Ex Situ Conservation of Threatened South Australian Plants

Thai Te, Dan Duval, Michael Thorpe & Phil Ainsley

Botanic Gardens of Adelaide

July 2009

A project supported by the South Australian Complementary State NRM program

1 Summary

In 2008 the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide Seed Conservation Centre was provided with funds through the South Australian Complementary State NRM program to undertake a project focused on the ex situ conservation of threatened native plant species. A list of 50 priority species was identified (see Table 1), covering seven of South Australia’s NRM regions. The aim of the project was to gather field data about these species, where possible collect seed for storage in a long-term conservation seed bank and raise awareness of these species at both the State and Regional level. During the project, field searches were undertaken for all 50 of the identified species, resulting in seed being successfully collected and banked from 32 species. This report provides a summary of the activities undertaken for each species.

2 Table 1: Summary of Species Information and Activities Undertaken During this Project

Species Family NPWSA conservation SA NRM region(s) where species occurs Searches Seed rating undertaken collected Acacia spilleriana Leguminosae Vulnerable Northern& Yorke 9 9 Acanthocladium dockeri Compositae Endangered Northern & Yorke 9 9 Amphibromus pithogastrus Gramineae Rating not yet determined Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges 9 9 Asperula euryphylla var. tetraphylla Rubiaceae Vulnerable Kangaroo Island 9 8 Beyeria subtecta Euphorbiaceae Endangered Kangaroo Island 9 9 Bossiaea ensata Leguminosae Vulnerable Eyre Peninsula 9 8 Brachyscome diversifolia Compositae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges 9 8 Brachyscome melanocarpa Compositae Vulnerable SA Murray-Darling and SA Arid Lands 9 8 Brachyscome muelleri Compositae Endangered SA Arid Lands 9 9 Brachyscome xanthocarpa Compositae Rare Eyre Peninsula 9 9 Caesia sp. “Muddy Flat” Liliaceae Rating not yet determined South East 9 9 Cardamine gunnii Cruciferae Vulnerable South East 9 9 Citrus glauca Rutaceae Vulnerable Northern & Yorke and SA Arid Lands 9 8 Correa aff. aemula “Kaiser Stuhl” Rutaceae Rating not yet determined Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges 9 9 Cullen parvum Leguminosae Vulnerable Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges, SA Murray- 9 9 Darling Basin and Northern & Yorke Daviesia sejugata Leguminosae Endangered Northern & Yorke 9 8 Desmocladus diacolpicus Restionaceae Vulnerable Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island 9 9 Dodonaea petiolaris Sapindaceae Rating not yet determined SA Arid Lands 9 9 Eriocaulon australasicum Eriocaulaceae Endangered South East 9 8 Eriocaulon carsonii Eriocaulaceae Endangered SA Arid Lands 9 9 Eurychorda complanata Restionaceae Vulnerable Kangaroo Island and South East 9 9 Gentinella gunniana Gentianaceae Vulnerable South East 9 9 Goodenia gracilis Goodeniaceae Rating not yet determined South East 9 8 Goodenia micrantha Goodeniaceae Rating not yet determined Kangaroo Island 9 9 Haeckeria cassiniformis Compositae Rare Eyre Peninsula and Northern & Yorke 9 9 Helichrysum rutidolepis Compositae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges and Northern & 9 9

