BALTIC A quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. December 2012. Vol. V:3–4. 1 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Book review: WO Södertörn University, Stockholm Naimark’s “Genocide” R LDS December 2012. Vol. V:3–4. BALTIC WORLDSbalticworlds.com Gated communities in Poland Modernizing marginal Russia Report from Prussian Posen Wolves in myth and reality Cities in the Baltic also in this issue Illustration: KG Nilson RUSSIAN HUMAN RIGHTS FIGHTERS / DISSIDENCE IN VILNIUS / BERLIN FASHION / KRAKÓW STREET ART / ANDREI PLEşU & JÜRGEN KOCKA short takes Encounter between East and West Painting “RUSSIAN CULTURE IN philosophy of language COVER ARTIST KG Nilson is EXILE (1921–1953)” was the and artistic expressionism a renowned Swedish paint- theme of a two-day confer- in the young, exiled Roman er who for several years ence at the Courtauld Insti- Jakobson. was a professor at the tute in London (November Robert Chandler, poet Royal Swedish Academy 2–3, 2012). The conference and translator of the likes of of Fine Arts. His studios are invitation was adorned with Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai in Stockholm (in the same an illustration for an article Leskov, Vasily Gross- apartment where Anders in Baltic Worlds (IV:3), writ- man, Andrei Platonov, and Zorn used to reside) and ten by Karl Schlögel, about Varlam Shalamov, gave in Bästekille, on Sweden’s Russian emigration to an address in which he southern Baltic shore. ≈ Berlin and the West. Karin showed how the question Sunvisson’s illustration is that Chernyshevsky once republished here. posed and Lenin tried to Conference organizer answer, Shto delat? (What Natalia Murray took the op- is to be done?), was kept portunity to launch a book, alive, albeit in an ironic way, The Unsung Hero of the in Russian émigré literary Russian Avant-Garde: The circles – in this case by Life and Times of Nikolay the writer Nadezhda Teffi Punin, on a key figure in (1872–1952). Russian art criticism – a The editors hope that Corrections person who had exception- participants in the confer- al knowledge of modern art ence on Russian exile Illustration: Karin Sunvisson Karin Illustration: trends in the West and, as a culture will contribute texts IN MAGNUS LUNGGREN’S young communist, had col- overshadowed by his mistress Anna Akhmatova. to BW during the coming article “August Strindberg” laborated with the Cultural Among the speakers at the conference were Andrei Tolstoy from the publication year. ≈ (BW V:2, p. 32), Stringberg’s Commissar Lunacharsky; Pushkin Museum in Moscow, who presented a broad survey of Russian in- Ensam was referred to un- who tried to live in a kind of fluences on European art during the first half of the 20th century, and Leslie der two different names in internal exile, and perished Chamberlain, author of an acclaimed book on the “philosophy steamer” Note: For more information English, potentially causing in the Gulag in ​​Vorutka; and bearing Russian intellectuals forced into exile, which set sail in 1921, shortly see www.courtauld.ac.uk/ confusion. One was a gloss, who for posterity has been after the Russian Civil War: she talked about the relationship between the researchforum/index.shtml. a literal translation of the word ensam: “Alone”, the other was the name that one particular translator editors’ column happened to choose for his translation of Ensam, “Days of Loneliness”. Both the gloss “Alone” and the title Scholarly rigor & open access “Days of Loneliness” refer to the same work, Ensam. In addition, a misprint in a quo- THE AUTUMN ISSUE of Baltic World’s is a thick double may be interested in it; access online journal. We are included in tation from Pyast’s memoirs issue. The heft has increased, but the underlying concept – Be presented in a publishing channel the Directory of Open Access Journals fundamentally changes the is the same: scholarly, peer-reviewed articles from various that has sophisticated procedures for (DOAJ). All peer-reviewed articles and meaning of a key sentence: disciplines, reviews written by experts, and high-quality peer review. scholarly reviews on the BW website may “You, the abode of the popular science/journalistic articles. be freely downloaded and reproduced. writer of Days of Loneliness, Baltic Worlds has been added to the Norwegian A JOURNAL MAY also be assigned Level 2. These articles become searchable in all my first Strindberg book ---, bibliometric register “Database for Statistics on Higher The requirements for this level include that catalogs and databases that retrieve data chose: I have been in you!” Education (DBH)” and assigned Level 1, which means that the journal must be a leader in its field of re- from DOAJ. This provides good oppor- should actually read: “You, a peer-reviewed article published in BW will generate one search, which, for a multidisciplinary journal tunities for authors of scholarly articles the abode that the writer publication point for the authors and their institutions. The like BW, may not be applicable. Neverthe- published in BW to be read and cited by [...]”