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Frigg, Astghik and the Goddess of the Crete Island
FRIGG, ASTGHIK AND THE GODDESS OF THE CRETE ISLAND Dedicated to the goddesses-mothers of Armenia and Sweden PhD in Art History Vahanyan V. G., Prof. Vahanyan G. A. Contents Intrоduction Relations between Frigg and the Goddess of the Crete Island Motifs in Norse Mythology Motifs in Armenian Mythology Artifacts Circle of the World Afterword References Introduction According to conventional opinion, the well-known memorial stone (Fig. 1a) from the Swedish island Gotland (400-600 AC) depicts goddess Frigg holding snakes. The unique statuettes of a goddess holding snakes are discovered on Crete (Fig. 1b), which date to c. 1600 BC1. The depiction of Frigg embodies a godmother with her legs wide open to give birth. In Norse mythology Frigg, Frige (Old Norse Frigg), Frea or Frija (Frija – “beloved”) is the wife of Odin. She is the mother of the three gods Baldr, Hodr and Hermodr. a b Fig. 1. (a) Memorial stone from the Swedish island Gotland (400-600 AC) depicting Frigg holding snakes. (b) Goddess holding snakes, Crete (c. 1600 BCE) The Swedish stone from Gotland island depicts the godmother, who is sitting atop the mountain before childbirth (Fig. 1а). Her hands are raised and she is holding two big snakes-dragons. The composition symbolizes the home/mountain of dragons (volcanic mountain). The composite motif of the depiction on the memorial stone, according to the 1 The findings belong to Crete-Minoan civilization and are found in the upper layers of the New Palace in Knossos. Two items are discovered (Archaeological Museum, Heraklion) authors, stems to the archetypes in the Old Armenian song “The birth of Vahagn” 2. -
First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)
First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001). -
The Sacred Highlands: Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East” – Yerevan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Institute of Oriental Studies Artak Movsisyan THE SACRED HIGHLANDS Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East YEREVAN UNIVERSITY PUBLISHERS YEREVAN – 2004 This book is being published by order of the National Academy of Sciences RA, Institute of Oriental Studies This publication has been supported by a subvention from the “SPURK-DIASPORA” Organization (Los Angeles, USA) MOVSISYAN A., “The Sacred Highlands: Armenia in the Spiritual Geography of the Ancient Near East” – Yerevan. Yerevan University Publishers, 2004, 76 pages. Cover design – Sumerian seal impression (3rd mill. BC) and a Biblical Map published by Philip Buache in 1783, covering the first era of human history (Eden, the earthy Paradise is marked on the map in Armenia, to the southwest of Mount Ararat). 0503020913 M ------------------ - 2004 704(02)-2004 ISBN 5 - 8084 - 0586 - 6 © Movsisyan, A., 2004 INTRODUCTION The disciples asked Jesus: “Tell us, what will be our end”? Jesus said, “Have you discovered the beginning that you seek the end? For where the beginning is, there too will the end be”. Gospel of Thomas (apocryphal) Just as in the life of an individual, a nation, after overcoming crisis, pauses to take stock, to consolidate, to reconsider its past and to chart its future. The millennia-old questions become paramount: “who am I, where am I from, where am I going”? During the past century, the Armenian people have overcome the most long-lasting and gravest crisis of its history, the loss of its statehood. After centuries of continuous struggle and being subjected to genocide, the Armenian nation has regained its independence. -
Armenian Traditional Black Youths: the Earliest Sources1
Armenian Traditional Black Youths: the 1 Earliest Sources Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia [email protected] In this article it is argued that the traditional figure of the Armenian folklore “black youth” is derived from the members of the war-band of the thunder god, mythological counterparts of the archaic war-bands of youths. The blackness of the youths is associated with igneous initiatory rituals. The best parallels of the Armenian heroes are found in Greece, India, and especially in Ossetia and other Caucasian traditions, where the Indo-European (particularly Alanian-Ossetian) influence is significant. In several medieval Armenian songs young heroes are referred to as t‘ux manuks ‘black youths,’ t‘ux ktriçs ‘black braves,’ or simply t‘uxs ‘blacks’ (see Mnatsakanyan 1976, which remains the best and comprehensive work on these figures, and Harutyunyan and Kalantaryan 2001, where several articles pertaining to this theme are published). Also, T‘ux manuk is the appellation of numerous ruined pilgrimage sanctuaries. A. Mnatsakanyan, the first investigator of these traditional figures, considered them in connection with the fratries of youths, whose remnants survived until medieval times (Mnatsakanyan 1976: 193 ff.).2 The study of the t‘ux manuks should be based on revelation of their specific characteristics and comparison with similar figures of other traditions. In this respect, the study of the T‘ux manuk sanctuaries and their legends 1This article represents an abridged and updated version of Petrosyan 2001. 