3 Yorke Hibbertia sessiliflora Dilleniaceae Endangered South East 9 8 Hydrocotyle diantha Umbelliferae Endangered Kangaroo Island and Northern & Yorke 9 8 Juncus prismatocarpus Juncaceae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges and SA Murray- 9 9 Darling Basin Leptomeria preissiana Santalaceae Endangered Eyre Peninsula 9 8 Leptorhynchos orientalis Compositae Rare Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges, Northern & 9 8 Yorke and South East Leptorhynchos scaber Compositae Rare Eyre Peninsula, Northern & Yorke, SA 9 9 Murray-Darling Basin and South East Microlepidium alatum Cruciferae Vulnerable Eyre Peninsula 9 9 Olax obcordata Olacaceae Rare Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island 9 9 Olearia suffructicosa Compositae Endangered South East 9 9 Phebalium glandulosum ssp. macrocalyx Rutaceae Endangered Eyre Peninsula and Northern & Yorke 9 9 Phebalium squamulosum ssp. squamulosum Rutaceae Endangered South East 9 9 Philotheca difformis ssp. difformis Rutaceae Vulnerable SA Arid Lands 9 8 Pimelea hewardiana Thymelaeaceae Vulnerable South East 9 8 Polypogon tenellus Gramineae Vulnerable Northern & Yorke 9 8 Rhodanthe anthemoides Compositae Endangered Northern & Yorke 9 9 Spyridium erymnocladum Rhamnaceae Vulnerable Eyre Peninsula 9 8 Spyridium tricolor Rhamnaceae Vulnerable Eyre Peninsula 9 8 Swainsona murrayana Leguminosae Vulnerable SA Arid Lands 9 9 Thysanotus nudicaulis Liliaceae Endangered Eyre Peninsula 9 8 Tricostularia pauciflora Cyperaceae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges, Kangaroo 9 9 Island and South East Triglochin turriferum Juncaginaceae Vulnerable South East 9 9 Veronica parnkalliana Scrophulariaceae Endangered Eyre Peninsula and Northern & Yorke 9 9 Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia Violaceae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges and South East 9 9 Wurmbea uniflora Liliaceae Endangered Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges and South East 9 9

4 Acknowledgements

This project was made possible through funds provided by the South Australian Complementary State NRM program. Special thanks are extended to Troy Horn and Bryan Haywood (Forestry SA, Mt Gambier), Kieran ‘King’ Brewer (South Australian Indigenous Flora), Tim Jury (Threatened Plant Action Group), Randall Johnson (Department for Environment and Heritage), SA Water for access to reserves, the State Herbarium of South Australia for access and permission to cite plant records and the many private landowners/managers that granted access to properties.

The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK) Millennium Seed Bank has been working in partnership with the Seed Conservation Centre since 2003, and where possible seed storage for species collected during this project has been duplicated at this facility.

5 Table of Contents

Summary...... 2 Acknowledgements...... 5 Table of Contents...... 6 Background...... 8 Methodology...... 8 Acacia spilleriana ...... 9 Acanthocladium dockeri ...... 12 Amphibromus pithogastrus...... 15 Asperula tetraphylla ...... 18 Beyeria subtecta ...... 21 Bossiaea ensata...... 24 Brachyscome diversifolia...... 28 Brachyscome melanocarpa...... 30 Brachyscome muelleri...... 32 Brachyscome xanthocarpa...... 34 Caesia sp. “Muddy Flat” ...... 36 Cardamine gunnii...... 38 Citrus glauca ...... 41 Correa aff. aemula “Kaiser Stuhl”...... 44 Cullen parvum...... 46 Daviesia sejugata...... 49 Desmocladus diacolpicus...... 52 Dodonaea petiolaris ...... 57 Eriocaulon australasicum ...... 59 Eriocaulon carsonii...... 61 Eurychorda complanata ...... 64 Gentianella gunniana ...... 66 Goodenia gracilis ...... 68 Goodenia micrantha...... 70 Haeckeria cassiniiformis...... 72 Helichrysum rutidolepis ...... 76 Hibbertia sessiliflora...... 79 Hydrocotyle diantha ...... 81 Juncus prismatocarpus ...... 83 Leptomeria preissiana...... 86 Leptorhynchos orientalis ...... 89 Leptorhynchos scaber...... 91 Microlepidium alatum ...... 93 Olax obcordata...... 96 Olearia suffructicosa ...... 99 Phebalium glandulosum ssp. macrocalyx ...... 103 Phebalium squamulosum ssp. squamulosum ...... 106 Philotheca difformis ssp. difformis...... 108 Pimelea hewardiana...... 110 Polypogon tenellus...... 112 Rhodanthe anthemoides ...... 114 Spyridium erymnocladum...... 116 Spyridium tricolor ...... 118

6 Swainsona murrayana ...... 120 Thysanotus nudicaulis...... 123 Tricostularia pauciflora ...... 125 Triglochin turriferum ...... 128 Veronica parnkalliana...... 131 Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia...... 134 Wurmbea uniflora...... 137

7 Background

The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) was established in 2002 to assist with the conservation of South Australia’s threatened and priority plant species. One of the primary activities undertaken by the Centre is the collection of seed for entry into the Botanic Gardens long- term conservation seed bank.

Seed banking plays a vital role in the conservation of threatened plants, not only acting as an insurance policy through the provision of propagules should a species or population become extinct in its natural environment, but also facilitates research to understand seed biology and germination requirements. This information is essential if seed collections are to be utilised effectively in the future for restoration or rehabilitation activities.

