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Fenomenul Radio Europa Liber  REHI 1 (2) 2014 Rzboi psihologic: fenomenul Radio Europa Liber ∗ Andreea-Iustina Tuzu ∗∗ Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a less researched topic in Romania: the phenomenon Radio Free Europe (RFE), international radio station, which was founded in the late `40s by the National Committee for a Free Europe of the USA, under CIA auspices. On the one hand, it presents the general framework of the establishment and the mission of the RFE, and on the other hand, it customizes the discussion on the Romanian section of Radio Free Europe, on the structure, institutions, associations and international organizations that have supported its activity. The paper ends with the presentation of the methods used by the Romanian security to counter this activity. In other words, the paper highlights the importance of the establishment of this radio station, the role that it had during the Cold War and how the security services of the USSR and the Eastern European countries have tried to counteract its activity, and how in this context, the radio turned into a real „obsession” for them, and the proof consists of the plans made by them during the communist period. Keywords: Radio Free Europe, Cold War, communism, USA, USSR Înfiin area i misiunea postului de radio Europa Liber Înfiin area postului de radio Europa Liber s-a pus în discu ie într-un moment în care pe scena european aveau loc o serie de evenimente cu un puternic impact politic i economic: instaurarea regimului comunist în Europa r sritean i propaganda sovietic de la sfâr itul anilor ’40; blocada Berlinului; planul Marshall i apari ia Cortinei de Fier între Europa Occidental i Europa Central i de Est. Aa cum arat istoricul Richard Cummings, „ acestea erau desp rite de garduri de sârm ghimpat , patrule înarmate, zone minate i foi oare ale gr nicerilor ”1. De asemenea, trebuie men ionat faptul c era perioada în care partidele comuniste începeau s de in monopolul, iar cenzura s -i pun amprenta asupra mass-media, aspecte care au izolat rile comuniste i au blocat r spândirea liber a ∗ MA student, Faculty of History, University of Bucharest; Contact: [email protected]. 1 Richard H.Cummings, Securitatea contra Radio Europa Liber , Bucure ti, Editura Adev rul Holding, 2011, p.13. 219 0ndreaa-Iustina Au.u REHI 1 (2) 2014 informa iilor în URSS i în rile-satelit. Astfel, noua realitate politic din Europa de Est aducea cu sine o serie de opera iuni clandestine de r zboi psihologic i de lupt politic , incluzând emisiuni radio c tre URSS i sateli ii s i, care s suplimenteze programele oficiale de informare pentru str in tate ale SUA. În aceste condi ii, membri ai guvernului american, ai Congresului i reprezentan i ai lumii corporatiste americane au început s coopereze în secret în vederea difuz rii de tiri i informa ii în rândul popula iei din „ na iunile captive ”2. Acest lucru a fost posibil prin intermediul Europei Libere, post de radio interna ional. Primele ini iative în sensul r zboiului psihologic între cele dou superputeri apar in lui George F. Kennan 3, promotorul „Eliber rii”. Programul s u propunea o serie de m suri de asisten pentru crearea de „comitete ale eliber rii”, derularea de activit i clandestine în spatele Cortinei de Fier i încurajarea elementelor anticomuniste. Aceste m suri aveau scopul de a permite constituirea unei organiza ii publice americane care s sprijine i s sponsorizeze comitete de refugia i politici, care, la rândul lor, s poat : s func ioneze ca centre de speran na ional i s redea elanul refugia ilor politici din spa iul sovietic, care n-aveau putere de ac iune i de ecou pe cont propriu, ci doar ca parte a unei entit i solide i organizate; s reprezinte o surs de inspira ie i s devin un simbol pentru rezisten a popular existent în rile-satelit; s devin un nucleu pentru posibile mi cri de eliberare, dac se va pune, în viitor, problema unui r zboi între cele dou lumi ale Cortinei de Fier. Mai mult, aceste comitete de eliberare erau gândite de Kennan sub forma unor opera iuni publice care ar fi trebuit s fie sprijinite în sensul consilierii sub acoperire i, dac s-ar impune, i al asisten ei neoficiale din partea guvernului american. Astfel c , în iulie 1948, secretarul de stat american George Marshall a trimis o telegram ambasadorilor americani din Europa de est i din URSS prin care le aducea la cuno tin despre planurile de a permite refugia ilor politici din rile aflate dincolo de Cortina de Fier s intervin în cadrul emisiunilor postului de radio oficial al SUA, Vocea Statelor Unite, predecesoarea Vocii Americii. Îns , acest plan nu s-a concretizat, deoarece ambasadorii s-au pronun at împotriv . De exemplu, ambasadorul american la Moscova î i explic împotrivirea astfel: „ În 2 Ibidem , p.14. 