta- tors looked on as Harvardwon again,by about fourlengths. Not for anotherthree years did Yale and Harvardcompete again,a hiatusthat might lead us to assume thatthe Boston, Concord,and MontrealRailroad had notrealized a profitsuffi- cientto justifysponsoring the event once more.9 Rowing,however, not only survived but prospered, as Brown, Pennsylvania,Trinity, and Dartmouthorganized crews in the mid-to-late1850s. By thebeginning of the CivilWar, a number of easterncolleges had created rowingclubs. In 1864, Yale hireda professionalrower to coach itsteam, and in themidst of the CivilWar, it succeededin beatingthe Harvardcrew for the firsttime in a dozenyears. In 1870, Harvarddistinguished itself in intercollegiatesport when its college baseball team became the firstto take a lengthytour. The team journeyedas far west as St. Louis, Chicago,and Milwaukeeand, onlya yearafter the transconti- nentalrailroad had been completed,even consideredtraveling 9JamesWhiton, "The FirstHarvard-Yale Regatta (1852)," Outlook,June 19ol, p. 289; CharlesF. Livermore,"The
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