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Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Fruit Crops

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Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Fruit Crops Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of fruit crops and wild fruit species BIOVERSITY Bioversity International is the operating name of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Supported by the CGIAR. ISBN 978-92-9043-914-1 УДК: 581.5+631.526 Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of fruit crops and wild fruit species Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference 23-26 August 2011, Tashkent, Uzbekistan M.K. Turdieva, A.K. Kayimov, K.I. Baymetov, F.U. Mustafina, E.A. Butkov, editors c Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of fruit crops and wild fruit species Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference 23-26 August 2011, Tashkent, Uzbekistan M.K. Turdieva, A.K. Kayimov, K.I. Baymetov, F.U. Mustafina, E.A. Butkov, editors This publication presents part of the findings of the regional GEF project “In situ/ on farm conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity (horticultural crops and wild fruit species) in Central Asia” implemented in five countries - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The project is coordinated by Bioversity International (IPGRI) with financing from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), and implementation support from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Bioversity International is a research-for-development organization working with partners worldwide to use and conserve agricultural and forest biodiversity for improved livelihoods, nutrition, sustainability and productive and resilient ecosystems.Bioversity International is working towards a world in which smallholder farming communities in developing countries of Africa, Asia and the Americas are thriving and sustainable. Bioversity International focuses on rain-fed farming systems, primarily managed by smallholder farmers, in areas where large- scale agriculture is not a viable option. Its research influences policy decisions and investment in agricultural research, from the local level to the global level. Bioversity International is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food secure future. CGIAR research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources. It is carried out by the 15 centers who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in close collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, including national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, and the private sector. www.cgiar.org Bioversity International’s headquarters are near Rome, Italy, along with Rome- based UN food agencies FAO, IFAD and WFP. Bioversity International has regional offices in Colombia, Kenya and Malaysia. The organization, founded in 1973, has more than 300 staff and scientists worldwide working with almost 700 partners. www.bioversityinternational.org Citation: Turdieva M.K., Kayimov A.K., Baymetov K.I., Mustafina F.U. and Butkov E.A. editors. 2012. Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of fruit crops and wild fruit species. Proceedings of International scientific and practical conference, 23-26 August 2011, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Cover illustration: Harvesting of fruits on the experimental farm "Merkenskiy", photo by Bakyt Sauranbaev ISBN 978-92-9043-914-1 УДК: 581.5+631.526 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy © Bioversity International, 2012 Bioversity International is the operating name of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Contents Foreword vi Section 1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF PGR DIVERSITY 1 IN SITU/ON farm CONSERVATION AND USE OF AGROBIODIVERSITY IN CENTRAL ASIA: POLICY ISSUES AND BENEFIT-SHARING MECHANISMS 2 SOME ISSUES OF FARMERS’ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION 6 ROLE OF HOUSEHOLD ORCHARDS AND FARM ENTERPRISES IN AGROBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 10 TOWARDS LEGAL PROTECTION OF WILD RELATIVES AND ANCIENT VARIETIES OF FRUIT CROPS IN TURKMENISTAN 13 LEGAL ASPECTS OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS DEVELOPMENT AND IN SITU CONSERVATION OF FRUIT CROPS’ WILD RELATIVES 17 LEGAL ASPECTS OF PEASANT (FARM) ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 26 ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN LOCAL AGROBIODIVERSITY MAINTENANCE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF UZBEKISTAN 30 TRADITIONAL AND MODERN METHODS FOR APRICOT FRUITS PROCESSING USED IN FARM ENTERPRISES IN TAJIKISTAN 33 STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL RELATION IN THE CONSERVATION OF FRUIT CROP BIODIVERSITY 37 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES LEGAL PROTECTION 41 SAVING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT FOR THE FUTURE 46 Section 2. DIVERSITY OF FRUIT CROPS AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR SUSTAINABLE USE 51 DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION OF TARGET FRUIT CROPS IN CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS 52 NURATAU RANGE WALNUT FORMS: BIODIVERSITY FOR BREEDING AND POTENTIAL FOR REPRODUCTION IN UZBEKISTAN 56 LOCAL VARIETIES AND WILD FORMS