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Pages 571–581 Conservation Science W. Aust. 7 (3) : 571–581 (2010) Flora and vegetation of banded iron formations of the Yilgarn Craton: Brooking Hills area RACHEL MEISSNER AND GAYNOR OWEN Science Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, Western Australia, 6946. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Brooking Hills and the South Cook Well Greenstone Belt are banded ironstone ranges located within the Southern Cross Granite-Greenstone Terrane in the eastern Murchison Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) sub-region. Recent increases in the value of iron ore has made the mining of banded iron formations economically prospective. A flora and vegetation survey of on these ranges recorded 104 taxa. These included a single range extension and no flora of conservation significance. Hierarchical classification identified four communities with the main floristic difference between upper slope and crest communities (upland) and lower and colluvial slopes communities (lowland). Soil nutrients, elevation and landform were correlated with the three dimensional ordination. The ranges within the survey were floristically different to previously surveyed ranges to the north indicating a species turnover from north to south, due to decreasing aridity. Ranges are currently under mining exploration and no part of the range is within conservation estate. INTRODUCTION separate greenstone belts; the Illaara and South Cook Well Greenstone Belt (Chen 2004; Cassidy et al. 2006). Banded iron formations (BIF) are iron rich deposits Brooking Hills represents the central part of the Illaara composed of alternating layers of iron and silica rich layers, Greenstone Belt, which continues further north as the Mt formed 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago by deposition in quiet, Forrest-Mt Richardson area and was surveyed in 2006 deep water (Page 2001). Within the Yilgarn Craton, BIFs (Meissner et al. 2009b). The Illaara Greenstone Belt is are associated with greenstone belts, forming prominent dominated by BIF and metamorphosed mafic and strike ridges due to a greater resistance to erosion than ultramafic volcanic rocks (Chen 2004). Brooking Hills the surrounding landscape. Pastoralism and mining are has two prominent parallel strike ridges of BIF and minor the main land uses within the Yilgarn Craton, with the banded chert running north-south. Associated at the flanks latter focussed on gold and nickel. Recent increases in the of the ridges are metamorphosed mafic rock, metabasalt value of iron ore have made the mining of BIF and quartzite, quartz metasiltstone formations (Chen economically viable. 2004). Previous floristic and vegetation surveys on the Yilgarn The main strike ridges of banded ironstone on the craton have been undertaken on the ironstone ranges on South Cook Well Greenstone Belt run in a north- south Cashmere Downs and the Mount Forrest-Mt Richardson direction and occur approximately 12km to the west of area to the north of this current survey. Both surveys found Brooking Hills. Metagabbro, a coarse grained mafic rock, unique floristic communities associated with different is commonly exposed on the flanks of the ironstone ridges substrates and positions in the landscape (Meissner et al. or intercalated with the banded ironstone formations 2009a, 2009b). The aim of this paper is to describe the (Chen 2004). flora and vegetation of Brooking Hills and the adjacent range on the South Cook Well Greenstone Belt and their Climate relationships with environmental variables to provide baseline information for future management. The climate of the region is Semi-desert Mediterranean with a mild wet winter and hot dry summers (Beard 1990). Geology Mean annual rainfall at Cashmere Downs Station (ca 40km west of Brooking Hills) is 252.9mm, with moderate The Brooking Hills and the adjacent range to the west are seasonal variation over the 83 years of record (1919–2002: located within the Southern Cross Granite-Greenstone decile 1, 128.5mm; decile 9, 426.9mm). Mean rainfall is domain of the Youanmi Terrane. The ranges occur on two spread throughout the year, with little winter-summer bias. The highest maximum temperatures occur during summer (January mean maximum temperature 36°C and mean 6.2 © The Government of Western Australia, 2010 days above 40°C). Winters are mild with lowest mean 572 R. Meissner & G. Owen maximum temperatures recorded for July of 17.5 °C. plants within the quadrat were recorded and collected for Temperatures occasionally fall below 0°C in winter (a mean later identification at the Western Australian Herbarium. 