In 2008 the SCC secured funding through the South Australian Complementary State NRM program, to undertake a project focused on 50 of South Australia’s priority plant species. Specific activities undertaken during the project included field searches to locate wild populations of the target species, the collection of data including plant frequency, plant health, and identification of threats, seed collection and storage, and the generation of information for each of the species to raise the profile of the species at both a State and Regional level.

Methodology

Field searches for species were conducted during spring and summer 2008- 2009, with searching being undertaken in 7 of South Australia’s NRM regions. Seed collection was achieved for 32 of the species. Where possible seeds were collected from at least 50 plants for each population sampled. Seeds were processed at the SCC to establish the quantity and determine viability before being prepared for storage. Once processed, seeds were dried at 15°C and 15% relative humidity to lower seed moisture content to a range of 5-8%. Seedlots were then sealed in foil bags and entered into long-term low temperature (-21°C) storage at the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide seed bank facility. Where sufficient seed was collected, seed storage was duplicated under identical conditions with the Millennium Seed Bank in the United Kingdom. Stored seeds will be managed by research staff at the Seed Conservation Centre, to ensure they remain viable and accessible in the future. Information and outcomes achieved for each species is presented within this report.

8 Acacia spilleriana (Leguminosae) Spiller’s Wattle

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable (endemic).

NRM region: Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Acacia spilleriana is a glaucous, rounded shrub to 1.5m tall with elliptic asymmetric leaves. Flowers are bright yellow globular heads occurring from August to October. It is similar in appearance to Acacia brachybotrya but has broader legumes, and the flower stalks are often longer than the phyllodes.

Distribution Acacia spilleriana is endemic to South Australia and is found mainly in the mid-north from Kapunda to Burra. The map below shows the distribution of Acacia spilleriana.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

9 Historic Records for Acacia spilleriana Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location NL B. Copley 5295 7 May 1982 Behind Lutheran Church, Saddleworth NL G.R. s.n. 31 Aug 1989 Porter's Lagoon, 15 m[iles] S of Burra. Bed of O'Connor quarry NL B. Copley 5312 18 Sep 1982 4 km W of Auburn on Balaklava road NL B. Copley 3307 6 Dec 1970 150 yards E of Saddleworth Rail crossing NL B. Copley 5296 7 May 1982 4 km SE of Marrabel NL B. Copley 3295 23 Nov 1970 0.5 mile from Auburn on Balaklava Road NL B. Copley 3294 23 Nov 1970 C. 2.5 km E of Saddleworth NL R.J. Bates 40335 8 Dec 1994 Roadside [triangle] N of Tarlee on back road to Riverton NL B. Copley 3870 12 Oct 1972 4 miles SE of Marrabel NL B. Copley 5316 30 Sep 1983 W of Auburn NL M.A. Todd 6195 7 Sep 1948 W of Bunyaree, Clare district NL N.N. Donner 8242 20 Oct 1981 Burra Gorge, E side, creek bed NL R. Bates 10140 15 Aug 1987 Niblet Gap NL B. Copley 5315 30 Sep 1983 C. 5 km SW of Auburn NL R.J. Bates 33279 6 Jun 1993 5 km SE of Farrell Flat NL B. Copley 5317 30 Sep 1983 Slopes of hills W of Auburn NL C. Hoff s.n. 19 Mar 1932 Emu Downs. (H[undre]d of Apoinga) NL D.J.E. 5548 24 Nov 1975 On Corner of Finnis Point Road and road to Whibley Riverton NL D.E. Symon 3044 10 Aug 1965 Hillslopes just S of The Gap Station Homestead {+} 10 m[iles] S of Burra NL D.J.E. 5553 24 Nov 1975 Julia. Northern Mount Lofty Range. Just NW of Whibley Eudunda NL M. Kenny s.n. 15 May 1975 Wirrabara NL B. Copley 3708 26 Dec 1971 2.5 miles N of Mandara NL B. Copley 3707 26 Dec 1971 3 miles S of Hanson NL D.N. 3465 3 Sep 1971 Mount Templeton, E of South Hummocks Kraehenbuel NL B. Copley 3687 3 Oct 1971 SW corner of Auburn township NL R.J. Bates 65509 Jul 2005 Along railway near Riverton MU B. Copley 5297 11 May 1982 10 km E of Eudunda MU B.R. Maslin 5992A 21 Sep 1985 Burra Creek Gorge, 3 km W of Worlds End MU S.M. s.n. 13 Sep 1989 Burra Creek, 30 km S of Burra. World's End O'Connor Gorge MU A.G. Spooner 6455 19 Aug 1979 Hills overlooking Burra Creek gorge MU A.G. Spooner 6445 19 Aug 1979 Scrubby Range MU D.N. BS24- 31 Jul 1991 6.5 km NNE from Worlds End. [6.0 km direct ENE Kraehenbuehl 51060 of Emu Downs]; Hd. Bright, Sect. 30. MU R. Bates 3329 11 Jul 1977 World's End Creek MU Kay Lehman s.n. 11 Sep 1990 Section 294 Hundred of Apoinga. Base of N-S ridge of the Scrubby Range along a drainage line MU K. Warnes 3860 22 Apr 1972 World's End Creek. 20 miles SE of Burra MU L.M.B. Heard BS162- 29 Oct 2003 In HA 1294 on Scrubby Range, c. 10.1 km direct 924 NNW of Robertstown. [5.1 km direct ENE of Emu Downs; Heritage Agreement 1294 MU D.D. 1409 12 Nov 2003 Hopkins Creek, eastern boundary Cunningham MU H.M. Cooper s.n. 27 Aug 1954 Robertstown MU D.D. 670 6 Mar 1993 Roadside, few km S of Burra Gorge, E of Black Cunningham Springs MU B.R. Maslin 5992 21 Sep 1985 Burra Creek Gorge, 3 km W of Worlds End MU M. Hyde 268 8 Oct 1988 5 km ENE of Robertstown, "Worlds End" MU K.H. Brewer 065 1 Dec 2006 Scrubby Range, NE of Brady Creek Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