2In Armenian folklore the figures of similar names – t‘uxs (‘blacks’) and alek manuks (‘good youths’) – figure as evil spirits (Alishan 1895: 205, 217). -
Copyright © 2019 Kenneth William Lovett All Rights Reserved. The
Copyright © 2019 Kenneth William Lovett All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. THE NEGATIVE MOTIF OF THE SEA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Kenneth William Lovett May 2019 APPROVAL SHEET THE NEGATIVE MOTIF OF THE SEA IN THE OLD TESTAMENT Kenneth William Lovett Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Terry J. Betts (Chair) __________________________________________ Duane A. Garrett __________________________________________ Russell T. Fuller Date ______________________________ For the glory of God. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ..................................................................... vi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY . 1 Thesis ................................................................ 2 Outline ............................................................... 4 Methodology . 5 2. HERMANN GUNKEL . 7 Significant Works . 9 Challenges ........................................................... 24 Conclusion . 28 3. HISTORY OF SCHOLARSHIP . 29 Significant Contributors .. 30 Conclusion . 48 4. THE NEGATIVE MOTIF OF THE SEA IN ANE LITERATURE ................................................ -
Egypt's Hieroglyphs Contain a Cultural Memory of Creation and Noah's Flood
The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 7 Article 36 2013 Egypt's Hieroglyphs Contain a Cultural Memory of Creation and Noah's Flood Gavin M. Cox Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Cox, Gavin M. (2013) "Egypt's Hieroglyphs Contain a Cultural Memory of Creation and Noah's Flood," The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 7 , Article 36. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings/vol7/iss1/36 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Creationism. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship EGYPT'S HIEROGLYPHS CONTAIN CULTURAL MEMORIES OF CREATION AND NOAH'S FLOOD Gavin M. Cox, BA Hons (Theology, LBC). 26 The Firs Park, Bakers Hill, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX2 9TD. KEYWORDS: Flood, onomatology, eponym, Hermopolitan Ogdoad, Edfu, Heliopolis, Memphis, Hermopolis, Ennead, determinative, ideograph, hieroglyphic, Documentary Hypothesis (DH). ABSTRACT A survey of standard Egyptian Encyclopedias and earliest mythology demonstrates Egyptian knowledge of Creation and the Flood consistent with the Genesis account. -
Canaanite/Ugaritic Mythology
Canaanite/Ugaritic Mythology I. Who do we mean by 'Canaanites'? Linguistically, the ancient Semites have been broadly classified into Eastern and Western groups. The Eastern group is represented most prominently by Akkadian, the language of the Assyrians and Babylonians, who inhabited the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. The Western group is further broken down into the Southern and Northern groups. The South Western Semites inhabited Arabia and Ethiopia while the North Western Semites occupied the Levant - the regions that used to be Palestine as well as what is now Syria, Israel and Lebanon, the regions often referred to in the Bible as Canaan. Recent archaeological finds indicate that the inhabitants of the region themselves referred to the land as 'ca-na-na-um' as early as the mid-third millennium B.C.E. (Aubet p. 9) Variations on that name in reference to the country and its inhabitants continue through the first millennium B.C.E. The word appears to have two etymologies. On one end, represented by the Hebrew cana'ani the word meant merchant, an occupation for which the Canaanites were well known. On the other end, as represented by the Akkadian kinahhu, the word referred to the red-colored wool which was a key export of the region. When the Greeks encountered the Canaanites, it may have been this aspect of the term which they latched onto as they renamed the Canaanites the Phoenikes or Phoenicians, which may derive from a word meaning red or purple, and descriptive of the cloth for which the Greeks too traded. -
