Order Evolutionary Adaptation Response to the Environment

Order

Response to the environment

Evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction

Regulation

Energy processing

Growth and development

1 The biosphere Tissues Ecosystems Organs and organ systems

Communities Cells Organelles

Organisms Atoms

Populations Molecules 2 Sunlight

Leaves absorb light energy from Leaves take in the sun. carbon dioxide CO2 from the air and release oxygen.

Cycling of chemical nutrients

Leaves fall to Water and Animals eat the ground and minerals in leaves and fruit are decomposed the soil are from the tree. by organisms taken up by that return the tree minerals to the through soil. its roots. 3 Sunlight Heat

When energy is used Producers absorb light to do work, some energy and transform it into energy is converted to chemical energy. thermal energy, which is lost as heat.

An animal’s muscle cells convert Chemical chemical energy energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do Chemical energy in work such as growing food is transferred new leaves. from plants to consumers.

(a) Energy flow from sunlight to (b) Using energy to do work producers to consumers

4 (a) Wings (b) Wing bones

5 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm

Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm 6 Sperm cell

Nuclei containing DNA

Fertilized egg with DNA from Embryo’s cells with Egg cell both parents copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

7 Nucleus A

DNA C Nucleotide T A T Cell A C C G T A G T A

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA 8 A Negative feedback Enzyme 1

D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step. D D C

Enzyme 3

(a) Negative feedback

Enzyme 4

X Positive feedback + Enzyme 5

Excess Z Z Y stimulates a Z step. Z Enzyme 6

(b) Positive feedback 9 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Ursus americanus (American black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

10 (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea m µ m µ 2 2

100 µm

Kingdom Plantae

Protists

Kingdom Fungi

11 15 µm 5 µm

Cilia of Cilia of Paramecium windpipe cells

0.1 µm Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope

12 1 Population with 2 Elimination of 3 Reproduction of 4 Increasing varied inherited individuals with survivors frequency of traits certain traits traits that enhance survival and reproductive success

13 Warbler finches Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea

COMMON Gray warbler finch ANCESTOR Seed-eater Certhidea fusca

Sharp-beaked

Bud-eater Bud-eater ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris

Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Tree finches Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper

Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Cactus-flower- Cactus-flower- Large cactus eaters eaters ground finch Geospiza conirostris Ground finches Cactus ground finch Seed-eaters Seed-eaters Geospiza scandens

Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis

Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris 14 Observations

Question

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem

Test of prediction Test of prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 15