Writing History in a Propaganda Institute
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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
Strategies of 'Aesopian Language' in Romanian Literary Criticism Under
SLOVO , VOL. 24, NO . 2 (A UTUMN 2012), 75-95. The Rhetoric of Subversion: Strategies of ‘Aesopian Language’ in Romanian Literary Criticism under Late Communism ANDREI TERIAN Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania This paper analyses the subversive strategies of ‘Aesopian language’ with reference to the discourse of the Romanian literary criticism written under late communism (1971-1989). The first two sections of the paper signal certain gaps and inconstancies in defining Aesopian language and in delineating its forms of manifestation; at the same time, they explain the spread of this subversive practice in the political and cultural context of Romanian communism. The following three sections analyse the manner in which Aesopian language materialized in the writings of some of the most important contemporary Romanian critics: Mircea Iorgulescu, Nicolae Manolescu and Mircea Martin. The final section of the study considers a revision of the current definitions of Aesopian language (through the concept of “triggers” theorized in this paper), a new classification of the rhetorical strategies acting globally in a subversive text, as well as a re-evaluation of the relevance of Aesopian language in the context of ‘resistance through culture’, which was the main form of opposition against the communist regime in Romania. INTRODUCTION In the Foreword to his famous pamphlet Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), V.I. Lenin cautioned his readers that the paper had been written ‘with an eye to the tsarist censorship’; therefore, he had found it essential to render his subversive doctrine ‘with extreme caution, by hints, in an allegorical language – in that accursed Aesopian language – to which tsarism compelled all revolutionaries to have recourse whenever they took up the pen to write a “legal” work’. -
Book of Abstracts
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 1 Institute of Archaeology Belgrade, Serbia 24. LIMES CONGRESS Serbia 02-09 September 2018 Belgrade - Viminacium BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Belgrade 2018 PUBLISHER Institute of Archaeology Kneza Mihaila 35/IV 11000 Belgrade http://www.ai.ac.rs [email protected] Tel. +381 11 2637-191 EDITOR IN CHIEF Miomir Korać Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade EDITORS Snežana Golubović Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade Nemanja Mrđić Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade GRAPHIC DESIGN Nemanja Mrđić PRINTED BY DigitalArt Beograd PRINTED IN 500 copies ISBN 979-86-6439-039-2 4 CONGRESS COMMITTEES Scientific committee Miomir Korać, Institute of Archaeology (director) Snežana Golubović, Institute of Archaeology Miroslav Vujović, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Archaeology Stefan Pop-Lazić, Institute of Archaeology Gordana Jeremić, Institute of Archaeology Nemanja Mrđić, Institute of Archaeology International Advisory Committee David Breeze, Durham University, Historic Scotland Rebecca Jones, Historic Environment Scotland Andreas Thiel, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Esslingen Nigel Mills, Heritage Consultant, Interpretation, Strategic Planning, Sustainable Development Sebastian Sommer, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Lydmil Vagalinski, National Archaeological Institute with Museum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Mirjana Sanader, Odsjek za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Organization committee Miomir Korać, Institute of Archaeology (director) Snežana Golubović, Institute of Archaeology -
Romania Redivivus
alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head. -
The Spread of Economic Ideas Among Romanian People. Case Study: Dionisie Pop Marţian*
Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume XVII (2010), No. 12(553), pp. 77-88 The Spread of Economic Ideas among Romanian * People. Case Study: Dionisie Pop Marţian Angela ROGOJANU Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies [email protected] Liana BADEA Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies [email protected] Abstract. In the nineteenth century, the accelerating globalization started to show demands that the majority of the Romanians could not understand. The delay in the economic development, the political-state establishment, the scarcity of instruction and education, the historical and geographical context marked by hostility, all these formed the gap between the "West" and "East". The renewing economic ideas penetrated hard, often deformed ... The relentless intelligence of some young people educated outside the Romanian land, as Dionisie Pop Marţian (1829- 1865), has started the struggle for "the economic emancipation of the nation" by promoting the ideas, the principles and the institutions on which was build the prosperity of the West. Seen as a "reactionary" or as a "man of progress", Marţian has delivered a heterogeneous economic outlook, a mixture of liberal principles and protectionist principles. The most significant "protection" supported by Marţian was the one against ignorance. The compilation made by Marţian using the works of various authors sustaining the "social economy" shows the dimensions of economic backwardness - the absence of current economic terms from the lexicon. Marţian invents some economic terms, which are understandable, such as: „comerciu”(trade), „manufaptură” (manufacture), „product”, „const”, „fair price”, „banc-rupt” etc. Marţian's mission was clear: "the spreading of economics through speaking and writing.". Keywords: economic education; industry; institutions; protectionism; economic emancipation. -
CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES on HIS LIFE Elena
CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES ON HIS LIFE Elena-Mirela Ciuchea Rezumat: Autoarea – pornind de la cercetarea unor informaţii inedite din arhivele craiovene ale familiei Argetoianu, de la memoriile omului politic şi de la ceea ce s-a scris până la această dată – reconstituie principalele momente şi componente ale formării şi afirmării lui Constantin Argetoianu. Anii de studiu, mediul familial, prietenii, aptitudinile, posibilităţile şi disponibilităţile intelectuale, trăsăturile de caracter, interesul pentru studiu şi pasiunea pentru limbile străine, intrarea şi afirmarea în viaţa politică, contextul mai larg al epocii interbelice etc. sunt câteva din aspectele semnificative, decisive ale vieţii, activităţii şi personalităţii sale, pe care le rezumă acest articol. The interwar period in Romania had its political men presented either as “martyrs” of the nation or like some common thieves, forgetting that when it comes to Mother Nature, only few things keep their white or black nuance, everything maintaining rich varied grey nuances … because otherwise the world would be bored, isn’t it? Maniu hasn’t been too nice. Why? His Jesuit face made many people stay aside…still the same “sobriety” didn’t prevent him from washing his hands in a Pillatian way from things on which his whole life philosophy was based on. A lot more likable, but extremely controversial was Constantin Argetoianu, the chameleon of the interwar Romanian politics, the man that managed to show how easy it was to pass from bitter hatred to friendship and admiration, all depending on the interest. This Oltenian boyar, loved and admired by many, hated and sworn by more, tried with the use of some delicious “Memories” to exculpate him in front of history and time. -
Politics of Balance
CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE FORMATION EUROPEENNE INSTITUT EUROPEEN DES HAUTES ETUDES INTERNATIONALES Academic Year 2005 – 2006 Politics of Balance The Conjuncture of Ethnic Party Formation and Development in Romania and Bulgaria Lilla Balázs M.A. Thesis in Advanced European and International Studies Academic Supervisor MATTHIAS WAECHTER Director of the DHEEI Nice, June 2006 1 Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Emergence of the Two Ethnic Parties 2.1. The Birth of New Nation States 2.2. Romania: Revolution and the “Morning After” 2.2.1. Timisoara and the Fall of Ceausescu 2.2.2. The “Morning After” and Formation of the DAHR 2.3. Bulgaria: Revolution and the “Morning After” 2.3.1. The Fall of Zhivkov 2.3.2. The “Morning After” and Formation of the MRF 3. Politics of Balance: the Two Parties at a Closer Look 3.1. The DAHR and the MRF: Two Ethnic Parties in Context 3.1.1. Ethnic Parties 3.1.2. The Context of Minority Ethnic Parties 3.2. The DAHR and its Context 3.2.1. The DAHR—Ethnic Organization in National Politics 3.2.2. The DAHR in Context 3.3. The MRF and its Context 2 3.3.1. The MRF—Ethnic Party of a National Type 3.3.2. The MRF in Context 3.4. Ethnic Party Politics: Politics of Balance 4. The Dynamic of Ethnic Party Politics in Romania and Bulgaria 4.1. The DAHR and Political Developments in Romania 4.1.1. Radicalism and Isolation: 1992-1996 4.1.2. Electoral Revolution and Participation: 1996-2000 4.1.3. -
Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia
Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP) April 2004 Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989 www.isn.ethz.ch/php Edited by Dennis Deletant, Mihail E. Ionescu and Anna Locher ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia Bucharest, 21 August 1968 Participants in the meeting, comrades: Nicolae Ceasescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârladeanu, Emil Bodnaras, Chivu Stoica, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, Virgil Trofin, Ilie Verdet, Maxim Berghianu, Florian Danalache, Constantin Dragan, Ianos Fazekas, Leonte Rautu, Vasile Vâlcu, Stefan Voitec, Iosif Banc, Petre Blajovici, Dumitru Coliu, Mihai Gere, Petre Lupu, Manea Manescu, Dumitru Popa, Dumitru Popescu, Gheorghe Stoica. Invited to participate in the meeting, comrades: Mihai Dalea, Vasile Patilinet. The meeting opens at 6:30 a.m. AGENDA: The situation created after the penetration of the armed forces of certain socialist countries into the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Upon listening to Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu's briefing on the very serious situation created after the penetration in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - without the knowledge and approval of that country's Party and State bodies, of the armed forces of the URSS, the Polish People's Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic - the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, decides as follows: • The Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania shall address a note to the five socialist countries whose troops occupied Czechoslovakia and express its concern about and disapproval of this act, the fact that it does not share at all the views stated in the TASS Communiqué, alleging that a counter-revolutionary situation was obtaining in Czechoslovakia which might have justified a military intervention. -
Nicolae Iorga
Ediţie îngrijită, introducere şi note de Andrei Pippidi Redactor: Marieva Ionescu Coperta: Ioana Nedelcu Tehnoredactor: Manuela Măxineanu DTP: Andreea Dobreci, Dan Dulgheru Tipărit la Monitorul Oficial R.A. © HUMANITAS, 2019 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Iorga, Nicolae Jurnalul ultimilor ani: 1938–1940. Inedit / N. Iorga; ed. îngrij., introd. şi note de Andrei Pippidi. – Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2019 ISBN 978‑973‑50‑6422‑8 I. Pippidi, Andrei (ed., pref., note) 821.135.1 94 EDITURA HUMANITAS Piaţa Presei Libere 1, 013701 Bucureşti, România tel. 021/408 83 50, fax 021/408 83 51 www.humanitas.ro Comenzi online: www.libhumanitas.ro Comenzi prin e‑mail: [email protected] Comenzi telefonice: 021/311 23 30 transcrieri fonetice şi norme practice pentru lectura jurnalului Grafia lui N. Iorga este cunoscută din textele publicate în tim‑ pul vieţii sale, în general sub supravegherea sa. Ulterior, în numeroase cazuri, s‑a procedat la adaptarea după ortografia oficială modernă. Mi s‑a părut necesară respectarea întocmai a manuscrisului, tipărit aici pentru prima oară, cu particulari‑ tăţi care ţin de perioada istorică în care s‑a format grafia auto‑ rului, deci anii din jurul lui 1890, după cum se poate constata şi în autografe ale sale care nu erau destinate tiparului (scrisori personale, de familie). Aşadar persistă până la sfârşitul vieţii unele forme dialectale moldoveneşti (mâni sau mâne = mâine, amiezi = amiază) sau o pronunţie păstrată din secolul al XIX‑lea, ca diferenţa la pronumele relativ între sg. care şi pl. cari, supt = sub, aceia = aceea, ceia ce = ceea ce, aceiaşi = aceeaşi. Din aceeași epocă datează numele lunilor anului: decembre, novem‑ bre, octombre, septembre, sau mart, april. -
60 Years of Radio Free Europe in Munich and Prague
VOICES OF FREEDOM – WESTERN INTERFERENCE? 60 YEARS OF RADIO FREE EUROPE IN MUNICH AND PRAGUE Radio Free Europe (RFE) began regular broadcasts from Munich sixty years ago with a news programme by its Czechoslovak department. To mark this anniversary, the Collegium Carolinum (Munich), together with the Czech Centre (Munich), and the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes (Prague) held the conference Voices of Freedom – Western Interference? 