Area Studies
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 091 303 SO 007 520 AUTHOR Stone, Frank A. TITLE Armenian Studies for Secondary Students, A Curriculum Guide. INSTITUTION Connecticut Univ., Storrs. World Education Project. PUB DATE 74 NOTE 55p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$3 15 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibographies; *Area Studies; Cultural Pluralism; *Culture; *Ethnic Studies; Evaluation; *Humanities; Immigrants; Instructional Materials; Interdisciplinary Approach; *Middle Eastern Studies; Minority Groups; Questioning Techniques; Resource Materials; Secondary Education; Teaching Methods IDENTIFIERS Armenians; *World Education Project ABSTRACT The guide outlines a two to six week course of study on Armenian history and culture for secondary level students. The unit will help students develop an understanding of the following: culture of the American citizens of Armenian origin; key events and major trends in Armenian history; Armenian architecture, folklore, literature and music as vehicles of culture; and characteristics of Armenian educational, political and religious institutions. Teaching strategies suggested include the use of print and non-print materials, questioning techniques, classroom discussion, art activities, field traps, and classroom visits by Armenian-Americans. The guide consists c)i the following seven units:(1) The Armenians in North America; (2) sk.,,tches of Armenian History;(3) Armenian Mythology; (4) lic)ices of Fiction and Poetry;(5) Armenian Christianity; (e) Armenian Fine Arts; and (7)Armenian Political Aims. InstrLF-ional and resource materials, background sources, teaching s...7atc,c !s, and questions to stimulate classroom discussion are prove.': :'fc,r each unit. (Author/RM) U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NO1 NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFF ICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY ARMENIAN STUDIES FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS P% A Curriculum Guide Prepared by Frank A. -
Conversion of Armenia
THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH BY W. ST. CLAIR-TISDALL, M.A., C.M.S. AUTHOR OF 'THE RELIGION OF THE CRESCENT,' ETC. ' Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitns: Te per orbem terrarnm sancta confitetur Ecclesia. Tu Rex Gloriae, Christe I '-Te Deum. THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 56 PATERNOSTER ROW AND 65 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD [A /l n'ghts reserved J PREFACE DURING the last few years the world ha~ witnessed a terribl.e spectacle. We nave seen a Christian nation in Asia, of the same Aryan blood as ourselves, suffering the most cruel wrongs at the hands of the Turks and their confederates, the Kurds. We have seen members of this Christian nation, men and women and little children, massacred in tens qf thousands, and our illustrated papers have presented us with photographic views of some of these terrible scenes. We have read of large numbers dying a martyr's death rather than embrace Islam, and have heard of those who had less courage and faith being driven at the point of the sword to repeat the ,creed of the. Arabian Antichrist. We have beheld some thing more strange still - the Christian nations of Europe hampered in their endeavours to put a stop to this state of things by their mutual ·distrust and jealousy of one another. And thus, as we draw near the end of the nineteenth century, our news papers are quietly discussing the question whether or not Turkey will succeed in exterminating the 6 PREFACE whole Christian population of her Armenian provinces, or in forcing upon them, at the sword's point, an apostasy worse than death. -
Issaries, Inc and Moon Design LLC Page 1 the Book of Heortling Mythology the Stafford Library: Volume XI
