• • • • KEY points: Pandas centre for inRed trade illegal Sichuan province is main the on seizure information,Based Authorities. CITESManagementGerman reported by USand Chinese, importer and data exporter found discrepancies inthe Analysis of data CITEStrade offered forsale. Pandatwo Red products websitesChinese found only A one-off of online survey of any Pandas. inRed trade provinces found little evidence in Sichuan and Yunnan residents with local interviews Physical market and surveys MAY 2018 TRAFFIC BRIEFING Li ChunLi and Meng Xiuxiang. followingthank the reviewers external for valuable their feedback: Angela Glatston, R. Richard Thomas, Julie Gray and SammiLi forgreattheir support. The authors also for comments their and advice on improving draft versions this of as report, well as Yu,Xiao Yannick Kuehl, Fan ZhiYong, Zhou Fei, Stefan and Roland Ziegler Melisch Switzerland. The authors expressthanks thefrom to reviewers WWF and TRAFFIC: Gardens (Verband Gärten e.V., derZoologischen VdZ) of Germany, Austria and presented here from collaboration their with with Association the of Zoological The authors aregrateful Germany to WWF for providingfundingthe forthe work ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS efforts Red trade in to detect and deterPandas.illegal on Panda Red populations. Enforcement authorities should also inChina increase their smuggling to and China to conduct similar market to assess extent the surveys of trade Pandas. TRAFFIC encourages other range countries to for look of Panda evidence Red Tenin China. 2005and between seizure 2016involved cases 35live Red and dead seven thatrevealed some demand for Pandas Red and as pets for exists breeding still purposes Pandas 2005and and between 2015was parts minimal. However, enforcement records PandaRed products. According to data, CITEStrade international the of trade live Red traditionally Panda Red use products, found that were almost all no longer interested in residents,Interviews with local including members of minority groups ethnic who shopkeeperssurveyed (60/65)had never heard of or had little knowledge of species. the 30 years ago (before implementation the of China’s Wild Animal Protection Law). Most onlinein the market) offered Red Panda products,which wereallegedly obtained about websites. The results showedthat twoonly (one dealers the in physical market and one habitats (inSichuan and Yunnan provinces) and an online market of Chinese survey May 2017, TRAFFIC conducted physical market in areas Panda to close surveys Red Endangered on List of IUCNRed the ThreatenedDuring in2015. Species April to Trade inEndangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).It was upgraded to and prohibited—and trade is listed inAppendix Iof Convention the on International TheRed Panda is a nationalsecond-class protectedbothChina—with in species hunting ABSTRACT LingXu FINDINGS INCHINA RED PANDAMARKETRESEARCH and JingGuan

©TRAFFIC SAMMI LI 1 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 2 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER Figure Panda 1.Red distribution of 2015) Threatened List (Source: IUCNRed Species, information through analysis of data CITEStrade and law enforcement seizures inChina. (including Tibetan areas) where densest the populations of Panda Red occur, as well as provide fundamental up-to-date information about consumption the attitudes people of in Sichuan local and Yunnan Provinces This report aimscurrent theto reveal trade status Red of Panda,both in physical and online markets, provide products is inChina unknown. purchasing of Panda Red and its products. However, current the market dynamics and demand for Panda Red was established, Panda Red the was listed as anational second-class protected prohibiting species, and sale the except inexceptional circumstances. licensed As early as China’s 1989,when Wild Animal Protection Law TheRed Panda was listed inCITES Appendix Iin1995—making its international commercial illegal trade Gebauer and Melisch, distribution 2010),whose greatly overlaps with that of Panda. Red the utilization of Pandas Red is in China said mainly to be by Tibetans and Yi the minority ethnic group (Ziegler, (Liu, Zhang and Panda Liu, Red use 2011)who hidesto manufacture hats and coats (Hu and Li,1993). The show that poachingand trafficking are another threat, asdemand exists in some areas from indigenouspeople that habitat loss and fragmentation are major the of threats Pandas. Red to survival the However, reports also continue to decline over next the three generations (about 18years) (Glatston oflikelihood its population having declined by 50% over past the and two decades probability the that it would TheRed Panda was to Endangeredupgraded List theRed IUCN on of Threatened in2015,Species owing the to (Glatston population with 1,600–2,000inYunnan Province Tibetan 1,400–1,600inthe and Autonomous afurther Region aroundthem, some inChina, 3,000–3,400inSichuan 6,000–7,000occur Province, roughly 50%of Chinese the population (Liu,wild global 2009).The is an estimated 14,500–15,000individuals (Glatston, 2011). Among Bhutan and Myanmar, northern eastern the sub-species ( while two sub-species. The nominatecanbe subspecies found in mountain forests of Nepal, northeastern India, TheRed Panda INTRODUCTION et al., 2015). Ailurus fulgens is a mammal native to eastern the Himalayas and southwestern It China. has A. f. styani ) is distributed insouthwestern China et al., 2015).It is widely agreed

