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Ghost of Diadromous Fish Past

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Ghost of Diadromous Fish Past GHOST OF DIADROMOUS FISH PAST: STREAMLINING RESEARCH ON DIADROMOUS FISH SPECIES USING HISTORICAL DATA AT THE EUROPEAN SCALE GONÇALO FILIPE FERNANDES DUARTE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Ph.D Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Ph.D Gertrud Haidvogl Ph.D Pedro Segurado THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN RIVER RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT 2019 GHOST OF DIADROMOUS FISH PAST: STREAMLINING RESEARCH ON DIADROMOUS FISH SPECIES USING HISTORICAL DATA AT THE EUROPEAN SCALE GONÇALO FILIPE FERNANDES DUARTE SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Ph.D Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Ph.D Gertrud Haidvogl Ph.D Pedro segurado THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN RIVER RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT JURY: President: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Professora Auxiliar com Agregação Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa. Members: Doutor Carlos Antonio Granado Lorencio Doutora Maria Filomena de Magalhães Catedrático de Universidad Professora Auxiliar Universidad de Sevilla, Espanha; Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa. Doutora Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Professora Catedrática Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa; Doutor Pedro Miguel Raposo de Almeida Professor Auxiliar com Agregação Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Évora; Instituições Financiadoras e âmbito: Universidade de Lisboa Programa Doutoral FCT (River Restoration and Management, FLUVIO) PD/BD/52514/2014 2019 Dedicated to my “Ghosts of Christmas Past”, Dilene e Alberto... ... to my “Ghosts of Christmas Present”, Beatriz, Fernando e Margarida… … and to my “Ghost of Christmas Yet to come”, Sofia! A todos o meu profundo agradecimento! O declínio e extinção regional de espécies de peixes diádromas ocorre pelo menos desde o início do século XX. Nesta tese, várias bases de dados europeias foram consultadas e, reconhecendo a falta de informação para Portugal, desenvolveu-se a primeira base de dados históricos para espécies ícticas dulçaquícolas. A existência de bases de dados com diferentes coberturas geográficas e informação a distintas escalas levou ao desenvolvimento de uma estrutura de dados históricos capaz de lidar com as limitações inerentes a este tipo de informação, sendo o resultado uma base de dados fiável, de cobertura geográfica extensa a três escalas: bacia, sub-bacia e segmento. Desenvolveu-se ainda um software que facilita a aquisição de dados ambientais ligados às redes e bacias hidrográficas que podem ser associados às três escalas. As quebras de conectividade longitudinal, as alterações climáticas e as mudanças de uso do solo são das ameças mais relevantes para as espécies diádromas. A influência destas ameaças foi estudada efectuando uma análise espacial e temporal às quebras de conectividade por grandes barragens e, modelando a distribuição das espécies diádromas usando variáveis de clima e uso do solo. Os bloqueios nas redes hidrológicas europeias generalizaram-se na segunda metade do século XX, e têm actualmente mais impacto nas populações de bacias do sul da Europa. A distribuição de espécies diádromas é sobretudo afectada pelo clima, embora os efeitos do uso do solo nas proximidades de estuários possam ser relevantes dado que são locais críticos de passagem e acesso ao resto da rede hidrográfica. A estrutura de dados históricos e o software desenvolvidos foram a chave para alcançar o conhecimento científico sobre a distribuição de espécies diádromas de peixes. Contudo, ainda mais importante é o facto destas ferramentas se poderem estabalecer como uma base de trabalho estrutural para o futuro da investigação sobre estas espécies. Palavras chave: Redes hidrológicas, Dados históricos, PHish, RivTool, Espécies de peixe diádromas i The decline of diadromous fish species has been occurring at least since the beginning of the 20th century. In this thesis, multiple European databases on the historical distribution of diadromous fish were consulted and, acknowledging the lack of data for Portugal, the first database of Portuguese historical data for freshwater fish was created. The existence of multiple databases with distinct geographical coverage and data at different spatial scales lead to the development of an historical data framework able to deal with the limitations of historical data. Its output is a reliable and geographically broad dataset of diadromous species occurrence at the beginning of the 20th century at three spatial scales: basin, sub-basin and segment. Also, a software was developed to facilitate the acquisition of environmental and riverscape variables that can be linked with the data at the three scales. Longitudinal