Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Reproduction Regulation Energy processing Growth and development 1 The biosphere Tissues Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Communities Cells Organelles Organisms Atoms Populations Molecules 2 Sunlight Leaves absorb light energy from Leaves take in the sun. carbon dioxide CO2 from the air and release oxygen. O2 Cycling of chemical nutrients Leaves fall to Water and Animals eat the ground and minerals in leaves and fruit are decomposed the soil are from the tree. by organisms taken up by that return the tree minerals to the through soil. its roots. 3 Sunlight Heat When energy is used Producers absorb light to do work, some energy and transform it into energy is converted to chemical energy. thermal energy, which is lost as heat. An animal’s muscle cells convert Chemical chemical energy energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical energy to do Chemical energy in work such as growing food is transferred new leaves. from plants to consumers. (a) Energy flow from sunlight to (b) Using energy to do work producers to consumers 4 (a) Wings (b) Wing bones 5 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm 6 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from Embryo’s cells with Egg cell both parents copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents 7 Nucleus A DNA C Nucleotide T A T Cell A C C G T A G T A (a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA 8 A Negative feedback Enzyme 1 B D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step. D D C Enzyme 3 D (a) Negative feedback W Enzyme 4 X Positive feedback + Enzyme 5 Excess Z Z Y stimulates a Z step. Z Enzyme 6 Z (b) Positive feedback 9 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya 10 (a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea m µ m µ 2 2 (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 µm Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Fungi 11 15 µm 5 µm Cilia of Cilia of Paramecium windpipe cells 0.1 µm Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 12 1 Population with 2 Elimination of 3 Reproduction of 4 Increasing varied inherited individuals with survivors frequency of traits certain traits traits that enhance survival and reproductive success 13 Warbler finches Warbler Insect-eaters Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea COMMON Gray warbler finch ANCESTOR Seed-eater Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked Bud-eater ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Insect-eaters Tree finches Tree Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Cactus-flower- Large cactus eaters ground finch Geospiza conirostris Ground finches Ground Cactus ground finch Seed-eaters Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris 14 Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem Test of prediction Test of prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 15 .