©IUCN Lijiang and 22inShangri-la. in Mianning, 9inXichuang, 8in Luding, 10inYuexi, 9,1 1inXide Tianquan, 5inKangding, 6in were including surveyed, 3 in stores. Atotal of 65relevant shops crafts,pelt, traditionaland clothing of shops were targeted: and arts characteristics. The following types Pandas,Red and general market of concerns over conservation of contacts,trader awareness trader availability, prices, source, types, focusing on productwith surveys Panda inRed trade the products, hotspots inorder to understand and Nujiang (Yunnan Province). In April and May 2017,TRAFFIC conducted physical market inthese surveys Tianquan, Kangding, Luding, Yuexi, Mianning Xide, and Xichuang (Sichuan Province), and Shangri-la, Lijiang mainly distributed provinces inthe of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet the Autonomous Region (TAR), in particularly According to desk research, e.g. Han Zongxian (Han and Hu, 2004) and seizure information, Pandas Red are results 2.1 Physical market survey 2 Tradestatus Republic of China. punished violate who be 51:those accordingArticle 31will Article to Advertisement the Law of People’s the 31:ReleasingArticle online advertisements for purchasing selling, and using animal products wild is prohibited. responsibilities;criminal captive breeding licence, approval documents marks and revoked, special or investigated can be for their whoviolate 48: Those Article 27, do e.g. notArticle apply markingfor be fined, systems,special their or will markingspecial systems; products must approved be inadvance by provincial government wildlife departments and monitored through and other non-commercial purchasing selling, uses, and using national protected animals wildlife and their first/second-class protected is species) prohibited. scientificFortheof purposes research, captive breeding purchasing 27:Selling, Article and using national protected animals wild and products their (including national whoviolatebe investigated 45:Those Article will 21 Article for their criminal responsibilities; departments; hunting national second-class protected such Panda, species, as Red the from provincial government wildlife research, population regulation and other non-commercial to apply it cases, is necessary for for permit aspecial 21:HuntingArticle and of killing national protected animals is prohibited. For of scientific purposes the were issued by Standing the Committee of National the People’s Congress under law this as follows: China’s Wild Animal Protection Law. Inrelating articles specifically 2016,several Red to Panda conservation TheRed Panda 1 Legalstatus RESULTS Ailurus fulgens , aCITESAppendix is anational Ispecies, second-class protected under species Figure 2. Physical market survey and local people interview locations interview people and local Figure 2.Physical market survey

©TRAFFIC 3 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 4 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER followers many so wildlife killing to cease Tibetan people had given up hunting and wearing clothing. fur five yearsthe Tibetan local Buddhism KhenpoLodroreligious ( Lbaraki leader mentionedOne interviewee that Tibetan people traditionally hunt and wear clothing, fur but past inthe family. might items keep these for at use festivals. certain Generally, however, products these are inherited within the generations donot like to wear animal products, fur such Panda as Red pelt hats or clothing. Older people Apparently Panda is Red this because products are no longer infashion.saidthat Three interviewees younger TRAFFIC’s physical locations market inthese didnot surveys reveal any Panda Red products. mentioned Old the Town of Lijiang, nine mentioned while Shangri-la, and one suggested Kangding. However, When TRAFFIC asked for locations the where Panda Red products might available be for four sale, interviewees knowledge about Pandas. Red protected animal and warned researcher the not to purchase any. The remaining (39%) had no 32 interviewees it or in a zoo on television.somewith Theknowledge 19 interviewees Red of Pandassaidthat they were are a (61%)stated 50interviewees or that 82 interviewees, knew Of the had heard they about or species, this had seen Luding, 7inYuexi, 6inMianning, 3inXide, 2inXichuang, 31inLijiang