FIELD GUIDES BIRDING TOURS: Galapagos: an Intimate Look At
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Cross-Temporal Analysis of Genetic Diversity in the Endangered Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus Pauper) and Closely Related Darwin’S Finches
Cross-Temporal Analysis of Genetic Diversity in the Endangered Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus pauper) and Closely Related Darwin’s Finches By Colleen Metzger B.S., Juniata College, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati Department of Biological Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Committee Chair: Kenneth Petren, Ph.D. November 2012 Abstract Natural history collections can provide a direct view of past genotypes, which allows greater insight into evolutionary processes that are relevant for conservation and management. However, few studies have used broad surveys of multilocus genotypes from the past to address the wide range of processes that can affect conservation planning of a species today. Therefore, we assessed the history and status of the critically endangered medium tree finch, Camarhynchus pauper, an endemic finch of the Galápagos Islands. Using ancient DNA techniques, we quantified cross-temporal genetic change for 16 microsatellite loci in this species and its relatives. We tested the hypothesis that C. pauper has undergone a recent reduction in population size and loss of genetic diversity, and evaluated the hypothesis that C. pauper is genetically distinct from its two closest relatives, C. parvulus and C. psittacula. We assessed whether decline in C. pauper has led to increased hybridization with other species and evaluated a long-standing hypothesis of its origin from C. psittacula on another island using genetic distances, assignment tests, and migration analyses. Genetic diversity declined significantly in C. pauper over time, and several other tree finch populations showed similar losses of genetic diversity. -
Can Darwin's Finches and Their Native Ectoparasites Survive the Control of Th
Insect Conservation and Diversity (2017) 10, 193–199 doi: 10.1111/icad.12219 FORUM & POLICY Coextinction dilemma in the Galapagos Islands: Can Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites survive the control of the introduced fly Philornis downsi? 1 2 MARIANA BULGARELLA and RICARDO L. PALMA 1School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand and 2Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract. 1. The survival of parasites is threatened directly by environmental alter- ation and indirectly by all the threats acting upon their hosts, facing coextinction. 2. The fate of Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites in the Galapagos Islands is uncertain because of an introduced avian parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, which could potentially drive them to extinction. 3. We documented all known native ectoparasites of Darwin’s finches. Thir- teen species have been found: nine feather mites, three feather lice and one nest mite. No ticks or fleas have been recorded from them yet. 4. Management options being considered to control P. downsi include the use of the insecticide permethrin in bird nests which would not only kill the invasive fly larvae but the birds’ native ectoparasites too. 5. Parasites should be targeted for conservation in a manner equal to that of their hosts. We recommend steps to consider if permethrin-treated cotton sta- tions are to be deployed in the Galapagos archipelago to manage P. downsi. Key words. Chewing lice, coextinction, Darwin’s finches, dilemma, ectoparasites, feather mites, Galapagos Islands, permethrin, Philornis downsi. Introduction species have closely associated species which are also endangered (Dunn et al., 2009). -
WILDLIFE CHECKLIST Reptiles the Twenty-Two Species of Galapagos
WILDLIFE CHECKLIST Reptiles The twenty-two species of Galapagos reptiles belong to five families, tortoises, marine turtles, lizards/iguanas, geckos and Clasifications snakes. Twenty of these species are endemic to the * = Endemic archipelago and many are endemic to individual islands. The Islands are well-known for their giant tortoises ever since their R = Resident discovery and play an important role in the development of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The name "Galapagos" M = Migrant originates from the spanish word "galapago" that means saddle. * Santa Fe land Iguana Conolophus pallidus Iguana Terrestre de Santa Fe * Giant Tortoise (11 Geochelone elephantopus Tortuga Gigante subspecies) M Pacific Green Sea Chelonia mydas Tortuga Marina Turtle * Marine Iguana * (7 Amblyrhynchus cristatus Iguana Marina subspecies) * Galapagos land Conolophus subcristatus Iguana Terrestre Iguana * Lava lizard (7 species) Tropidurus spp Lagartija de Lava Phyllodactylus * Gecko (6 species) Gecko galapagoensis * Galapagos snake (3 Culebras de Colubridae alsophis species) Galapagos Sea Birds The Galapagos archipelago is surrounded by thousands of miles of open ocean which provide seabirds with a prominent place in the fauna of the Islands . There are 19 resident species (5 are endemic), most of which are seen by visitors. There may be as many as 750,000 seabirds in Galapagos, including 30% of the world's blue-footed boobies, the world's largest red- footed booby colony and perhaps the largest concentration of masked boobies in the world (Harris, -