. (Emphasis ours.) Norwegian register includes more than 20,000 journals. less, the editorial board will continue to other scholars. In addition, in Kjetil As of this writing, BW is one of seven journals published in develop the procedures of our peer review BW will however continue welcoming Duvold’s article “Fear and Sweden in the assigned category of international policy system to assure the rigorous quality stan- readers and writers outside the academic Loathing in Lithuania” that have achieved Level 1. dards imposed by Level 2. world. In this issue for instance we read (BW V:2, pp. 40-47), the last In order to reach Level 1, a journal must: The editors of BW encourage research- about the proliferation of gated communi- column in table 4 contained – Present novel insights (original research); ers to continue submitting articles for peer ties in Poland, human attitudes towards inaccurate data. A cor- – Be in a form that makes the results reproducible or review. More detailed instructions are wild animals in northern Europe, and hu- rected table can be found useful in new research; available on our website under “Become a man rights activists in Russia. ≈ and downloaded in PDF – Be presented in a language and via a distribution; contributor”. format at balticworlds.com. channel that makes it accessible to most scholars who In addition, BW is now an accepted open We regret these errors. ≈ This magazine has now achieved international recognition. The rest is hard work. BALTIC editorial 3 WORLDSbalticworlds.com Concerning Sponsored by the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies colonialism A quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. December 2012. Vol. V:3–4. 1 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Book review: Södertörn University, Stockholm Naimark’s “Genocide” BALTIC contents olonialism, ladies and gentlemen, is not man and Habsburg empires good illus- WORLDSbalticworlds.com a particularly modern phenomenon, nor trations in that respect? Moving people Gated communities in Poland Features can one rightly say it is a thing of the past. on a mass scale is a costly business; it is Modernizing marginal Russia Report from Prussian Posen European history is rife with instances of preferable, at least from an economic Wolves in myth and reality 4 For fear of beasts both external and internal colonialism. The Crusades standpoint, to collect taxes and tributes may be regarded as an example of the former — and by other means if possible. Cities in the Baltic 26 European record in gated the crusaders not only went south towards Constanti- But economies differ and scale also also in this issue Illustration: KG Nilson communities nople and the Holy Land, but also to the east and the matters. When Russia, in the final days RUSSIAN HUMAN RIGHTS FIGHTERS / DISSIDENCE IN VILNIUS / BERLIN FASHION / KRAKÓW STREET ART / ANDREI PLEŞU & JÜRGEN KOCKA north. of the Rurik Dynasty, began to conquer Editors Lecture In his book The Making of Europe (1993), Robert the lands beyond the Urals, skins and Anders Björnsson (editor- Bartlett attempted to bring to light the underlying hides filled the coffers of the rulers, in-chief) and Ninna Mörner 10 On tolerance and intolerance forces at play. He saw the mass emigrations of the but the territories were so vast that Publisher High Middle Ages as an effect of acute demographic relocation of people became necessary Irina Sandomirskaja Essays pressure in what were then the core territories of to pacify these settlements, collect the Editorial advisory board Europe. The die of demography was cast: there was financial profits of exploitation — plun- Sari Autio–Sarasmo, 37 Urban space and cultures in an aristocratic population surplus; noble boys were der masquerading as trade — and make Aleksanteri Institute, the Baltic Sea area bereft of inherited land and had to seek their fortunes sure the wealth was not spread too lib- Helsinki, Li Bennich–Björk- elsewhere, plow new ground. erally in the country, which would cre- man, Uppsala University, 48 Poland: Memories of the shipyard And thus began the conquest operations: the ate a base for competing power centers. Monica Hammer, CBEES, strike founding of new societies and cities, missionary activi- (This is something which perhaps bears Lars Johannsen, University ties, and the spread of technology. The last pockets comparison to the commodities-based of Aarhus, Ann-Cathrine 60 Muslim women in Russia – of heathenism in Europe (Lithuania!) were Christian- state-monopolistic capitalism of today.) Jungar, CBEES, Thomas becoming full members of society ized. Knightly orders and an early form of commercial Lundén, Chair, CBEES, capitalism (the Hanseatic League!) integrated the pe- THE MISSION THIS time could be per- Jens E. Olesen, University Reports ripheries with the centers, of which there were many ceived as civilizational, and Mark Bassin of Greifswald, Irina Sando- when imperial power was chiefly an ideological con- has compared the pioneer mentality mirskaja, CBEES, Barbara 47 History on trial in Vilnius struction.