10 Habitat Acacia spilleriana generally grows in open mallee communities on low hills in calcareous soils. Some of the associated species include Eucalyptus socialis, Eucalyptus porosa, Eucalyptus gracilis, Senna artemisioides, Gahnia lanigerum, Acrotiche patula, Beyeria lechenaultii, Callitris sp. and Westringia rigida. Most of the collection localities for this species are adjacent roadsides, cuttings, quarries, railway corridors or other sites where there has been some level of disturbance. One of the most readily observable populations is the small roadside population just south of Lochiel, north of Port Wakefield, on the main A1 highway.

Surveys for populations A few populations surveyed by the Seed Conservation Centre include: 1. The large population in the Scrubby Range NE of Brady Creek, also known as the Hallelujah Hills road population; 2. A roadside population approximately 2km south of Lochiel on the western side of the road; 3. A few plants located on the roadside just north of Hallet on the main highway; 4. Two plants located in Burra on the southern side of the Burra mine.

Seed collection An ex situ collection of 18,000 seeds was collected from the Scrubby Range northeast of Brady Creek (KHB65) in 2006. A smaller collection of 1,200 seeds was collected from this same roadside population near the Hallelujah Hills in 2005. Seed viability for these collections was 95% and 100% respectively.

11 Acanthocladium dockeri (Compositae) Spiny Daisy

Conservation status: AUS: critically endangered. SA: endangered

NRM region: Northern & Yorke

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Acanthocladium dockeri is a perennial shrub covered with short soft dense woolly hairs and many branches that end with slender spines. Flowers are small yellow daisies at the terminal. Flowers are usually sterile and the plant mainly reproduces through suckering.

Distribution The current known extent of Acanthocladium dockeri is from populations at Hart and Telowie and between Caltowie and Laura. Historic collections from 1910 came from the Overland Corner and the Murray River. It is presumed extinct in New South Wales.