and 4inShangri-la. A total people were of during 82local survey, interviewed this including 21inTianquan, 4inKangding, 4in tourism guideswere conducted to gain abetter understanding about Pandas. inRed trade poachingand illegal people, physicalDuring including with local market interviews other surveys, shopkeepers, drivers taxi and results 2.2 Interview PandaRed was aprotected didnot even ifthey know species, or species the its products. Shangri-la, three traders thought purchased while could be they inKangding. Only fivetraders mentionedthat When asked where Panda Red products found, could be two traders indicated that might available they be in weddings. knowledge of Two them. of traders said the that hats made of Panda Red pelt were traditionally only worn at Only five Red traderstheeverseen 65 of had Pandas their or products,the others had never heard or had little Figure Panda 3.Red of garments at Yulong sold thepeak Snow Mountain of Panda Red pelt clothing was CNY35,000–46,000. were obtained 30–40years previously, and that hunting of Pandas Red was now prohibited.current The price customer.per pelt These hats were also available for purchase, each. traderat CNY30,000 claimedThe the hats traditional clothing of region, the for visitors to put on and photographed be with. Acharge of CNY30applied Yulong Snow Mountain inLijiang, Yunnan Province. Panda Red Several pelt hats were available, along with Amongst 65shops, the Panda Red products were only found inone location, namely ashop of at peak the 慈诚罗珠堪布 ) had called on ) had called

©TRAFFIC 2 1 including: China’s data included records of four batches of Panda Red from 2005and exports between China 2015, Trade Database, to China’s pertaining import and of Panda export 2005–2015,was Red conducted. period in the Analysis of data trade records from UNEnvironment the World Monitoring Conservation Centre’s CITES 3 CITESdata Figure Panda 4.Red online on posted tail Wenwantianxia to TRAFFIC until now. The information sharedbeen has withthe Forest Police investigation.forfurther No formal replies weregiven a preference for pelt clothing.trader The thatclaimed currentlyhe was working the at Yulong Snow Mountain. to craftthe item. also TRAFFIC trader told The that Tibetan and Mongolianpeople (minorities China) in have atby Nanjing experts the Forest Police suggested College that probably about individual seven pelts were used Dulongjiang, Yunnan Province in1988,and was manufactured into apiece of clothing in1998.Identification Panda pelt clothing with an asking price of CNY70,000.He claimed that raw the material was obtained from account.through associated the QQ After discussions on sentWeChat, seller the TRAFFIC a photo theRed of of Panda Red pelt, and asked what market the price should be. Another incidence was on a post Baidu the Forum claimed user in the which to have a piece of clothing made including account aQQ and phone number. of contact these Both details no longer work. that may trader the located be in Beijing or its surrounds. also trader Theprovided contact information, According to auction the description, product the exchanged could be face-to-face suggests which inBeijing, for online auction on 16November 2012,but auction the went unsold, updates and no further were provided. advertisement, on website the Wenwantianxia, was offering Red a Pandatail forsale. There were twoonly incidences Red trade in of Panda products found theduring online survey. One in Annex 1). e-commerce (C2Cand B2C),forum and platforms wholesale list of (see platforms with website surveyed, links, physical outBesides carried market TRAFFIC also aone-offChinese-language surveys, in36 online survey results survey 2.3 Online https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/70443627.html http://bbs.wwtx.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2743151&highlight=%BE%C5%BD%DA 2) 1) purposes; purposes; were reported sourced to be from captive breeding; One record in 2010,with one pre-Convention (pre-1976) to exported South Korea specimen for educational One record in2005, totaling to 200specimens USAfor exported the specimensThe scientific purposes. 2 TRAFFIC successfully contacted seller the 1 The productposted was