OF GRAPE IN UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR BREEDING VALUE 59 FRUIT CROP DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION AMONG FARM ENTERPRISES IN UZBEKISTAN 62 BERBERIS L. GENUS BIODIVERSITY IN CENTRAL ASIA 66 BLACK CURRANT BIOENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES AND USEFUL PROPERTIES 72 SUMMARY OF ALMOND ORIGIN, HABITAT AND USE IN SOUTH KYRGYZSTAN 76 FRUIT AND NUT FOREST CONSERVATION IN UZBEKISTAN 80 POMEGRANATE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY IN UZBEKISTAN 84 WILD SEA-BUCKTHORN IN KYRGYZSTAN 87 FRUIT CROP GENE POOL CONSERVATION IN ZARAFSHAN RESERVE 90 ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF THE UNEP-GEF/BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL PROJECT «IN SITU/ON farm CONSERVATION AND USE OF AGROBIODIVERSITY (FRUIT CROPS AND WILD FRUIT SPECIES) IN CENTRAL ASIA» IN uzbekistan 93 INFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL OF FRUIT CROPS GENE POOLS IN TURKMENISTAN 96 CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF SIEVERS APPLE TREE GENEPOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN 100 GENE POOL OF HORTICULTURAL SPECIES ROOTSTOCK IN KAZAKHSTAN 103 CRYOGENIC BANK OF APPLE GERMPLASM IN KAZAKHSTAN 106 FRUIT CROP DIVERSITY OF WESTERN PAMIRS 109 VITICULTURE AND CULTIVATED VARIETIES IN NORTH TAJIKISTAN 111 ANCIENT APPLE varieties OF SOUTHERN Kyrgyzstan 116 WILD RELATIVES OF FRUIT CROPS IN UZBEKISTAN 121 THE NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF WILD FRUIT CROP RELATIVES IN KAZAKHSTAN 125 CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF PISTACHIO WILD RELATIVES IN CENTRAL ASIA 130 CURRENT STATUS OF WILD CROP RELATIVES IN KYRGYZSTAN 133 DIVERSITY OF LOCAL PEACH VARIETIES IN Tajikistan AND ITS USE IN BREEDING 138 APRICOT CULTIVATION ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING OUTCOMES IN TAJIKISTAN 141 VARIETY STUDY OF THE GRAPE COLLECTION OF THE KYRGYZ RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FARMING: CONSERVATION AND DISSEMINATION OF THE BEST VARIETIES AMONG FARMERS 148 PROMISING PISTACHIO LINES OF BADKHYZ reserve FOR FURTHER VARIETY BREEDING 151 SELECTION OF FRUIT CROPS FOR ORCHARDS ON LEASED AND HOUSEHOLD PLOTS 155 BIODIVERSITY OF THE GENUS GOSSYPIUM L. 160 THE STATUS OF CULTIVARS AND WILD RELATIVES OF POMEGRANATE, (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) IN ARMENIA 164 WILD FRUIT CROP SPECIES DIVERSITY OF ARMENIA 167 THE ROLE OF THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS IN THE ISSUE OF THEIR sustainable USE IN GEORGIA 172 ON THE ORIGIN OF FRUIT AND SOME INDUSTRIAL CROPS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN GENOCENTRE AND MICROGENOCENTRE OF GEORGIA 175 RECOVERY AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF GEORGIA’S FRUIT BIODIVERSITY 180 Application OF DNA MARKERS TO ASSESS GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PYRUS CAUCASICA L. POPULATIONS IN ARMENIA 185 USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO LINK SOCIO- ECONOMIC PARAMETERS WITH UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR LIVELIHOOD DEVELOPMENT 188 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF PYRUS GENUS AND ITS USE IN THE BREEDING OF ADAPTED VARIETIES 191 THE ROLE OF OLD VARIETIES OF WHEAT IN BIOFORTIFICATION OF FLOUR 195 ISSUES IN INFORMATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF COTTON GERMPLASM RESOURCES OF UZBEKISTAN 201 Radiation METHOD FOR activating POST GRAFTING NEOGENESIS IN PERENNIAL PLANTS 203 MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF APPLIED AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTROL OF THE STATUS OF UZBEKISTAN’S ECOSYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 206 AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES IN MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS 209 METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION OF FRUIT CROPS ON FARMS 212 Section 3. DEVELOPMENT OF capacITY AND TRAINING IN ISSUES OF STUDY, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AGROBIODIVERSITY 217 Integrating AGROBIODIVERSITY INTO HIGHER education CURRICULA – AN international overview 218 EFFECTIVENESS AND RESULTS OF EDUCATION IN THE NATIONAL TRAINING-CENTER OF DUSHANBE 228 TRAINING OF RURAL PUPILS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SKILLS 231 INSTRUCTIVE WORK WITH FARMER COMMUNITIES ON CONSERVATION OF AGROBIODIVERSITY IN SAMARKAND REGION 235 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF WILD FRUIT SPECIES IN turkmenistan 239 WILD GRAPE IN THE GORGES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN KOPET DAG 245 Foreword Central Asia is one of the most important Vavilov’s centres of origin of cultivated plants, and the richest in specific and intraspecific diversity for many globally important agricultural crops. Cereals (wheat, barley, rice, maize, sorghum), food legumes (bean, chickpea), vegetables (tomato, potato, onion, garlic, coriander), melons, industrial, and stimulant crops (cotton, sugar beet, groundnut, sesame, tobacco) are cultivated in the region. Plant species in the region number 8,100; 890 of them are endemic. About 400 of them are listed in the IUCN “Red Data Book” as endangered. Particularly important crops in Central Asia are the temperate fruit species. Apple (Malus spp.), apricot (Armeniaca
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