Historic Records for Acanthocladium dockeri Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location NL P. Slattery s.n. Aug 1999 Laura - Caltowie Road, on S side of road just W of 'Thorlea' property NL R.J. Bates s.n. Oct 1999 Railway line near Caltowie NL R.J. Bayer 99013 26 Oct 1999 0.5 km along Yangya Road, 3.3 km along Gladstone Road, turn 4 km E of Laura towards Caltowie NL R.J. Bayer 99012 26 Oct 1999 7.3 km E of Laura towards Caltowie NL M. Jusaitis 183 14 Feb 2007 W side of "Top Track", 9 km N of Nelshaby, adjacent to Telowie Gorge Conservation Park NL R.J. Bayer 99011 26 Oct 1999 11.9 km N of Blyth, 1 km N of Hart Siding, on disused railway siding, right on road NL R.J. Bates 54083 27 Sep 1999 N of Caltowie NL M. Jusaitis B/64 14 Feb 2002 c. 5.5 km SE of Laura, on both sides of Yanga R[oa]d, (c. 600 m E of intersection). Yangya photopoint site NL Ann s.n. 21 Sep 1999 Blyth - Brinkworth roadside/railway corridor. 2 km S Prescott of Hart Field Day site NL P. Slattery s.n. 1 Sep 1999 Section 166 Hundred Caltowie NL M. Jusaitis B/63 14 Feb 2002 3.5 km from Laura - Caltowie Road (Rusty Lab photopoint site) NL M. Jusaitis 99 30 Sep 1999 c. 1.5 km N of Hart NL M. Jusaitis A100 17 Aug 2000 Port Pirie - Broken Hill Railway NL P.J. Lang BSOP- 04 Nov 2003 6.1 km direct WSW of Caltowie, NE side of road, in 731 road reserve. [6.1 km direct WSW of Caltowie]

12 NL P.J. Lang BSOP- 04 Nov 2003 Laura - Caltowie Road, S side, road reserve above 730 embankment, 6.9 km direct ENE of Laura. Also in adjoining paddock within small fenced-off exclosure and now spreading beyond into crop. NL P.J. Lang BSOP- 04 Nov 2003 N side of road, 5.6 km direct SE of Laura. [5.4 km 729 direct ESE of Laura] MU S.A. White s.n. 24 Mar 1910 Overland Corner MU H.H.D. s.n. Mar 1910 River Murray Griffith Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat All of the known populations are on roadsides growing in open grassland or low grassy shrubland. The roadside population south of Telowie Gorge is growing on red sandy loams with Acacia victoriae, Acacia ligulata and Rhagodia parabolica.

Habitat of population at Hart

Habitat of population at Yangya

13 Surveys for Populations The Seed Conservation Centre has visited the Tops Road population near Telowie Gorge, the Laura-Caltowie Road, the Yangya Road and Hart populations. The only population that appeared to be producing viable seeds during the current season was the Tops Road population, and this was only during late spring. Very little viable seed could be collected during follow-up collection attempts later in the season.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Acanthocladium dockeri Collector Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST 631 Drainage line along 53H 30 Roadside vegetation Roadside Top Track, between 228550E growing near Acacia vegetation Slants Road & Jacobs 6339815N victoriae. Road.

Seed Collection One seed collection was made for Acanthocladium dockeri (TST 631) in November 2008. These seeds are now in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 970 seeds with an average viability of 70% are conserved ex situ for this population.

14 Amphibromus pithogastrus (Gramineae) Plump swamp wallaby-grass

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: rating to be confirmed (possibly endangered).

NRM region: Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Amphibromus pithogastrus is a perennial grass to 1m high with open, sparse and weeping habit. Leaves are glabrous and smooth. The lemma is swollen at the base and has 2 shallowly notched lobes at the other end. Seeds set around December.

Distribution There are currently only two records of this grass species for South Australia. The record details are listed below. It also occurs in Victoria and New South Wales where it is considered endangered.

Historic Records for Amphibromus pithogastrus Record No. Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD126091 D.E. Murfet 4061 31 Dec 2001 Pewsey Vale State Forest Reserve AD156574 D.E. Murfet 4523 23 Nov 2003 Porters Scrub, 5 km NE of Lobethal Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

The two original collection localities were searched during December 2008 to determine the extent of the populations and the current threats:

The population in the Kaiser Stuhl Native Forest Reserve (NFR) lies in a gully within stringybark woodland (Eucalyptus obliqua). Amphibromus pithogastrus occurs in scattered patches along sections of a small ephemeral creek within the gully. The associated plant species include Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Microlaena stipioides, Carex tereticaulis, Schoenus sp. and Holcus lanatus. 30 individual plants were counted along the upper sections of this creekline during field visits.

The lower sections of this creek and the intersecting tributaries were also searched without success, as were the lower sections of the Tanunda creek line and associated grassy swales adjacent the fire track in Kaiser Stuhl Conservation Park.