©WWTX.CN 5 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 6 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER confiscated consignment. confiscatedseizures. these in Four seizures involvedthe also of endangeredother productssamespecies the in incomplete record of Atotal seizure of wildlife cases. actual 35live Pandas Red Pandas and Red 7dead were although may this only aportionof seizures be actual given that publicly available statistics often represent an Liaoning made atotal of 13seizures involving Pandas Red 2005–2017(as of 15November period inthe 2017), dataSeizure indicate that law enforcement agencies Provinces inthe of Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu and 4 Seizureanalysis transactiontrade may never have occurred. Database intent their to import captive-bred Pandas Red from for China scientificbut the actual purposes, possibility that mis-reporting actual Similarly, had occurred. Germany may have reported to CITESTrade the subsequentlyfrom differ traded quantity,the actual as reported the importingby country. Therethe also is reported amount this to CITESTrade the on Database quantities based stated This permit. inthe number could had approved country exporting in the agiven number of issued specimenstraded, to and an permit be export Possible reasons for discrepancies the importer between and data exporter that could be reporting authorities USA. were according traded to China’s data, export but 75specimens were recorded import inthe data records of the recordsdiscrepancy intrade of Pandas was export the Red from to 200specimens China USAin2005,when the for scientific However,purposes. China’s data export did not include a record transaction.this of Another In 2009, Germany reported import the of four Panda Red specimens that were bred in captivity from China 4) 3) purposes. purposes. One record Panda in2013,of Red adead (pre-Convention) to exported South Korea for exhibitions One record in2013of four live Pandas, Red from captive breeding, to exported Japan exchange; as azoo

©SINA.COM.CN ©HUANQIU.COM Liaoning Province,Liaoning 27June 2012 Panda Red Figure inShenyang, 6.Rescued Sichuan Province, 12January 2015 Panda Red Figure inChengdu, 5.Rescued Further information about five seizuresthe of was available as follows: may indicate that price the of Panda Red is increasing. as pets byseized Shenyang the Internet Police.withthe highest Thecase (CNY40,000) happenedprice in July 2017. It CNY22,000 and CNY40,000. Onehad an trader online asking price of CNY22,000, with product the subsequently and lowest: the CNY1,200);and prices selling the (n=4)inmarkets ranged CNY2,000,CNY3,500, between The average purchase price the of animals in five seizures the of the highest:was CNY4,000(n=5, CNY13,000; pretended that “baby were they pigs” carrying on-board. a result of regular traffic checks onprivate transport or public buses, and in one instance perpetrators the had oftenChina involves the use of long-distance public buses, privatecars and motorbikes.seizures Several were captive breeding (n=2),for commercial exhibition (n=2)and for meat wild (n=1).Moving Pandas Red within PandasRed were transported originally poached, and for of traded rearing purpose the (n=7),for as pets smuggled frombeen Myanmar source the while was unclear remaining inthe The seizure confiscated cases. in ten seizures (77%)were sourced from Sichuan Province. wildlife productsillegal The in seizureone had on available all Based information about known the sources of Panda Red seizures, confiscated the Red Pandas • • • • • In 2005,three convicted of involvment purchase, illegal inthe transport and of sale five Red Pandas In 2013,aperson convicted purchase illegal inthe and transport of one Panda Red (purchased in In 2014,aperson convicted hunting of illegal the and transport of Pandas three Red (hunted inLeibo In 2014,aperson convicted purchase of illegal the and transport of Pandas 11Red (hunted inMuchuan In 2016,five convicted of involvement illegal thepurchase, in transport sale and of four Red Pandas (hunted years imprisonment,between CNY15,000 with fines and CNY30,000. (purchased inMabian Yi Autonomous County, Leshan City, Sichuan Province) were sentenced to 8–10 imprisonment, with atwo year probation, and afine of CNY2,000; Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province) was sentenced to one year and afine of CNY5,000; County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province) was sentenced to five years imprisonment County, Leshan City, Sichuan Province) was sentenced to 10.5years imprisonment and afine of CNY10,000; an Asiatic ( Black Bear in Baoxing County, Ya’an City, Sichuan Province), five Snub-nosed Monkeys Selenarctos thibetanus Selenarctos ) were sentenced to 3–12years imprisonment;

©TRAFFIC Rhinopithecus roxellanaeRhinopithecus Pandas enforcement seizures of Red Figure 7.Map of fivelaw and and 7 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 8 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER Asia Tibetan the to particularly China, Autonomous Region; contactedTRAFFIC) to need be to understand and whether why there Panda is Red smuggling from South In light of low the number of findingsfrom the marketNGOs in surveys, India and (e.g. WWF Nepal and Province in2006. products, e.g. Tiger/leopard skins and ivories, Panda Red pelts were only recorded once inShangri-la, Yunnan Furthermore, inrecent years, TRAFFIC when has conducted market for other surveys threatened species few productsOnly very were found during physical specific the andfor Red