The Stafford Library Series The Stafford Library – Volume XI – By Greg Stafford – 3001 – King of Sartar of Central Genertela. Each section of the book provides the core King of Sartar is a compilation of myths, stories and colorful mythologies of these powerful and important cultures, accompanied background for the Hero Wars. It consists of a series of Gloranthan by Godtime maps from the culture’s point of view. Each mythology documents including: the Annotated Argrath’s Saga, The Zin Letters, is also accompanied by a glossary of the culture’s important divinities, Orlanthi Mythology, The Composite History of Dragon Pass, The places, events, and philosophies. The Book of Argrath Book (documents about the Lightbringers Quest), the EWF, and Jalk’s Book (Data on the Colymar Tribe, Boldhome, and the 3007 – Arcane Lore Grazers). Arcane Lore reveals a vast treasure trove about Heroquesting. Collected from almost 30 years of questing, this book explores 3002 – The Glorious Reascent of Yelm the philosophy, mechanics, and practice of Heroquesting from a Heortling The Glorious Reascent of Yelm is the foundation document for multitude of viewpoints and angles. Although much of the material modern Dara Happa, written in the Dara Happan year of 111,221 was written for the old RuneQuest game, and other parts were used (221 S.T.) to commemorate the accession of Khordavu the Exalted. in the development of Hero Wars and HeroQuest, all of it is useful It sets forth the basic mythology of Yelm and his pantheon from the in understanding heroquesting and developing your own Heroquests. Mythology beginning of Time, through the Great Darkness of the Kazkurtum, to the return of Antirius and Yelm. -
Fighting Dragons and Monsters: Heroic
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY & INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY, YEREVAN EIGHTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY FIGHTING DRAGONS AND MONSTERS: HEROIC MYTHOLOGY PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS May 24-26, 2014 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Conference Venues: Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts (Matenadaran) & University Guest House PROGRAM SATURDAY, MAY 24 Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts (Matenadaran) 53 Mashtots Avenue, Yerevan 10:00 – 10:20 PARTICIPANTS REGISTRATION 10:20 – 10:30 OPENING ADDRESS ARMEN PETROSYAN Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia SATURDAY MORNING SESSION CHAIR: ARMEN PETROSYAN 10:30 – 11:00 YURI BEREZKIN Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint Petersburg, Russia SERPENT THAT CLOSED SOURCES OF WATER AND SERPENT THAT DEVOUR NESTLINGS OF GIANT BIRD: ASSESSMENT OF THE AGE OF THE EURASIAN TRADITION BASED ON COMPARISON WITH AMERICAN DATA 11:00 – 11:30 JESPER NIELSEN CHRISTOPHE HELMKE The Institute for Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Denmark BATTLING THE GREAT BIRD: HEROES AND CREATION MYTHS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN MESOAMERICA 11:30 – 12:00 Coffee Break 12:00 – 12:30 PAOLO BARBARO EPHE, France INSPIRATION IN COMPARISON: REFLECTIONS AND NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE EXISTING INTERPRETATIONS OF THE JAPANESE MYTH OF SUSANOO FIGHTING THE DRAGON 12:30 – 13:00 HITOSHI YAMADA Tohoku University, Japan HERO’S SECRET: “DONKEY’S EARS” LEGENDS IN EURASIA AND THEIR DIFFUSION TO EAST ASIA 2 13:00 – 13:30 KAZUO MATSUMURA Wako University, Japan HEROIC SWORD GOD: A POSSIBLE EURASIAN ORIGIN OF JAPANESE MYTHOLOGICAL MOTIF 13:30 – 14:45 Lunch Break 14:45 –16:00 Excursion to the collection of Matenadaran SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSION CHAIR: LEVON ABRAHAMIAN 16:00 – 16:30 ROBERT MILLER The Catholic University of America, USA BAAL, ST. -
The Armenian Herald / Armenian National Union of America
THE ARMENIAN HERALD "The Interest of the Weakest is as Sa cred as the Interest of the Strongest." President Wilson. CONTRIBUTORS' COLUMN FOR NOVEMBER NUMBER Mr. Chakmakjian's article, Justice to Armenian question. Let us hope that Armenia, written for this number, is an time has come for them to fulfill their expose of Armenia's claims to freedom pledge by granting Armenia full inde and independence. It is quite opportune pendence. It gives us much pleasure to at this phase of the world's politics, reproduce at her request her article, when the fate of the oppressed national Turkey Must Die, which was pub ities are to be finally determined and lished in The Japan Gazette, Sept 26, solved in their favor. Mr. Chakmakjian 1918. as a student of Armenian history is qualified to speak with authority. Mr. Maynard Williams' article, Baku— Pan-Turanian Hub, restates in strong Mbs. Bertha S. Papazian's first chap terms the splendid resistance that the ter of her remarkable and eloquent study Armenians put up in the Caucasus of The Tragedy Armenia appears in of against the Tartars and the Turks in this number. The other chapters will the struggles at Baku. We are pub follow. They form a copyrighted book, lishing this article with the kind per and are published here by permission mission of the American Asiatic As of the Pilgrim Press. The book con sociation and the Doubleday, Page 4 based on stitutes a striking appeal, in Company. disputable arguments and facts, of the justice of the Armenian claim to inde pendence.