The population in Porters Scrub Conservation Park occurs in a low open swale adjacent to an ephemeral creek. This small localised patch was growing in a low, damp, open grassy swale

15 with Microlaena stipioides and numerous exotic pasture weeds. The surrounding vegetation was mainly Eucalyptus viminalis and Acacia paradoxa. A total of ten plants were counted at this site. The lower sections of the creek line near the northern boundary of the park were searched for further plants, but no further plants were found.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Amphibromus pithogastrus Collector Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1410 North side of Kaiser 54H 30 Growing in dry creek line with Holcus Stuhl NFR ~800m 308654E, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, lanatus ESE of Kaiser Stuhl 6140165N Microlaena stipioides, Carex peak. tereticaulis and Holcus sp. TST 681 c. half way up main 54H 3 Growing in the creek where Holcus creek in Kaiser 316402E water pool (remaining damp) Stuhl NFR 6171396N with Carex, Microlaena, Danthonia, Stipa TST 683 Half way along the 54H 10 Growing in low lying damp Rubus sp, NS main gully fire 308654E, grassy area in creek with Phalaris sp. track in Porters 6140165N Microlaena stipioides, Acacia and Holcus Scrub CP paradoxa lanatus

DJD1410 TST681

TST683

16 Threats The Kaiser Stuhl NFR population is the largest and most intact of the two populations surveyed. There are currently few weeds in the upper section of the creek. The small creek is fairly open and still contains many native herbs and sedges along its length. The few weed species within the creek included Rubus sp. and Holcus sp. The population in Porters Scrub Conservation Park is very small, localised and growing amongst numerous introduced pasture species that could soon displace the few remaining plants. There is a large Rubus sp. infestation in the creek line within a metre of this remaining remnant.

Seed Collection The Kaiser Stuhl population (DJD1410) was revisited on the 22 December 2008 to collect seeds for ex situ conservation. A total 920 seeds with an average viability of 90% and stored at the Seed Conservation Centre.

With a better understanding of the typical habitat of Amphibromus pithogastrus, the Seed Conservation Centre will attempt to locate more populations in the Mount Lofty Ranges in spring 2009. It will also attempt to collect seed from the Porters Scrub Conservation Park population when seasonal conditions are better.

17 Asperula tetraphylla (Rubiaceae) Broad-leaf woodruff

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable (endemic)

NRM region: Kangaroo Island

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Asperula tetraphylla is a perennial herb with numerous decumbent quadrangular stems. Leaves are ovate and in whorls of 4. Flowers are white at the terminal and occur in November.

Distribution Asperula tetraphylla is endemic to Kangaroo Island. Most of the collections are historic and are predominantly from the southwest region of the island.

Historic Records for Asperula tetraphylla Specimen No Region Date Collector Locality AD97911287 KI 14 Nov 1886 Anon Cape de Couedic AD97911286 KI 11 Nov 1886 Anon Karatta AD97607113 KI 16 Nov 1924 Anon Between Kingscote and Vivonne Bay AD97148364 KI 18 Nov 1924 J.B. Cleland Rocky River AD97148366 KI 6 Dec 1934 J.B. Cleland Rocky River AD97148365 KI 29 Jan 1950 J.B. Cleland Stunsail Boom River AD95947020 KI 12 Nov 1958 P.G. Wilson South Coast Hwy by Stunsail Boom River AD99109270 KI 12 Nov 1989 P. Copley 12.0km east of Karatta Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Asperula tetraphylla appears to be confined to riverine habitats. The observed populations were generally on the banks of the ox-bows or swales that form off the main river channel, are most likely inundated during high rates of flow. This species was observed to form a mat on heavy silts and clays.

Survey for populations A search for populations of Asperula tetraphylla was conducted during two field trips to Kangaroo Island between October and November 2008. The search areas included: • The Stunsail Boom river area near the crossing with the South Coast Hwy; • The lower sections of the South West River and associated swamp near ‘Grassdale’ in Kelly Hill Conservation Park;

18 • The upper section of Rocky River near Rocky River waterhole; • The lower section of Rocky River between the main Rocky River bridge and the creek crossing further west along West Bay road; • Other areas of the western end of the island that were surveyed for other threatened species which also had potential habitat for the Asperula tetraphylla included Breakneck River, the Ravine and the upper sections of Rocky River near the Melrose Track and the West End highway.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Asperula tetraphylla Collection Location Easting/ Number of Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing plants DJD 1381 Along edges of 53 653889E 100-200 Growing on banks of river Rocky River ~200m 6020030N; plants overflow with Callistemon southwest of Rocky 653876E localised rugulosus, Poranthera River bridge. 6020049N; microphylla and Pteridium 653832E esculentum 602013N DJD 1230 NE side of Stunsail 53 680692E Localised Growing on upper banks of Feral Boom River bridge 6016174N patch 3X2m creek with Euc. leucoxylon, pigs alongside South plants along Melaleuca decussata, West Hwy ~100m Daucus glochidiatus and stretch Adiantum aethiopicum

