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Engineered Nanoparticles Current Knowledge About OHS Risks and Prevention Measures Second Edition Chemical Substances and Biological Agents Studies and Research Projects REPORT R-656 Engineered Nanoparticles Current Knowledge about OHS Risks and Prevention Measures Second Edition Claude Ostiguy Brigitte Roberge Catherine Woods Brigitte Soucy Established in Québec since 1980, the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST) is a scientific research organization known for the quality of its work and the expertise of its personnel. OUR RESEARCH is working for you ! Mission To contribute, through research, to the prevention of industrial accidents and occupational diseases as well as to the rehabilitation of affected workers. To offer the laboratory services and expertise necessary for the activities of the public occupational health and safety prevention network. To disseminate knowledge, and to act as scientific benchmark and expert. Funded by the Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail, the IRSST has a board of directors made up of an equal number of employer and worker representatives. To find out more Visit our Web site for complete up-to-date information about the IRSST. All our publications can be downloaded at no charge. www.irsst.qc.ca To obtain the latest information on the research carried out or funded by the IRSST, subscribe to Prévention au travail, the free magazine published jointly by the IRSST and the CSST. Subscription: 1-877-221-7046 Legal Deposit Bibliothèque et Archives nationales 2010 ISBN: 978-2-89631-478-2 (print format) ISBN: 978-2-89631-479-9 (PDF) ISSN: 0820-8395 IRSST – Communications Division 505, De Maisonneuve Blvd West Montréal (Québec) H3A 3C2 Phone: 514 288-1551 Fax: 514 288-7636 [email protected] www.irsst.qc.ca © Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, July 2010 Chemical Substances and Biological Agents Studies and Research Projects REPORT R-656 Engineered Nanoparticles Current Knowledge about OHS Risks and Prevention Measures Second Edition Disclaimer Claude Ostiguy and Brigitte Roberge, The IRSST makes no guarantee Research and Expertise Support Department, IRSST regarding the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information Catherine Woods and Brigitte Soucy, contained in this document. In no IRSST/University of Montréal case shall the IRSST be held responsible for any physical or psychological injury or material damage resulting from the use of this information. Note that the content of the docu- Note : ments is protected by Canadian intellectual property legislation. The following people have participated to the First Edition of this report published in 2006 by the IRSST in the Research and Studies Series, report # R-455. Some of the informations of this report have been kept, removed, modified, updated, or summarized in the current report. Claude Ostiguy, project leader, Research and Expertise Support Department, IRSST Gilles Lapointe, Répertoire Toxicologique, CSST Luc Ménard, Prevention-Inspection Department, CSST Yves Cloutier, Strategic Watch and Quality Management Department, IRSST Mylène Trottier, Consultant, Proximeduc Michel Boutin, Research and Expertise Support Department, IRSST Monty Antoun, Documentation Center, CSST Christian Normand, Consultant for NanoQuébec This publication is available free of charge on the Web site. This study was financed by the IRSST. The conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors. IN CONFORMITY WITH THE IRSST’S POLICIES The results of the research work published in this document have been peer-reviewed. IRSST - Engineered Nanoparticles: Current Knowledge about Occupational Health and Safety Risks and i Prevention Measures SUMMARY Nanotechnology is a dynamic field and new products containing nanoparticles are being marketed every week. Already, more than 1000 are commercially available. This being the case, the development of these nanoparticles, their industrial preparation and their integration into different products involve a potential occupational exposure of hundreds of Québec workers. New Québec companies are introducing this field, thus increasing the number of potentially exposed workers. This trend should continue for several years. An initial assessment of the state of scientific knowledge about the occupational health and safety aspects (OHS) related to synthetic nanoparticles (NP) was published by the IRSST in 2006 and covered the scientific literature until the end of 2004. What was found was that OHS knowledge was very fragmentary but that research in this field was rapidly growing. This current document aims to assess the state of current knowledge in this field and summarizes the data available until early 2010. Overall, what emerges is that NP remain an important source of concern in OHS. In fact, not only does the diversity of commercially available chemical products of nanometric dimensions continue to increase, but also, the information available about the hazards specific to these substances is still very fragmentary. The literature gives us very little information specific to NP relating to their physical hazards like fires or explosions. As for health hazards, many toxicological studies on different substances have demonstrated toxic effects on various organs. It is found that in general, an NP will normally be more toxic than the same chemical substance of larger dimensions, but it is currently impossible to determine which measuring parameter for exposure is best correlated with the measured effects. The evaluation of occupational exposure must therefore address a series of different parameters, and the exposure data available are relatively rare. It should also be noted that at the present time, attention is particularly focused on carbon nanotubes (CNT), which seem to show, in different animal studies, toxicity similar to that of asbestos and consequently causing great concern in the international scientific community, mainly relating to prevention. In a context of incomplete data for the majority of nanometric substances, it remains impossible to quantify the risks for workers in the majority of situations because the toxicity of the products, the level of dust contamination of workplaces, or their potential to cause fires or explosions remain not extensively documented or totally undocumented. Nevertheless, the majority of the means of exposure control for ultrafine particles should be effective against NP and much research is currently being carried out to confirm this. In a context of uncertainty about the risks, and with an increasing number of potentially exposed workers, the current report paints a big picture of the OHS knowledge currently available in the NP field. In the absence of specific standards, a preventive and even a precautionary approach are recommended, and a review of the available means for minimizing worker exposure is presented. The needs for developing new knowledge are enormous and the authors propose some avenues of research that they feel are a priority in the current Québec context. IRSST - Engineered Nanoparticles: Current Knowledge about Occupational Health and Safety Risks and iii Prevention Measures TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi 1. CONTEXT AND OHS ISSUES .............................................................................................1 2. OBJECTIVES .........................................................................................................................3 3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................3 4. TERMINOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLES ....................................................................5 4.1 Terminology ...................................................................................................................5 4.2 Classification and Properties..........................................................................................6 4.2.1 The Main Carbon-Based Nanoparticles .............................................................6 4.2.1.1 Fullerenes ............................................................................................6 4.2.1.2 Graphene Nanofoils ............................................................................7 4.2.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes ...............................................................................7 4.2.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres ..............................................................................7 4.2.1.5 Carbon Black ......................................................................................8 4.2.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams .............................................................................8 4.2.2 Other Inorganic Nanoparticles ...........................................................................8 4.2.2.1 Metals ..................................................................................................8 4.2.2.2 Metal Oxides .......................................................................................8
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