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Hispanic Migrant Labor in Oregon, 1940-1990

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Hispanic Migrant Labor in Oregon, 1940-1990 Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1991 Hispanic migrant labor in Oregon, 1940-1990 Colleen Marie Loprinzi Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Labor History Commons, and the Latina/o Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Loprinzi, Colleen Marie, "Hispanic migrant labor in Oregon, 1940-1990" (1991). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4297. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6181 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. HISPANIC MIGRANT LABOR IN OREGON, 1940-1990 by COLLEEN MARIE LOPRINZI A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY Portland State University © 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Colleen Marie Loprinzi presented July 23, 1991. David Johnson, Chair Gojdon Dodds /Jon Mandaville Eileen Brennan APPROVED: Bernard V. Burke, Chair, Department of History C. William Savery, Vice Provost for Graduate'Smdies and Research Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Colleen Marie Loprinzi for the Master of Arts in History presented July 23, 1991. Title: Hispanic Migrant Labor in Oregon, 1940-1990. APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: David Johigspfn, Chair ordon Dodds bn Mandaville Eileen Brennan ^ Hispanic Migrant Labor in Oregon, 1940-1990, describes the history and conditions of Hispanic farmworkers migrating from the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Latin America after the 1940s. This paper uncovers the history and contribution of a people easily forgotten, but essential to the well-being of the economy and the cultural diversity of Oregon. Though much has been lost in the comings and the goings of these people, bits and pieces have been recovered from old newspaper clippings, occasional documents Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 recording the concerns and responses of the federal and state governments, rare articles tucked away in little known periodicals, and interviews. A history of the migration and a general profile of the Hispanic migrant opens the paper, followed by a description of the health, housing, and work conditions. I then outline the migrants’ attempt to advance through education and to settle out. I describe the poverty they lived in and the treatment they generally received in society. The next chapter details the external factors which affected the recruiting, hiring, and daily conditions of work. I assess the role of the contractor, who was closely involved with the daily lives of the migrants and then explore the farmers and the economy in which they functioned in terms of the effect they had on the migrants. The government and its response to the migrants and its apparent philosophy and policies are studied. The efforts, as well of lack of effort, of some of the government’s representatives are looked at as well. In the third chapter, I describe the attempt of members of the migrant community to care for one another. This covers both the cultural cohesiveness found within the community and union activism. It also includes the concerted efforts made by ex-migrants, Chicanos, and religious and secular activists. The information obtained came from local newspapers, regional government documents, and journals found at the libraries of Portland State University, Reed College, Lewis and Clark College, and the Oregon Historical Society. Interviews are also included as well as invaluable theses and dissertations from students of Northwest academic institutions. This research found that Hispanic farmworkers played an important role in the agricultural economy of Oregon. They did not, however, receive fair retribution. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Farmworkers’ wages and conditions remained substandard. They were not protected by the National Labor Relations Act and state government left their conditions unregulated as well. The role of the growers and contractors also remained unchecked, leaving it to the discretion of each individual involved, whose monetary interests often dictated his decision-making, regardless of its effects on the migrants. The economic outlook for migrants did and will continue to remain glum as long as competition within the American system and with corporations in the Third World persists, encouraging farmers to keep wages and the costs of benefits and camp conditions low. On the other hand, the migrants’ culture, religion, and familial relations strengthened their ability to survive. Ex-migrants, community activists, and union activists also provided support, pushing for better conditions and rights for the migrants. I have concluded that without a drastic change in the performance of the government and in the economic system, the cause of the inhumane migrant conditions will not be eliminated. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION To the passing of time; To the generations of people; To my father, Philip George Loprinzi, who wrote "Report on Migratory Agricultural Workers" in 1947 to complete his Master’s Degree; To my mother, Beth Loprinzi, who always encouraged me in my education; To my husband, Timothy Kurt Hardin, whose constant support, understanding, and love carried me through this; and To my daughter, Rosa Maria, whose every crawl encouraged me to finish. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. David Johnson, for his guidance, direction, and constant support on this thesis. I appreciate his high standards and expectations. I would also like to thank Dr. Gordon Dodds, Dr. Eileen Brennan, and Dr. Jon Mandaville for their participation as committee members. Their insights and editing were invaluable. In addition, I would like to thank my family and friends for encouraging me. I specifically would like to thank my best friend and husband, Tim Hardin, for his support and patience. I would also like to thank Herb Grose, Jim Swanson, Joe Howe, and Karl Krcma for their computer expertise. I thank Laurie Shonkwiler and Mercedes Loprinzi for the use of their computers. Finally, I thank Lani Searl for her professional preparation of this thesis. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................ iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 II THE MIGRANTS ................................................................................................. 5 Migrant Trends .......................................................................................... 5 The Migrants -- Numbers ........................................................................8 General Characteristics of the M igrant ..............................................10 Conditions of the Migrant ......................................................................13 Migrant W ages ....................................................................... 13 Housing ................................................................................... 16 H e a lth ...........................................................................................21 E d u catio n ..................................................................................................24 Settling Out .............................................................................................28 III EXTERNAL FACTORS ................................................................................... 31 Local Communities .................................................................................31 Contractors ............................................................................................... 37 National Agricultural Trends ..............................................................42 The Oregon Economy ............................................................................ 44 Oregon Farmers ......................................................................................48 P ro file .......................................................................................... 48 Political Actions of Oregon Farm ers ....................................50 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V The Government ....................................................................................58 P o lic ies .........................................................................................58 Program s ...................................................................................... 65 IV RESISTANCE .......................................................................................................85
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