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'Politics of the Spirit' at the Brazilian Historical And Echoes of the ‘politics of the spirit’ at the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute: Salazar’s representatives at the 4th National History Congress1 Lucia Maria Paschoal Guimarães2 [email protected] UERJ – Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro Abstract This article discusses the participation of the Portuguese delegates at the Fourth National History Congress promoted by the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, in 1949, to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the city of Salvador. It seeks to demonstrate how the official delegation, appointed by António de Oliveira Salazar and led by Júlio Dantas, tried to convert the congress into a continuation of Portugal’s Centenary Commemorations (1940), when the idea was put forward to bring together intellectuals from both countries, with the aim of developing a Portuguese-Brazilian historiographical project based on a unified interpretation. Keywords Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute – 4th National History Congress – intellectuals and Salazarism – Portugal’s Centenary Commemorations – Portuguese-Brazilian historiography Resumo O artigo discute a participação dos delegados portugueses no IV Congresso de História Nacional, promovido pelo Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, em 1949, para celebrar o quarto centenário de fundação da cidade de Salvador. Pretende-se demonstrar que a representação oficial designada por António de Oliveira Salazar, e liderada por Júlio Dantas, procurou converter a jornada científica num prolongamento das Comemorações Centenárias de Portugal (1940), quando se lançou a idéia de reunir intelectuais dos dois países, com a finalidade de desenvolver um projeto historiográfico luso-brasileiro orientado pela unidade de interpretação. 1 A preliminary summarized version of this work was presented at the Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, to the 2nd Conference of the Research Centre into Portuguese-Brazilian Relations (Pólo de Pesquisa sobre Relações Luso- Brasileiras – PPRLB), held in Rio de Janeiro, from 26 to 28 April, 2004. The research was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico). 2 Ph.D. in History from the University of São Paulo. Full Professor and Member of the Prociência Research Program at UERJ. Scholarship Holder from CNPq and Principal Researcher of CEO/PRONEX/CNPq-FAPERJ. e-JPH, Vol. 4, number 2, Winter 2006 Guimarães Echoes of the ‘politics of the spirit’ at the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute Pala vras-Chave Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro – IV Congresso de História Nacional - intelectuais e salazarismo – Comemorações Centenárias de Portugal – historiografia luso-brasileira In order to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the city of Salvador and the setting up of the General Government in Portuguese America, the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro – IHGB) organized the 4th National History Congress, held in April 1949, henceforth referred to simply as the 4th Congress. The event’s organizers sought to encourage the participation of foreign historians, particularly Portuguese specialists, since the academic conference was intended to examine the beginnings of nationhood, which, in the final analysis, meant paying special attention to the history of the colonial period.3 The idea of bringing together scholars from both sides of the Atlantic to discuss themes of common interest had long been entertained by the Historical Institute. In 1908, under the management of the Baron of Rio Branco, a conference was planned, similar to the one that was to take place in 1949, to coincide with the announced visit to Brazil of the king Dom Carlos. It is also known that Rio Branco had already prepared the academic program for the conference when the news of the king’s assassination reached Rio de Janeiro, rendering the planned project unviable.4 The Institute based in Rio de Janeiro had maintained constant exchanges with its counterparts in Lisbon since its foundation in 1838. Over the years, various Portuguese scholars had joined its ranks either as honorary members or as correspondents. Some of these members were frequently in touch with their Brazilian colleagues, as, for example, the historian João Lúcio de Azevedo, who used to exchange correspondence with Capistrano de Abreu and Max Fleiüss, the permanent secretary of IHGB. Such contacts intensified even further with the resurgence of the Portuguese Academy of History, in May 1936.5 The effective membership of that organization, fixed at forty professors, had 3 IHGB’s Organizing Committee consisted of the following members: Augusto Tavares de Lira, Alfredo Valadão, Pedro Calmon, Wanderley Pinho, Virgílio Corrêa Filho, Afonso d’Escragnole Taunay, Rodolfo Garcia, Braz do Amaral, Cláudio Ganns, Carlos da Silveira Carneiro, Henrique Carneiro Leão Teixeira Filho, Artur Cesar Ferreira Reis, Francisco Radler de Aquino, Afonso Costa and José Pedro Leite Cordeiro. IHGB, Anais do IV Congresso de História Nacional. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1950, v. 1, pp. 5-6. 4 Lucia Maria Paschoal Guimarães, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro: da Escola Palatina ao Silogeu (1889- 1938). Full Professor’s Thesis. Rio de Janeiro: UERJ, 1999, p. 27. (mimeo). 5 The Portuguese Academy of History (Academia Portuguesa de História) was recreated on 19 May, 1936, by Decree-Law No. 26611. Its plenary sessions, however, only began again in April 1938. Its origin dates back to the Royal Academy of Portuguese History (Academia Real de História Portuguesa), established in Lisbon, through a decree issued by Dom João V, on 8 December, 1720, with the motto Restituet omnia. Located in the palace of the e-JPH, Vol. 4, number 2, Winter 2006 2 Guimarães Echoes of the ‘politics of the spirit’ at the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute ten seats allocated to Brazilian academics.6 By 1937, all these vacancies were occupied, with all the nominations having been given to members of the Historical Institute, namely: the Count of Afonso Celso, Max Fleiüss, Afonso d’Escragnole Taunay, Arthur Guimarães de Araújo Jorge, Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna, Gustavo Barroso, Júlio Afrânio Peixoto, Manuel Cícero Peregrino da Silva, Pedro Calmon and Rodolfo Garcia.7 But, at that time, other factors would certainly have contributed to closer ties between the IHGB and the Academy, especially when it is known that Brazil and Portugal were experiencing similar political and ideological contexts. The authoritarian governments set up in the two countries by Getúlio Vargas and Oliveira Salazar, respectively, presented themselves as legitimate agents of modernization. It was not by chance that the two regimes had given themselves the title of a New State. Furthermore, they both developed public policies designed to enhance the importance of nationality, based on certain conceptions of history that sought to legitimate the present through past glories. In Brazil, the privileged place for such historiographical production was the veteran Historical Institute, the guardian of the national memory. Although it was not a body that formed part of the government apparatus, it enjoyed the patronage of Vargas,8 who besides affording it great prestige and visiting it periodically, set great store by the recommendations and advice proffered by the Brazilian temple of citizenship.9 The Institute was led between 1913 and 1938 by the Count of Afonso Celso, the author of Porque me ufano do meu país,10 and what was developed there was a nationalist-style historiography, geared towards the formation of civic feelings and based on the cult of the nation’s traditions and its most notable figures, converting history into a vast repertoire of different experiences to be apprehended by the present in order to avoid the repetition of past errors.11 A similar role to the one played by the Institute in Brazil was enjoyed in Lisbon by the Portuguese Academy of History, re-founded, as has already been said, in 1936, (...) under the auspices of the Head of State. The Academy’s stated aim was to bring together scholars engaged in research in order to promote the (...) critical reconstruction of the past, its prime objectives being to Dukes of Bragança, its membership consisted of 50 academics, who were given the task of writing the ecclesiastical, military and civil history of the realm. See Isabel Ferreira da Mora, A Academia Portuguesa de História. Os intelectuais, o poder cultural e o poder monárquico no século XVIII. Coimbra: Edições Minerva, 2003 (Coleção Minerva-História No. 22). 6 Brazilian intellectuals were also allowed to join the ranks of supernumerary academics. 7 Boletim da Academia Portuguesa de História, Lisbon: APH, 1st and 2nd years, 1937-1938. 8 See, for example, Getúlio Vargas, Diário, presented by Celina Vargas do Amaral Peixoto; published by Leda Soares. São Paulo: Siciliano; Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1999, v.1, p. 143. 9 Lucia Maria Paschoal Guimarães, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro: da Escola Palatina ao Silogeu, op. cit. p. 256. 10 According to Nanci Leonzo, Afonso Celso’s book provided the inspiration for the work O que todo português deve saber de Portugal, published in 1938 by Albino Forjaz de Sampaio from the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. 11 Cf. Reinhart Koselleck, “Historia magistra viate”. In: _______, Le futur passé: contribution à la
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