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Fronteras En América Del Norte Coordinación De Humanidades

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Fronteras En América Del Norte Coordinación De Humanidades FRONTERAS EN AMÉRICA DEL NORTE COORDINACIÓN DE HUMANIDADES CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA DEL NORTE UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FRONTERAS EN AMÉRICA DEL NORTE. ESTUDIOS MULTIDISCIPLINARIOS Alejandro Mercado Celis Elizabeth Gutiérrez Romero (editores) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte CISAN México, 2004 La publicación de esta obras es producto del proyecto “Procesos, significados y representaciones de las fronteras canadiense y mexicana con Estados Unidos” dirigido por Alejandro Mercado Celis y Elizabeth Gutiérrez Romero, financiado por la Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico de la UNAM a través del Proyecto PAPIIT no. IN-304400. Diseño de la portada: León Muñoz. Fotografía: J. Guadalupe Pérez. Las traducciones de los artículos de Loucky y Alper, Sloan, Straw, Cruz y Winseck son de Amelia Estévez; la de Gilbert, Saldivar, McDowell y Hadley y Varady et al. son de Tonatiuh Soley, y la de Kearney es de Teresita Cortés Díaz. El artículo de Varady et al. que se publica aquí (con el permiso correspondiente) es una adaptación del texto aparecido en la Annual Review of Energy and the Environment vol. 24, 1999. El artículo de Kearney se publica con el permiso de Sage Publications. <www.sagepub.co.uk>. Primera edición, julio de 2004. D.R. © 2004 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA DEL NORTE Torre de Humanidades II, 9° y 10° pisos Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F. Tels (525) 56230000 al 09 <http://www.cisan.unam.mx> Correo electrónico: <[email protected]> ISBN 970-32-1379-0 Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico ÍNDICE Presentación . 11 CIUDADANÍA Y MULTICULTURALISMO Al norte de México, al norte de Estados Unidos. Diferencias en la inmigración, el multiculturalismo y la ciudadanía en Canadá . 25 Liette Gilbert La ciudadanía transnacional México-Estados Unidos desde la perspectiva migrante . 43 M. Basilia Valenzuela Varela Las funciones de clasificación y filtración de valor de las fronteras . 67 Michael Kearney Vecinos distantes, relación inevitable: las fronteras norteamericanas analizadas desde una perspectiva comparativa . 97 James Loucky, Donald Alper REPRESENTACIONES CULTURALES Instrucciones para vivir en el limbo. Arbitrario de películas sobre las fronteras en Norteamérica . 117 Graciela Martínez-Zalce La redefinición de la frontera: Joyce Wieland y el arte político en Canadá durante los años sesenta y setenta . 133 Johanne Sloan Ciudades de perdición: la economía moral de las fronteras norteamericanas . 149 Will Straw Desde este lado del Río Bravo: frontera y narrativa . 161 Miguel G. Rodríguez Lozano 8 ÍNDICE MIGRACIÓN, NUEVOS ESPACIOS, DEBATES CONSTANTES Los inmigrantes ante los procesos de refronterización vs. desfronterización entre México y Estados Unidos . 175 Mónica Verea C. Migración y derechos humanos. Una experiencia de trabajo . 201 Blanca Villaseñor Roca El pueblo latino en el noroeste: historia y demografía . 211 Carlos Saldivar Maldonado La migración latina y el reto de formar una comunidad en Green Bay, Wisconsin . 231 Marcelo Cruz MEDIO AMBIENTE: RESPUESTA POLÍTICA Las ONG ambientalistas y la frontera, ¿conflicto o cooperación? El caso de la región de Cascadia y Tijuana-San Diego . 259 Edit Antal Asuntos ambientales en la frontera México-Estados Unidos: temas y acciones . 279 Robert G. Varady, Diana Liverman, Octavio Chávez, Roberto Sánchez, Anne Browning-Aiken, Leah Stauber Un paraíso a debate: un análisis sobre la ciudadanización de la política ambiental en América del Norte . 295 Basilio Verduzco Chávez NARCOTRÁFICO, SEGURIDAD Y SOBERANÍA Transformaciones del territorio político: frontera, territorialidad y soberanía . 315 Mercedes Pereña-García La guerra contra las drogas se acerca a su propia frontera . 331 Silvia E. Vélez Quero La tercera frontera: narcotráfico en la agenda México-Canadá . 349 Edgar Dosman, Hepzibah Muñoz Martínez ÍNDICE 9 ECONOMÍA: INDUSTRIA, COMERCIO Y MERCADOS LABORALES Dinámica de integración y diferenciación económica regional. El caso de San Diego y Tijuana . 365 Alejandro Mercado Celis Frontera norte, ¿un destino atado a la producción global? El caso de la industria automotriz . 383 Elizabeth Gutiérrez Romero La reforma fiscal en la industria maquiladora . 395 Mónica Gambrill Comercio y frontera en Canadá: un debate sobre la situación de la economía nacional . 403 Elisa Dávalos Modelo estructural del trabajo transfronterizo . 417 Tito Alegría Trabajadores inmigrantes mexicanos en la economía de Los Ángeles: el caso del valle de San Fernando . 439 Guillermo Ibarra Escobar, Adriele Robles González Empleos para inmigrantes: un nicho del mercado laboral suspendido entre México y Estados Unidos . 