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z... .1 ‘ i=:l:w .r-‘anwkg I“. L) I). t.tv}£...i}X r. a... r58 vii)!» §Léuia «‘|I 5):). \ 11: T . .3 | A.) _flrI I 4 ‘r‘ A: I .. n.53.3..3 \ . i A \ 191‘ hi Ao-t (5.3.72 s . 5.. o ( 9 .Sh .n.oam§.n.. mania .. a 47s. 1 . ‘xx. ha! .. it .. 4' v azimLEu V awn? E43... 9... 3mg x, A . ‘ . , 12:93... i... r .. z x. ".1 :17: . 7?: 30:71.)... J:. :ii ‘ h! OI L... , x...- :...,‘a A 3 .: .K\ét .I . .31.. ”“3 " LIBRARY / ,2/ Michigan State ‘5" IO University This is to certify that the dissertation entitled FROM THE TIGRIS TO THE ROUGE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF CHALDEAN GENDERED ETHNICITY AND GENDER TRANSITION presented by CHARLES JOHNSON SPURLOCK has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD. degree in Sociology /’“"‘\ K“ A. )\ ‘7‘ (I f // \I ‘T if) /\ QM I) ‘ C) Ca (V MEjor Professor’s Signature \ May, 14, 2010 Date MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE ' DATE DUE DATE DUE 5/08 K:IProj/Aoc&PrelelRC/DateDue.indd FROM THE TIGRIS TO THE ROUGE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF CHALDEAN GENDERED ETHNICITY AND GENDER TRANSITION By Charles Johnson Spurlock A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY SOCIOLOGY 2010 ABSTRACT FROM THE TIGRIS TO THE ROUGE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF CHALDEAN GENDERED ETHNICITY AND GENDER TRANSITION By Charles Johnson Spurlock The literature on gender adaptation and migration has illuminated a general pattern of changing gender relations within immigrant families and communities. Immigrant women are accomplishing this task with the aid of economic and power resources they obtain in the host society. Still little theoretical or empirical attention has been directed at immigrant groups that maintain patriarchal gender relations. To fill this void, this study examines Iraqi Chaldean immigrants who are a group from an understudied region of the world and who retain patriarchy authority in their families and community organizations. Patriarchal dominance is a cultural feature particular to Near East and Central Asia given that the extended family is the dominant household arrangement. Beyond households, kinship networks provide access to most social, political and economic opportunities, making kinship ties persistent and the gender order patriarchal. Evaluating the social processes immigrants from this geographic region experience is crucial given the current political involvement of the United States and with the increasing number of immigrants and refugees arriving for settlement. To address our needs for more primary research on Near East immigrants, life history data is collected from fifty-one respondents to address the issue of patriarchal persistence. Respondents explain their migration motivations, community building and family history in a dialogical interview. The interviews are low intervention and seen as polyphonic dialogues understandable to in-group members. The theoretical approach builds on a structuration model identifying that emotional and symbolic structures in gender relations create normative constraints against immigrant and second-generation men and women. Within this fi'amework, social reproduction occurs. Men accept these constraints acting as responsible patriarchs for their extended families, while women negotiate within woman-to-woman networks for desired concessions without a wholesale challenge to existing patriarchal gender relations. This research provides an additional case study and expands our theoretical horizons beyond power and economic factors. Further, pre-migration factors indicate that men dominate most social and economic resources leaving women in a dependent state. After migration, ethnic traditions within the community and family build formidable emotional and symbolic structures that extend patriarchal customs into the second generation. Cepyright by Charles Johnson Spurlock 20 1 O ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend special thanks to Steven Gold whose tireless efforts brought this work to completion. He acted as a patient adviser while reviewing multiple versions of this dissertation. I marvel at his near encyclopedic knowledge of books, regional studies, special reports and journal articles on cultural adaptations of multiple immigrant and ethnic groups of which he has apprised me to contextualize this study within several rich intellectual traditions. He certainly made more content available than I utilized for this study. I appreciate Maxine Baca Zinn for her guidance on gender research and directing this study towards greater methodological clarity. Toby Ten Eyck offered encouragement along the way and schooled me to understand my status as a young sociologist. Leslie Moch provided a steady hand during the completion phase of the research making multiple suggestions for clarification and presentational style. My colleague Raymond Liedka provided feedback and comments which have been instrumental in the completion of my project as well. I save my last comments for the sacrifices my family made while I finished this endevour. To my son Danni Zhu, who wrote a poem at ten years of age describing his daddy as a vampire for staying up all night writing this dissertation, I find you a constant source of inspiration. Without a doubt my greatest appreciation extends to my Lao P0, Zhu Suyun. Without her constant and intense support, this project may have never come to fruition. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENDER ADAPTATION AND MIGRATION: THE CHALDEAN CASE STUDY ................................................ 1 CHALDEAN S INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ................................ 2 GENDER APPROACHES TO SOCIETY ......................................... 7 Structuration ............................................................... 7 Social Reproduction .................................................... 12 GENDERED ADAPTATION AND MIGRATION: THE LITERATURE ............................................................... 15 Transgressive Practices ................................................ l7 Fragmented Structure .................................................. 19 CHALDEAN STUDIES SO FAR ................................................ 20 GENERATIONS .................................................................... 23 PLAN OF DISSERTATION ...................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2 LIFE HISTORIES ........................................................................... 27 EXPERIENCES IN THE FIELD ................................................. 28 OVERCOMING OUTSIDER STATUS ........................................ 31 CHALDEAN MOTIVATION TO PARTICIPATE .......................... .35 LIFE HISTORY DATA AND LIFE STORY INTERVIEWS ............... 37 RESEARCH PROCESS ........................................................... 41 SAMPLING .......................................................................... 42 CAUTION ON PSUEDONYMS ................................................. 43 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................. 43 CONCLUSION ...................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3 MIGRATION: A CENTURY IN THE MAKING ...................................... 47 MIGRATION NETWORK THEORY AND THE GENDER ORDER. 47 IMMIGRANT COHORTS ........................................................ 52 CHALDEAN COHORTS ......................................................... 53 POLTICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT: THE FIRST COHORT ...... 56 SOCIAL TIES, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND PATRIARCHY ................. 58 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT: THE SECOND COHORT ......................................................... 61 SOCIAL TIES, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND PATRIARCHY .......................... 70 THIRD COHORT ........................................................................... 75 CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 75 vi CHAPTER 4 EMOTIONAL AND SYMBOLIC STRUCTURES OF GENDER RELATIONS ................................................................. 77 ISSUES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE .............................................. 78 CHALDEAN FAMILY STRUCTURE ............................................ 81 WELLSPRINGS OF CHALDEAN CLASSICAL PATRIARCHY .......... 84 Migration Networks ........................................................... 85 Chaldean Sociability ........................................................ 87 Family Traditions ............................................................ 90 CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION OF CONNECTIVE PATRIARCHY ................... 98 CHALDEAN HABITUS ........................................................... 99 Gender Socialization ....................................................... 100 Dating ....................................................................... 1 03 Education .................................................................... 105 Summary of the Chaldean Habitus ....................................... 106 SOCIAL FIELD ..................................................................... 107 Dating ....................................................................... 107 Symbolic Violence ........................................................... l 12 CONCLUSION ....................................................................
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