60 Years of Radio Free Europe in Munich and Prague from 28 to 30 April 2011 at Munich’s Ludwig-Maximilian University. The conference revolved around RFE’s role as one of the most political and polarizing of all international radio broadcasters in the Cold War context. What were the station’s goals and how did it go about achieving them? To what extent did RFE contribute to an exchange of information and knowledge between East and West? The station’s political significance and the importance attached to similar international media in current politics and foreign affairs were demonstrated not least by the fact that the conference was held under the auspices of the Bavarian Prime Minister Horst Seehofer and the Czech Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg. This was also clear in the public discussion on the theme of “International Broadcasting Today” at America House with former RFE journalist and current President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves, US Consul General Conrad R. Tribble, political scientist and media expert Hans J. Kleinsteuber (University of Hamburg), Associate Director of Broadcasting at RFE/RL in Prague, Abbas Djavadi, and Ingo Mannteufel from the Deutsche Welle. In the introductions and contributions of this discussion the tensions between political regard for the station, scholarly insights, and the perspectives of contemporary witnesses that were felt throughout the conference were already apparent. -
MONITORUL FICIA E.- PARTEA Twa Kele,AA.04.34.44
r".7 FW 4kte.a,W414.4iAt4 .4.-104191re Anra CXVI Nr. 175 25 LEI EXEMPLARUL SimbAti 31 Tulle 1948. Ae442i-f, REPUBLICA POPULARAnomANA MONITORUL FICIA e.- PARTEA twa kele,AA.04.34.44. LEGI, DECRETE DECIZIUNI ALE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI, DECIZIUNI MINISTERIALE,COMUNICATE, ANUNTURI JUDICIARE (DE INTERES GENERAL) etc iewc 4031171:MOCIIIIIMP Desbaterile .Partea 1-a saua II-a ABONAMENTE iN LEI parlamentnre PUBLIdA IIIIN 1.E I inaerpa M.O. I on6Iani31uni1 lunasesiune I1 tuna LINIA iN TARA : DECRETE $1 JURNALE ALE CONSILIULU1 DE MINISTRI: 4Particulari 3.600 1.800 900 500 Peptru acordares avantajelor legii pentru incurajarea indus- Autoritati de Stat, judetsi comu-. triei la industrissi .71 fabricanti 6.000 Idem pentru meseriasi si mori taranesti tulle 1.500 ' 3.000 1.500 750 incetitenire si depuneri de juramant 2.003 Autoritati comunale rurale 2.500 1.250 625 autorizAri pentra rnfiintiri de birourt varnale 2000 DECIZII OlOrice abonali 2.500 500 Schimbari de ounre 2.000 INSTRA1NATATE 8.000 5.000 1.000CITATIILE: Curtilor de Casatie,Conturi,Apel,Tribunate t notari publici tinexemplar din anul curent lei.... 25 part. 1-aI 25 part. II-a 25 pa t. III-a 500 Judecatoriilor 250 anii expirati 50 50 " AMENAJAMENTE DE PADURI ,Abonarnentul lapartea Ill-a (Desbaterile parlamentare) pentrri sesiunile ordinare Priduri dintre 0 10 ha 150 10,01 20 .. 300 ........ , 500 prelungite sau extraordinare se socoteste 1.000 leI lunar (minimum 1 tuna). .1 20,01 100 100.01 209 2.000 Abonamentele si publicatiile pentru autorit8tiiparticulari se platesc anticipat. 1 200,01 500 3.000 ele vor fi insotite de o adresa din partea autoritatilor si de e cerere timbrata din 500,01-1000 4.000 trartea particularilor. -
The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communism
RESEARCH REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : THE TRAGICOMEDY OF ROMANIAN COMMUNIS M AUTHOR : Vladimir Tismanean u CONTRACTOR : Foreign Policy Researc h Institute PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 903-0 4 DATE : September, 198 9 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . a NOTE This report, based on an article to be published i n Eastern EuropeanPolitics andSocieties, is an inciden- tal product of the Council Contract identified on the title page . It is not the Final Report, which wa s distributed in August, 1989 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Stalin's Romanian Disciples 1 1 The Comintern and the RCP 1 6 Stalinism for All Seasons 3 4 The Anti-De-Stalinization Platform 3 9 The Road to Absolute Power 43 The Manipulated Manipulator 47 Assault on the Party Apparatus 5 2 Notes 57 The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communis m Vladimir Tismanean u Un monde sans tyrans serait aussi ennuyeux qu'un jardi n zoologique sans hyenes . E . M . Cioran, Histoire et utopi e Now, despite eternal cabals in the inner clique and unendin g shifts of personnel, with their tremendous accumulation o f hatred, bitterness, and personal resentment, the Leader' s position can remain secure against chaotic palace revolution s not because of his superior gifts, about which the men in hi s intimate surroundings frequently have no great illusions, bu t because of these men's sincere and sensible conviction tha t without him everything would be immediately lost .