online surveys Panda products. NEXT STEPSANDRECOMMENDATIONS • • • • • • • The prosecution results forseizures all trackedreported shouldbe to improve understanding illegal of Wildlife analysts trade (e.g. TRAFFIC) to need investigate and cross-check discrepancies the between Donors to need support initiatives new and projects to work management wildlife with local and PandaRed products should forced be registered to be by provincial conservation wildlife departments in TheRed Pandapelt hats and clothingthat are owned/worn peopleby old in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces The physical be and results reported to will online survey relevant enforcement agencies fortheir follow- conducted should be also Surveys inother Panda Red range countries, including Nepal, India, Bhutan, hunting and Pandas inRed trade and products their inChina. reasons and them behind improve reporting protocols; importer and data exporter with USand Chinese, CITES Management German Authorities to the identify communities to strengthen and maintain conservation efforts for Red Pandas; enforcement departments inSichuan, Yunnan and Tibetan the Autonomous Region, as well as religious China; products entering market, the might which stimulate demand for Panda Red products; should registered be by provincial the conservation wildlife departments in order to avoid old these up; and Myanmar to get an overall understanding of market the dynamics and analysis of routes; trade Zoos 2:79–92. Zoos Ziegler, S.,Gebauer, A.and Melisch, of Panda. -under sign the Red the (2010).Sikkim Des R. Zeitschrift Kölner Province. Yang, Q., J., Ran, Zhang S.and Du, B. (2008).Distribution of Panda Red inQionglai Mountains of Sichuan map.html?id=714 List TheRed IUCN of Threatened from Retrieved (2015). Species. chinalawedu.com/falvfagui/fagui/jx1607077698.shtml Standing Committee of National the People’s from Congress. Chinalawedu: (2016).Retrieved http://www. Wildlife Liu, X., Zhang, M. and Liu, Research Z. (2011). Ecological Stauts of Ailurus fulgens, China. Liu, Panda X.(2009).Red Wizard -Red inSouthwest Forest of China. Hu, H.,Li, Y. (1993).Discussion on Panda Red Strategy. Conervation Han, Z.,Hu, J. Panda (2004).Red Resources Status and Conservation. List of Threatened Species: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/714/0 Glatston, A.,Wei, F.,Zaw Than A.(2015). & Sherpa, Glatston, A.(ed.) (2011). REFERENCES 32(1):38–40. Zoological ResearchZoological Red Panda -Biology and Conservation of the First Panda. 29(5):546–552. Aliurus fulgens Ailurus fulgens . Retrieved 612,2017,from TheRed . Retrieved IUCN Wild Animals The The Biological Bulletin Forest and Human and Forest : http://maps.iucnredlist.org/ Academic Press, San Diego. (2). 31–45. Chinese Journal of 39(9):7–9. 9 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 10 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER Annex 1:OnlinePlatformsSurveyedforRedPandaProducts No. 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 翰龙雅集 中国收藏热线 雅昌艺术网论坛 文玩天下 盛世收藏网 中华古玩网 藏龙网 壹号收藏 文玩部落 文玩八方 阿里巴巴国际 阿里巴巴中国 易趣 百姓网 赶集网 淘宝 拍拍网 58同城 说宝 中国古玩论坛（杂项区） 中华收藏网 文玩天下商城 上海文玩 雅昌交艺网 汉唐收藏网 中国收藏网 易玩中国网 华夏收藏网 博宝艺术品商城 Chinese name Chinese Yiqu Baixing Ganji Taobao Paipai Tongcheng58 Shuobao Zhongguo Guwan Forum Zhonghua Shoucang Wang Wenwantianxia Shopping WenwanShanghai Artebuy WangHantang Shoucang Zhongguo Shoucang Wang Yiwan China Huaxia Shoucang Wang Bobao Hanlongyaji Zhongguo Shoucang Rexian Artron Wenwantianxia Shenshi Shoucang Wang Zhonghua Guwan Wang Canglong Yihao Shoucang Wenwanbuluo Wenwanbafang (International)Alibaba (China) Alibaba English nameEnglish http://www.artebuy.com/ http://www.htscw.com/ http://bbs.socang.com http://www.ewancn.com/ http://www.mycollect.net/shop/ http://shop.artxun.com/ http://bbs.hl365.net/ http://www.997788.com/ http://bbs.artron.net/search.php http://www.htchi.com/ http://www.sssc.cn/ http://www.gucn.com/ http://www.a9188.com/ http://www.1shoucang.com/ http://www.haohetao.com/ http://www.8fromchina.net/forum.php http://www.alibaba.com/ http://china.alibaba.com/ http://www.eachnet.com/ http://beijing.baixing.com/ http://bj.ganji.com/ http://www.taobao.com/ http://www.paipai.com/ http://bj.58.com/ http://www.shuobao.com/ http://www.chineseantiques.com.cn http://www.shoucw.com/ http://shop.wwtx.cn/ http://www.feiqu.com/forum.php Link 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 百度贴吧 海宁中国皮革城 中国皮草网 辛集皮革城 中国皮毛信息网 环球收藏网 龙之藏 Longzhicang Baidu Forum Haining City Leatherware China Website Leatherware China Xinji City Leatherware Website FurChina and Feather Information Huanqiu Shoucang Wang https://tieba.baidu.com http://www.zgpgc.com/ http://www.furscity.com/portal.php http://www.xinjipidu.com/ http://www.fur.com.cn/ http://www.96hq.com/ http://www.lzc369.com/forum.php 11 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

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