459 Elaine Levine FRONTERAS DIGITALES Paisajes transnacionales en la red de poder y ciudades conectadas: la estructura, la geografía y el gobierno del ciberespacio . 475 Dwayne Winseck La brecha digital y la comunidad latina en Estados Unidos . 497 Stephen D. McDowell, Patrick Hadley ¿Hacia un nuevo proyecto de telecomunicaciones mexicanas? Elementos para su discusión . 519 Ana Luz Ruelas PRESENTACIÓN Las posibilidades que desencadenó el Tratado de Libre Comercio para la región norteamericana, más allá de sus objetivos inmediatos, plantean la opción y quizás la necesidad de una integración que, además de profundizar en lo económico, considere aspectos sociales y políticos presentes en la realidad que comparten los países de Norteamérica. En este sentido, es de primera importancia el inicio de un diálogo directo y horizontal entre México y Canadá, que ubique en su real dimen- sión los límites, los retos y la naturaleza de una mayor integración, inexorablemente mediada por Estados Unidos. Así, nuestra intención de reunir en este volumen los estudios que lo conforman, se guió por el interés de aportar elementos de discusión en el área de estudios com- parados México-Canadá. Bajo esta concepción, los trabajos buscan debatir aquellos aspectos tanto teóricos como empíricos de los espacios fronterizos. Creemos firme- mente que los estudios comparativos representan una vía de indagación de la ma- yor importancia, tanto en términos prácticos —terreno de las políticas públicas— así como en el terreno teórico, que se centra en la discusión del desarrollo e integra- ción entre países de desigual poderío económico y político. No obstante que reco- nocemos las particularidades y diferencias en la construcción histórica de estas dos sociedades, la influencia que ejerce Estados Unidos sobre México y Canadá —al compartir una extensa contigüidad geográfica— se convierte en un factor de- terminante que afecta a los dos países en diversos ámbitos. Reacciones, respuestas, omisiones e imperativos forman secuencias continuas en los procesos de confron- tación y acercamiento de nuestros sistemas y, aunque de diferente naturaleza, su entendimiento es indispensable para México y Canadá. Con el propósito de contrastar las similitudes y diferencias en estos procesos, los artículos consideran la dimensión regional por encima de la esfera nacional; esta preferencia explícita se deriva de la riqueza y heterogeneidad de los espacios fronterizos de México y Canadá con Estados Unidos. Además, la dimensión inter- media permite un entendimiento más cercano a la vida cotidiana de sus ciudadanos, mientras que lo nacional necesariamente promedia y encubre las particularidades, que son centrales bajo el enfoque comparativo. En la frontera se manifiesta con mayor crudeza la interacción de grupos e indi- viduos que, bajo diversas nacionalidades, interactúan de forma cotidiana, constru- yendo sus particularidades y diferenciándose de otros espacios vividos como re- giones. Para quienes residimos fuera del ámbito fronterizo la frontera no es menos real, ya que en ella identificamos rasgos esenciales de nuestra comprensión social y económica que se convierten, a la vez, en puntos simbólicos de cruce; lo que pasa ahí nos afecta a todos, tarde o temprano. Consideramos que las fronteras están en todas partes. El fenómeno fronterizo está ahí donde los grupos y culturas entran en contacto; mientras que la comunidad 12 PRESENTACIÓN latina crece en forma acelerada en Estados Unidos y Canadá —y con ella una serie de problemáticas sociales, políticas y económicas—, la presencia esta- dunidense y canadiense es cada vez más importante en México. La cuestión fron- teriza no atañe sólo a los habitantes de las regiones estrictamente fronterizas, sino que se ha tornado en un aspecto que permea al conjunto de las naciones de Norteamérica a lo largo y ancho de sus territorios; de ahí que intencionalmente incluyamos colaboradores cuya experiencia fronteriza no se expresa directamente en las líneas internacionales que demarcan el inicio de cada territorio. La historia constata que la violencia, que ha estado presente tanto en la fron- tera mexicana como en la canadiense, surge y responde a diversas causas y objeti- vos, y se transforma en el tiempo. Sin embargo, desde hace décadas, la agresividad en la frontera mexicana-estadunidense ha sido continua y junto con la intoleran- cia ha cobrado miles de vidas de migrantes mexicanos; además, promueve emocio- nes y resentimientos sociales. Por otra parte, la virulencia que infortunadamente acompañó los ataques terroristas en Estados Unidos ha dado paso a posiciones extremas que conducen al temor y a la exigencia de fronteras seguras, aunque ello pueda significar a la vez, fronteras más violentas. Paradójicamente, deben ser el punto donde la violencia, la intolerancia
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