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IAEA-TECDOC-1784 IAEA-TECDOC-1784 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Management and Area-wide Evaluation of Water Conservation Zones in Agricultural Catchments for Biomass Production, Water Quality and Food Security Quality and Food Water Agricultural Catchments Conservation for Biomass Production, Water Zones in Area-wide Evaluation of Management and IAEA-TECDOC-1784 Management and Area-wide Evaluation of Water Conservation Zones in Agricultural Catchments for Biomass Production, Water Quality and Food Security International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978–92–0–100516–8 ISSN 1011–4289 @ MANAGEMENT AND AREA-WIDE EVALUATION OF WATER CONSERVATION ZONES IN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION, WATER QUALITY AND FOOD SECURITY The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1784 MANAGEMENT AND AREA-WIDE EVALUATION OF WATER CONSERVATION ZONES IN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION, WATER QUALITY AND FOOD SECURITY PREPARED BY THE JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2016 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2016 Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2016 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: Management and area wide evaluation of water conservation zones in agricultural catchments for biomass production, water quality and food security / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2016. | Series: IAEA TECDOC series, ISSN 1011–4289 ; no. 1784 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 16-01026 | ISBN 978–92–0–100516–8 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Radioisotopes in hydrology. | Watershed management. | Denitri- fication. | Water in agriculture. FOREWORD Global land and water resources are under threat from both the agricultural and urban development to meet increased demand for food and from the resulting degradation of the environment. Poor crop yields due to water stress is one of the main reasons for the prevailing hunger and rural poverty in parts of the world. The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s particularly in Latin America and Asia resulted in increased agricultural production and depended partly on water management. In the future, most food will still need to come from rain-fed agriculture. Water conservation zones in agricultural catchments, particularly in rain- fed areas, play an important role in the capture and storage of water and nutrients from farmlands and wider catchments, and help improve crop production in times of need in these areas. Water conservation zones are considered to be an important part of water resource management strategies that have been developed to prevent reservoir siltation, reduce water quality degradation, mitigate flooding, enhance groundwater recharge and provide water for farming. In addition to making crop production possible in dry areas, water conservation zones minimize soil erosion, improve soil moisture status through capillary rise and enhance soil fertility and quality. These water conservation zones include natural and constructed wetlands (including riparian wetlands), farm ponds and riparian buffer zones. The management of water conservation zones has been a challenge due to the poor understanding of the relationship between upstream land use and the functions of these zones and their internal dynamics. Knowledge of sources and sinks of water and redefining water and nutrient budgets for water conservation zones are important for optimizing the capture, storage and use of water and nutrients in agricultural landscapes. The overall objective of this coordinated research project (CRP) was to assess and enhance ecosystem services provided by wetlands, ponds and riparian buffer zones for improving water storage and nutrient use within agricultural catchments. The specific objectives were to determine the capacity of water conservation zones for water and nutrient storage, assess nutrient attenuation capacities, assess the link between water and nutrient dynamics and optimize water conservation zones for improving water storage and quality. The CRP was supported by in-house research and the provision of 15N/14N isotope ratio analysis of 15N enriched plant samples at the FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratories. This CRP was implemented following the recommendations of a group of international experts. The research network includes participants from China, Estonia, France, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lesotho, Nigeria, Romania, Uganda, Tunisia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The IAEA wishes to thank all CRP participants for their valuable contributions to the project. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was K. Sakadevan of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the contributors and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the IAEA or its Member States. Neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this publication. This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 1 Use of Isotopic and Related Techniques for Increasing Water Conservation and Yield Production in a Part of Anzali Wetland in The Islamic Republic of Iran .................. 6 M.A.M. Shalmani, A. Khorasani, N.P. Bieranvand, A. Majdabadi, A. Shirzadi, G.V.F. Asl Impact of Small Hill Farm Ponds on Water Flow and Nitrogen Transfer in Mediterranean Agricultural Catchment (Kamech, Cap Bon, Tunisia) ............................. 24 N. Chkir, A. Hammouda, K. Zouari, O. Grunberger, J. Molénot Chemical and isotopic constraints on groundwater surface water interaction in a wetland terrain with implications on sustainable agriculture: a case study of the Sanjiang Plain, North East China .................................................................................... 44 Z. Pang, J. Li, L. Yuan, Y. Kong, L. Luo, L. Lv, T. Huang Assessment of Impacts of Land-use on Wetland Health in Lesotho: Morphological Properties and Soil Nutrient Changes in Two Contrasting Wetlands................................ 61 A.O. Olaleye, The Effect of Land Use Practices on Pollution Dynamics in the Highlands of Uganda ........................................................................................................................... 79 M.M. Tenywa, J.G.M. Majaliwa, B. Yazidhi, K.C. Luswata, G.i Geofrey Integrated Wetland Characterization and Management for Nutritional, Health and Environmental Issues – A Case Study of Ekiti State, Nigeria. ....................................... 103 A.S. Fasina, O. Shittu, G. Awe Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions from riparian buffer zones and wetlands as hot spots in agricultural landscapes ............................................................................... 115 U. Mander Investigation of Nitrogen

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