connectivity impairment, climate change and land use alterations are some of the most significant threats to diadromous fish species. The influence of these threats was studied performing a spatial and temporal analysis of the longitudinal connectivity impairment by large dams and, modelling the distribution of diadromous fish at the beginning of the 20th century using climate and land use variables. The longitudinal connectivity impairment of the European freshwater networks became widespread in the second half of the 20th century, and is currently more impactful for populations from basins in southern Europe. The distribution of diadromous fish species is mainly affected by climate, though the effects of land use close to river mouths may be relevant since these are critical passage and entry points for the remaining network. The framework and the software developed were key to achieve the scientific knowledge presented, and more importantly, these can be established as the structural basis for future research on diadromous fish species. Keywords: Freshwater networks, Historical data, PHish, RivTool, Diadromous fish species, ii Durante milénios a Humanidade dependeu dos rios para a obtenção de água e alimento. Como tal, as zonas próximas de rios foram escolhidas como locais para a fixação de populações humanas. Os sistemas dulçaquícolas representam 0,8% da superfície terrestre, contêm apenas 0,01% de toda a água na terra, e, no entanto, albergam 9,5% das espécies animais. Os sistemas de água doce são dos mais ameaçados globalmente. Na Europa, 95% das planícies aluviais e 50% das zonas húmidas originais foram severamente alteradas ou perdidas porque quase 50% da população humana vive nessas áreas. Os sistemas dulçaquícolas contêm habitats ricos em espécies endémicas e sensíveis, contudo para a maioria destas espécies a falta de informação sobre a sua distribuição e seu estado de conservação constitui uma importante lacuna de conhecimento. As espécies de peixes diádromas representam um elo energético entre sistemas marinhos e de água doce ao fazerem parte das cadeias alimentares nos dois sistemas. As diádromas são um grupo específico da ictiofauna europeia com uma elevada relevância social e económica, uma vez que durante séculos têm representado uma fonte de proteína para as populações humanas e, nalguns casos, serem das pescarias mais valiosas no mundo. Sendo um hotspot de biodiversidade, os sistemas de água doce são também um hotspot de ameaça para esta mesma biodiversidade. Na Europa continental, cerca de 40% das espécies nativas de peixes desapareceram de bacias das quais eram nativas e 13 espécies estão efectivamente extintas. No caso das espécies diádromas, independentemente da qualidade e duração das séries de dados, a tendência global actual é de declínio, nalguns casos para mínimos históricos. As causas mais relevantes para este declínio são: as barreiras nos rios, a regularização destes sistemas, a perda de habitat, a sobrepesca, as alterações e intensificação do uso do solo, as alterações climáticas e a qualidade e quantidade de água. De notar que estas ameaças não estão a actuar de forma independente, pelo contrário as interacções e efeitos sinergísticos são comuns e geralmente as extinções são o resultado da interacção entre várias ameaças, questões naturais e atributos biológicos das espécies. iii Todas as espécies animais afectam o ambiente que as rodeia, mas no caso do Homem os impactes são temporalmente muito duradouros e espacialmente omnipresentes. As evidências da presença humana são observáveis na natureza mas também em documentação escrita resultante das actividades humanas ao longo dos séculos. Este tipo de evidências fornece perspectivas e conhecimento que só através deles é possível obter, e que só agora os investigadores em ecologia começam a explorar e a valorizar. De facto, os cientistas têm, cada vez mais, procurado fontes de informação e dados históricos não só para compreender, explicar e gerir melhor os ecossistemas, mas sobretudo para aumentar a capacidade de previsão das respostas que estes sistemas darão às mudanças globais futuras a que estarão sujeitos. Considerando que o Homem alterou durante séculos os sistemas ribeirinhos, os métodos que utilizam informações e dados históricos são seguramente uma abordagem adequada para o estudo dos ecossistemas dulçaquícolas. Estes métodos têm um conjunto importante de limitações e problemas associados ao seu uso que não devem ser negligenciados. Ainda assim, após o cruzamento de fontes e de dados de distintas proveniências espaciais e temporais e se enquadrados com métodos adequados, a sua utilização não deve ser ignorada uma vez que o seu valor para modelação ecológica e para a melhoria do conhecimento ecológico sobre a ictiofauna está amplamente comprovado por inúmeros estudos científicos. A investigação sobre espécies diádromas tem beneficiado da inclusão e uso de dados históricos, especialmente os estudos
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