Galapagos Endemics Cruise: October-November 2013
Tropical Birding Trip Report Galapagos Endemics Cruise: October-November 2013 A Tropical Birding SET DEPARTURE tour Galapagos Endemics Cruise 24 October – 2 November 2013 A visit to the largest Waved Albatross colony in the world was an undoubted highlight Tropical Birding Tour leader: Jose Illanes (With Galapagos Naturalist Guide Jairo) 1 www.tropicalbirding.com +1-409-515-0514 [email protected] Page Tropical Birding Trip Report Galapagos Endemics Cruise: October-November 2013 Itinerary: Day 1 Arrival in Quito/night Quito Day 2 Quito to Baltra and Santa Cruz Day 3 Genovesa Day 4 Isabela to Bartolome Day 5 Bartolome to San Cristobal Day 6 San Cristobal to Española Day 7 Española Day 8 Floreana and Santa Cruz Day 9 North Seymour to Quito Day 10 Departure from Quito October 25: Quito to Baltra and Santa Cruz As for anybody going to the Galapagos Islands, it is perceived, correctly, as unique and amazing, and, as we were sitting on the plane, everybody’s minds were focused on getting there, and wishing they were there already! I had not been to the Galapagos for a while, and so I had my own excitement of returning to the islands myself knowing this would be a marked change from my usual tours within the jungles and rainforests of the mainland. This was to be a tour where the views of the birds were my least concern, as everything shows well. As we arrived at the main entry port to the Galapagos, the tiny island of Baltra, 2 www.tropicalbirding.com +1-409-515-0514 [email protected] Page Tropical Birding Trip Report Galapagos Endemics Cruise: October-November 2013 everyone’s eyes were glued to the window, taking in their first sights of the islands, which, for some, included their first Galapagos Doves flying by. -
Order Evolutionary Adaptation Response to the Environment
Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Reproduction Regulation Energy processing Growth and development 1 The biosphere Tissues Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Communities Cells Organelles Organisms Atoms Populations Molecules 2 Sunlight Leaves absorb light energy from Leaves take in the sun. carbon dioxide CO2 from the air and release oxygen. O2 Cycling of chemical nutrients Leaves fall to Water and Animals eat the ground and minerals in leaves and fruit are decomposed the soil are from the tree. by organisms taken up by that return the tree minerals to the through soil. its roots. 3 Sunlight Heat When energy is used Producers absorb light to do work, some energy and transform it into energy is converted to chemical energy. thermal energy, which is lost as heat. An animal’s muscle cells convert Chemical chemical energy energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do Chemical energy in work such as growing food is transferred new leaves. from plants to consumers. (a) Energy flow from sunlight to (b) Using energy to do work producers to consumers 4 (a) Wings (b) Wing bones 5 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm 6 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from Embryo’s cells with Egg cell both parents copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents 7 Nucleus A DNA C Nucleotide T A T Cell A C C G T A G T A (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA 8 A Negative feedback Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step. -
Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: Inquiring About Life • An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution – For example, the ghost plant is adapted to conserving water; this helps it to survive in the crevices of rock walls • Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 • Biology is the scientific study of life • Biologists ask questions such as – How does a single cell develop into an organism? – How does the human mind work? – How do living things interact in communities? • Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition • Life is recognized by what living things do © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Seahorse Camouflage © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3 Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Reproduction Regulation Energy processing Growth and development Figure 1.3a Evolutionary adaptation Figure 1.3b Response to the environment Figure 1.3c Reproduction Figure 1.3d Growth and development Figure 1.3e Energy processing Figure 1.3f Regulation Figure 1.3g Order Concept 1.1: The themes of this book make connections across different areas of biology • Biology consists of more than memorizing factual details • Themes help to organize biological information © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Theme: New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biological Hierarchy • Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planet • The study of life can be divided into different levels of biological organization © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Darwin's Tree Finches (Camarhynchus Spp.)