3 Acesta a r mas în istorie drept “p rintele politicii de îngr dire” i s-a aflat la conducerea echipei Departamentului de Stat ce avea misiunea de a trasa liniile directoare ale politicii externe americane i, implicit, de a elabora planul înfiin rii posturilor de radio Europa Liber i Libertatea. 220 REHI 1 (2) 2014 circumstan ele actuale, apari ia oric ror refugia i în emisiunile Vocii Statelor Unite nu numai c ar fi ineficient , dar va suscita cu siguran resentimente i persifl ri la adresa emisiunilor noastre ”4. Prin urmare, ideea folosirii posturilor de radio americane oficiale în r zboiul psihologic ce urma s aib loc între SUA i URSS a fost respins de aparatul birocratic. Dat fiind aceast situa ie, administra iei Truman nu-i r mânea decât s pun bazele unor opera iuni radio sub acoperire. Astfel, la 17 mai 1949 a fost înfiin at Comitetul Na ional pentru o Europ Liber (C.N.E.L.), la New York, din ini iativa CIA care a finan at în secret viitorul post de radio Europa Liber . Dup cum sublinia Joseph C.Grew, fostul ambasador american în Japonia, principalul scop al acestui comitet era acela de a permite personalit ilor din exil s se adreseze pe calea undelor, în limb i manier proprie, popoarelor din Europa. Obiectivele C.N.E.L. au fost acelea de a: pune bazele unei institu ii în care exila ii din rile-satelit s -i pun în valoare aptitudinile, precum i s aduc la cuno tin a opiniei publice din întreaga lume ac iunile guvernelor-satelit i ale Rusiei sovietice; folosi, în SUA i în str in tate, personalit ile politice ale exilului din rile-satelit drept elemente de focalizare i simboluri ale unei opozi ii organizate îndreptat împotriva comunismului; sprijini eforturile i ac iunile pa nice ale personalit ilor din exil în vederea restaur rii democra iei în estul Europei. Sediul central al postului de radio a fost stabilit în R.F.G., în ora ul München, pe baza unui contract semnat cu autorit ile vest-germane. Aici au func ionat redac iile i studiourile de înregistrare pentru cele cinci secii na ionale ale Europei Libere care au transmis emisiuni radio pentru România, Cehoslovacia, Polonia, Bulgaria i Ungaria, cu peste 1000 de speciali ti. Transmisiunile radio ale Europei Libere au început pe 4 iulie 1950 c tre Cehoslovacia, cu un program cu o durat de 30 de minute. O importan deosebit o are comunicatul de pres din 3 iulie 1950, care subliniaz nu doar baza ideologic a programelor, ci i paravanul adev ratei sponsoriz ri a postului de radio: „ Ini iat i operat de Comitetul Na ional pentru o Europ Liber , o grupare de cet eni americani care nu de in func ii oficiale, REL va emite pentru cele 80 de milioane de oameni care tr iesc în sclavie comunist din Germania pân în Rusia, prezentându-le povestea adev rat a libert ii i democra iei. Libere de orice 4 Richard H.Cummings, op.cit ., p.16. 221 0ndreaa-Iustina Au.u REHI 1 (2) 2014 constrângeri diplomatice, emisiunile vor fi tran ante ”5. Aceste aspecte vin s înt reasc prevederile documentelor de constituire a postului de radio, atestând faptul c acesta din urm a reprezentat o organiza ie neguvernamental , al c rei buget a fost ob inut prin dona ii de stat i particulare, cu scopul de a elibera popoarele aflate sub regim comunist. Zece zile mai târziu, la 13 iulie 1950, C.N.E.L. avea s anun e o serie de planuri editoriale cu programe ferme i critice pentru Cehoslovacia i România, program al c ror început scotea în eviden misiunea postului de radio, aceea de a vorbi popoarelor din lag rul comunist liber i f r constrângeri: „… v vom vorbi ca oameni liberi care cred c singurul fundament al p cii e libertatea fiec rui om în parte, libertatea fiec rei na iuni de a- i f uri propriul destin. Dumneavoastr , celor înc tu ai de tiranie, v vom pune la dipozi ie o surs permanent i sigur de informa ii ”6. În prima parte a activit ii postului de radio, pre edintele Comitetului a fost Joseph C.Grew, fost ambasador al SUA la Tokio, în timp ce Allan Dulles 7 era pre edintele biroului executiv. De-a lungul vremii, din acest comitet au f cut parte o serie de personalit i marcante ale vie ii politice, culturale i economice din SUA: Arthur Lane, fost ambasador al SUA în Polonia, generalul Eisenhower, fost pre edinte, Adolf Perle, fost subsecretar al Departamentului de Stat, generalul Lucius Clay, amiralul Harold Miller, W. Green, lider al Uniunii Sindicale, Dewitt Poole, unul din fondatorii CIA. În perioada cuprins între 1950-1971, REL s-a aflat sub controlul CIA, urm rind, cu aten ie, planul strategic al Agen iei Centrale de Informa ii, ce avea ca obiectiv declarat „ incitarea maselor din rile Europei r sritene la r zvr tire, sub toate formele, împotriva puterii populare i orânduirii socialiste ”8.
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