DJD1230

DJD1381

19 Threats The specific sites at which Asperula tetraphylla was observed were intact with very few weed species present. The presence of plants such as Halosarcia sp. and Samolus repens along the edge of Stunsail Boom River suggest some level of salinity, but the full extent of this problem is not known. Rocky River was quite weedy in some sections near a concrete weir (water monitoring point) but was generally weed free around the observed Asperula sites. The main threat to Asperula tetraphylla appears to result from feral pig rutting which was observed along sections of the Rocky River riverbanks.

Seed Collection There was very little seed available for collection when the populations were examined in December 2008 and January 2009. Late spring 2008 was unusually dry and this weak riparian herb appeared stressed and withered. It may be possible to reattempt a collection during late 2009 depending on the seasonal conditions. Otherwise it may be worthwhile propagating some plants for ‘seed orcharding’.

20 Beyeria subtecta (Euphorbiaceae) Kangaroo Island turpentine bush

Conservation status: AUS: vulnerable. SA: endangered (endemic).

NRM region: Kangaroo Island

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Beyeria subtecta is a viscid, glabrous perennial shrub to 1m tall. Leaves linear recurved with the upper surface dark-green and glabrous and the lower surface covered in dense white hairs. Plants are dioecious and flower from June to September.

Distribution Beyeria subtecta is endemic to South Australia, found only on the eastern end of Kangaroo Island. It is mainly restricted to roadside reserves but it is also conserved in Beyeria Conservation Park (refer Taylor D. A. 2003, ‘Recovery Plan for 15 Nationally Threatened Plant Species on Kangaroo Island’ for a more precise distribution data).

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

21 Historic Records for Beyeria subtecta Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location K.B. Bossard 15 15 Mar 1984 Sections 156, 157 and 158, Hundred of Hianes, N. Near Kingscote area, W of Nepean Bay G. Jackson 1667 7 Oct 1984 American River Road near Ben Johnson's Corner A.G. Spooner 4834 11 Oct 1976 Kingscote-American River Road B.M. Overton 982 18 Nov 1988 Beyeria Conservation Park, Willsons Road, 3.5 km W of Hog Bay Road, Hundred of Haines G. Jackson 1668 8 Oct 1984 American River Road near Ben Johnson's Corner K.C. Holliday 840873 s.dat. Willsons Road B.M. Overton 1986 1986 Hog Bay Road, between Min Oil and Wallers Roads, on "Ayliffes Hill" P.J. Lang; A. NPKI- 13 Nov 1989 7km S of Nepean Bay South Maguire 30540 A.G. Spooner 9898 12 Oct 1985 Near American River R.J. Bates 61098 14 Sep 2003 Three Chain Road R.J. Bates 29270 7 Oct 1992 5 km NE of Beyeria C[onservation] P[ark] R. Davies 561 4 Jun 1984 NW corner of S[ectio]n 352, Hundred [of] Haines H.H.D. s.n. 20 Oct 1908 Cygnet River Griffith M.E. Phillips 776 25 Sep 1965 5 m[i]l[es] from American River, towards Kingscote R. Davies 545 22 Oct 1983 800 m ENE of intersection NE of Dead Horse Lagoon R. Davies 594 23 Oct 1983 N corner of Stone Reserve number 4, Hundred of Haines R. Davies 546 7 Sep 1983 Between sixway road intersection, 12.5 km SE of Cygent River township and a point 1.7 km NW of same intersection R. Davies 551 1 Dec 1983 Hundred of Haines. Section 164 J.B. Cleland s.n. 26 Oct 1967 Highway W of American River R. Bates 7496 31 Oct 1986 American River R. Davies 19 22 Oct 1983 2.9 km N of road intersection N of Kiowie Station R. Davies 24 18 Oct 1983 NW corner of Section 352, Hundred of Haines B.M. Overton 1980 2 Sep 1987 Willsons Road, 1 km SW of Hob Bay Road R. Davies 18 23 Oct 1983 7.2 km NW of intersection N of Kiowie Station, Kingscote to Penneshaw Road R. Davies 15 18 Oct 1983 Along sides of road heading ENE towards Point Morrison near junction with Kingscote to Penneshaw Road R. Davies 17 17 Oct 1983 600 m NW of road intersection N of Kiowie Station, on side of Kingscote to Penneshaw Road B.M. Overton 11 18 Jun 1984 On the American River Road just past Ben Johnson's corner near George Barrett's road side mail box in [Hundred of] Haines, Section 194 R. Davies s.n. Oct 1983 Between Kingscote and American River R. Davies 9 22 Oct 1983 700 m S of six way road intersection, 12.5 km SE of Cygnet River township on Kingscote to Penneshaw Road R. Davies 96/94 13 Aug 1996 S side of Three Chain Road, 100-1000 m from Hog Bay Road, 2-7 m from road verge R. Davies 21 23 Oct 1983 Stone Reserve no. 4, Hundred of Haines. 210 m S from road on E boundary R. Davies 8 23 Oct 1983 900m NNE of six way road, intersection 12.5 km SE of Cygnet River township on Kingscote to Penneshaw Road R. Davies 6 22 Oct 1983 600 to 800 m S of intersection of Seal Bay Road and Hundred's Line Road R. Davies 16 22 Oct 1983 600 m NNE of 6 way road intersection 12.5 km SE of Cygnet River township on Kingscote to Penneshaw Road R. Davies 7 22 Oct 1983 600 to 800 m S of intersection of Seal Bay Road and Hundred's Line Road R. Davies 10 18 Oct 1983 0.3 km W of road junction, 2.3 km NW of intersection N of Kiowie on Kingscote to Penneshaw road R. Davies 4 22 Oct 1983 700 m ENE of road intersection NE of Dead Horse Lagoon