Current Zoology 61 (1): 181–190, 2015 Divergent foraging behavior in a hybrid zone: Darwin’s tree finches (Camarhynchus spp.) on Floreana Island * Katharina J. PETERS, Sonia KLEINDORFER School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia Abstract Hybrid speciation is increasingly recognized as a mechanism for novel evolutionary trajectories. However, we know very little about the ecology of a contact zone that has arisen in sympatry. This study examines the foraging behavior and fitness of two species of Darwin’s tree finches (Camarhynchus parvulus, C. pauper) and hybrid offspring on Floreana Island. Previous study showed that the percentage of hybrids in the tree finch population increased from 19% in 2005 to 41% in 2010, and their body and beak size increased by ~5% (parental phenotype did not change). In 2005–2006, all three tree finch groups (two paren- tal species and hybrid birds) used the same foraging substrate, technique, and height. By 2010–2013, the small tree finch C. par- vulus had changed its foraging technique and the medium tree finch C. pauper had changed its foraging height. Both parental species had higher body condition when foraging at (divergent) mean foraging heights per species but hybrid birds did not. We discuss the implications of conserving forest to facilitate vertical niche expansion and the role of hybridization for genetic persis- tence [Current Zoology 61 (1): 181–190, 2015]. Keywords Hybridization, Speciation, Adaptive radiation, Conservation, Scalesia, Ecological niche The 14 species of Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos tle or no gene flow as the result of reproductive barriers Islands are a textbook example of adaptive radiation (Price, 2008). -
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration Ä
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION ä ä GALAPAGOS REPORT 2015 - 2016 Restoration of the blackberry-invaded Scalesia forest: Impacts on the vegetation, invertebrates, and birds Heinke Jäger1, Sascha Buchholz2, Arno Cimadom3, Sabine Tebbich3, Jacqueline Rodríguez1, Denisse Barrera1, Anna Walentowitz4, Mareike Breuer2, Alonso Carrión5, Christian Sevilla5 and Charlotte Causton1 Photo: © Steven Frank 1Charles Darwin Foundation 2Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 3University of Vienna, Austria 4University of Greifswald, Germany 5Galapagos National Park Directorate The majority of studies on the impact of invasive plants have focused on single- species invasions despite the prevalence of co-occurring invasive species in many ecosystems that have the potential to interact (Kuebbing et al., 2013). Understanding the role of plant invaders in an ecosystem as well as interactions between and among species is important and can significantly affect the outcome of restoration programs (D’Antonio & Meyerson, 2002). A holistic approach toward restoration of the ecosystem is essential, though seldom undertaken (McAlpine et al., 2016). In the present study in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island in Galapagos, we addressed these shortcomings by investigating interactions among different invaders and by simultaneously assessing impacts of chemical blackberry control on the vegetation, invertebrates, and on bird numbers and breeding success in a forest dominated by the endemic Scalesia pedunculata tree at Los Gemelos. The Scalesia forest, housing the highest number of plant and animal species in the highlands of Santa Cruz, has been drastically reduced by agricultural activities in the past and more recently, by invasive plants (Rentería & Buddenhagen, 2006). On Santa Cruz, about 100 ha remain, less than 1% of its original distribution, with the largest concentration at Los Gemelos (Mauchamp & Atkinson, 2011). -
Galapagos: an Intimate Look at Darwin's Islands I 2019
Field Guides Tour Report Galapagos: An Intimate Look at Darwin's Islands I 2019 Jun 8, 2019 to Jun 18, 2019 Mitch Lysinger & local guide For our tour description, itinerary, past triplists, dates, fees, and more, please VISIT OUR TOUR PAGE. Galapagos Penguins were one of the highlights of the tour. This pair greeted us on the beach at Isabela Island. Photograph by participant Barry Tillman. The Galapagos Islands are without doubt a dream destination for anybody interested in the theory of evolution, and seeing many of the organisms that inspired Charles Darwin is a thrill of a lifetime! Our well-designed itinerary was as complete as it could possibly have been and got us to many of the most interesting visitor points on the islands. This meant that we we had the chance of seeing all of the accessible endemic bird species... and we did! What really makes all of this so magnificent in the end though is the sheer beauty of the islands and how we were able to get to so many fabulous sites - many quite isolated, and all very distinct - on our own private catamaran! The birding, and other natural history moments, were many, but here a some that I thought deserved special mention: American Flamingos a couple of times, but that close bird on our first day on Santa Cruz was particularly exciting; those Paint-billed Crakes on Floreana, even bathing in the tortoise pond; that cooperative Galapagos Rail that sneaked in on Santa Cruz for full body shots; all of those great seabirds, many on their nesting grounds, right at our feet; a pair of entertaining Galapagos Penguins on Isabela only feet away as we boarded the panga; Flightless Cormorants in full pair-bonding display; a couple of pairs of "Little" Vermilion Flycatcher in the highlands of Isabela for close views; Galapagos Martins zooming around the boat at close range; and all of those diverse finches that somehow find a way to eke out a living under tough conditions. -