0.9 days below 0°C), with a mean minimum of 5.9°C in Data on topographical position, disturbance, July. abundance, size and shape of coarse fragments on surface, the amount of exposed bedrock, cover of leaf litter and Vegetation bare ground were recorded following McDonald et al. (1990). Additionally, growth form, height and cover were Past surveys of the Eastern Murchison IBRA sub-region recorded for dominant taxa in each stratum (tallest, mid have described the dominant species in the vegetation and lower). (Beard 1976; Milewski & Dell 1992; Keighery et al. Twenty soil samples were collected from the upper 1995). The vegetation associations by Beard (1976) 10cm of the soil profile within each quadrat. The soil was described the Brooking Hills and South Cook Well bulked and the 2mm fraction analysed for B, Ca, Co, Cu, Greenstone Belt as shrubland of Acacia aneura (mulga) Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S and Zn using the Mehlich and Acacia quadrimarginea scrub. Pringle et al. (1994) No. 3 procedure (Mehlich 1984). The extracted samples mapped land systems of the eastern goldfields, were then analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma - incorporating information on soils, geology and Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). This vegetation. The Brooking Hills and South Cook Well procedure is an effective and cost efficient alternative to ranges were mapped as part of the Brooking Land system, traditional methods for evaluating soil fertility and has which is described as prominent ridges of banded been calibrated for Western Australian soils (Walton & ironstone formation supporting A. aneura shrublands with Allen 2004). pH was measured in 0.01M CaCl2 at soil to occasional minor halophytic communities in the south solution ratio of 1:5. Organic carbon was measured on east. This land system was characterised by Stony soil ground to less than 0.15mm using Metson’s Ironstone Mulga Shrublands (SIMS), a vegetation type colorimetric modification of the Walkley and Black method characterised by shrublands of A. aneura, Acacia ramulosa 6A1 (Metson 1956; Walkley 1947). Total Nitrogen was and Acacia tetragonophylla and Eremophila spp. (E. measured using the Kjeldahl method 7A2 (Rayment & fraseri, E. forrestii), Senna spp. over shrublands of Sida Higgenson 1992). Electrical conductivity (EC) was based calyxhymenia, Solanum lasiophyllum and Spartothamnella on a 1:5 soil/deionised water extract and measured by a teucriiflora (Pringle et al. 1994). conductivity meter at 25°C (Rayment & Higgenson A flora and vegetation survey of the northern Illaara 1992). Greenstone Belt (Mount Forrest -Mount Richardson Quadrats were classified on the basis of similarity in Range), approximately 5 km north of Mount Alfred, species composition on perennial species only, to be described seven vegetation communities (Meissner et al. consistent with previous studies of banded ironstone ranges 2009b). The most common community on the Mount (Gibson 2004 a, b). The quadrat and species classifications Forrest – Mount Richardson range occurred on the crests were undertaken using flexible Unweighted Pair-Group and upper slopes and was described as A. aneura, Mean Average (UPMGA) of Bray and Curtis similarities A. quadrimarginea, A. cockertoniana, Callitris (β = 0; Belbin 1989). The quadrat classification was columellaris and Grevillea berryana over sparse to open followed by similarity profile (SIMPROF) testing to shrubland of Eremophila glutinosa, Drummondita determine the significance of internal group structures using microphylla, Thryptomene decussata, Baeckea sp. Melita permutation testing (Clarke & Gorley 2006). Station (H. Pringle 2738), Dodonaea petiolaris, Aluta Similarity percentages (SIMPER), based upon Bray aspera subsp. hesperia over sparse fernland of Cheilanthes Curtis similarities, was used to determine typifying species sieberi subsp. sieberi. for each community. SIMPER analyses the contribution of individual species to the average similarity within groups and average dissimilarity between groups (Clarke & METHODS Warwick 2001). Quadrats were ordinated using semi-strong hybrid The Brooking Hills and the South Cook Well Greenstone (SSH) multidimensional scaling. Correlations between the Belt are located in the Murchison IBRA region on environmental variables and SSH axis were determined Perrinvale pastoral station, approximately 240km north- using Prinicipal Component Correlation (PCC) analysis. west of Kalgoorlie, adjacent to the eastern tip of Lake The significance of theses correlations was determined by Barlee (Fig. 1). Fifty 20 x 20 m quadrats were established Monte-Carlo Attributes in Ordination (MCAO) routine on the crests, slopes and foot slopes of ranges on Brooking in PATN (Belbin 1989). PCC is a routine that runs Hills and South Cook Well Greenstone Belt in August multiple linear regressions on the variables and the 2007 (Fig. 1). The quadrats were established using an ordination coordinates, resulting
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