Endangered Species 4(B)(3)(B) of the Act Requires Us to Make Program, U.S
Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 143 / Tuesday, July 27, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 43853 List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth ■ 2. Amend § 17.11(h) by adding a new below: entry for ‘‘Puffleg, black-breasted’’ in Endangered and threatened species, alphabetical order under BIRDS, to the Exports, Imports, Reporting and List of Endangered and Threatened recordkeeping requirements, Wildlife, to read as follows: Transportation. PART 17—[AMENDED] ■ 1. The authority citation for part 17 § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife. Regulation Promulgation continues to read as follows: ■ Accordingly, we amend part 17, Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. * * * * * subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201-4245; Pub. L. 99- 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. Species Vertebrate population where Historic range endangered Status When listed Critical habitat Special rules Common name Scientific name or threatened ******* BIRDS ******* Puffleg, black- Eriocnemis Ecuador, Entire E 767 NA NA breasted nigrivestis South Amer- ica ******* Dated: June 29, 2010 DATE: This final rule is effective August published promptly in the Federal Jeffrey L. Underwood, 26, 2010. Register. If we find that the petition has Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ADDRESSES: The supporting file for this presented substantial information Service. rule is available for public inspection, indicating that the requested action may [FR Doc. 2010–18018 Filed 7–26–10; 8:45 am] by appointment, during normal business be warranted (a positive finding), BILLING CODE 4310–55–S hours, Monday through Friday, in Suite section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Act requires us 400, 4401 N. -
SPECIAL BIRDING GALÁPAGOS ADVENTURE ABOARD the GALAXY with Guest Ornithologist John Sterling July 9-19, 2015
SPECIAL BIRDING GALÁPAGOS ADVENTURE ABOARD THE GALAXY with guest Ornithologist John Sterling July 9-19, 2015 GALAPAGOS WILDLIFE Adventure aboard the GALAXY _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: This trip begins with a rendezvous at the Quito airport on Day 1 (July 9th). DAY 1 (July 9) Arrive in Quito Arrive in Quito, Ecuador. Our representative will meet you outside the customs and immigration area at the airport. He or she will answer questions, brief you on the immediate arrangements, and escort you to your hotel. Swissôtel DAY 2 (July 10) Mindo Cloud Forest Reserve A full day option for birdwatchers or general nature lovers in the cloud forest. The cloud forests of the Andean slopes are among the most diverse in the world and home for bird species such as Cock of the Rock, Manakins, 10-15 species of hummingbirds, many species of Tanagers, small toucans, quetzals, trogons, wrens, antbirds and hawks. It is considerably lower than Yanacocha, and therefore warmer, although the trails are muddier and more difficult. This is the realm of hummingbirds, the best place in the tropics to see them, both in quantity and diversity (much better than the Amazon rainforest where they can be difficult to observe). You will have an early morning start on this tour and hike through jungle terrain among rich orchid and bromeliad flora. Depending on the weather, two or three reserves will be visited. You may experience some rain during the trip; however, it is typical to have clear days ranging in 60º-80º F. After lunch at a local restaurant you will enjoy visiting feeders where more than 15 species of hummingbirds can be observed. -
Origin of Species Beak of the Finch Film Guide Educator Materials
The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch Film Guide Educator Materials OVERVIEW The Beak of the Finch is one of three films in HHMI’s Origin of Species collection. Naturalists from Charles Darwin to E. O. Wilson have marveled at the incredible number and diversity of species on Earth. Understanding why there are so many species on our planet is an active area of current research. This film follows Princeton University biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant as they study the finches endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Their work, conducted over the course of four decades, shows how geography and ecology can both drive the evolution of new species. Darwin’s finches. Charles Darwin brought the finches living on the Galápagos Islands to scientists’ attention following his famed voyage on HMS Beagle. Thirteen distinct species of Galápagos finches are adapted to living in different habitats and eating different diets. One of the most striking differences among species is the shape and size of their beaks. (Photos courtesy of John van de Graaff.) KEY CONCEPTS A. Habitats and ecological niches are constantly changing; even entire ecosystems change over time. New species can arise as populations adapt to changes and new opportunities in the environment. B. Newly formed islands provide many new habitats for species to occupy. In the Galápagos Islands, a single ancestral population of finches has given rise to 13 separate species, each adapted to different habitats and niches. C. An adaptation is a structure or function that confers greater ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.