22 R. Davies 11 22 Oct 1983 Section 164, Hundred of Haines R. Davies 2 18 Oct 1983 Road junction 2.3 km NW of intersection N of Kiowie Station on Kingscote to Penneshaw road R. Davies 5 22 Oct 1983 800 m ENE of road intersection NE of Dead Horse Lagoon R. Davies 25 23 Oct 1983 E corner of Section 156, Hundred of Haines R. Davies 91 30 Dec 1986 Eastern Kangaroo Island, in NE corner of block of scrub covering westernmost quarter of Section 37, Hundred of Haines R. Davies 3 21 Oct 1983 400 m NE of intersection N of Kiowie Station. On side of road to American River R. Davies 20 18 Oct 1983 NW corner of Section 352, Hundred of Haines B.M. Overton 2915 16 Aug 2005 Margaries Road. Approx[imately] 600 metres W of Playford Highway. Both sides of roadside vegetation, over 200 metres. Area hyrdo-axed c. 2004 K.B. Bossard 14 15 Mar 1984 Sections 156, 157 and 158, Hundred of Hianes, N. Near Kingscote area, W of Nepean Bay G. Jackson 1644 28 Feb 1984 On road going SW from Ben Johnson's corner, Kingscote- Penneshaw Road, adjoining John Ayliffe's property, about 100 m from corner K.B. Bossard 16 15 Mar 1984 Sections 156, 157 and 158, Hundred of Hianes, N. Near Kingscote area, W of Nepean Bay Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Beyeria subtecta grows on laterite soils in mallee, commonly growing under Eucalyptus cneorifolia. The associated species include Melaleuca uncinata, Grevillea ilicifolia, Allocasuarina muelleriana, Bertya rotundifolia, Daviesia asperula, Thryptomene ericeae, Micrantheum demissium and Scaevola linearis. Most of the known populations are along road reserve.

Surveys for Populations Refer to ‘Taylor D. A. 2003, ‘Recovery Plan for 15 Nationally Threatened Plant Species on Kangaroo Island’ for a precise distribution for the species.

Records by Seed Conservation centre for Beyeria subtecta Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1370 Corner of Hog’s 53H 100+ Growing on laterite soils with Roadside Bay Road & 743013E Eucalyptus cneorifolia, Melaleuca vegetation, Moores Road 6033009N uncinata, Daviesia asperula, bridal Pseudanthus micranthus and creeper. Allocasuarina muelleriana

Seed Collection The Seed Conservation Centre has collected seeds for this species from two populations. However the original collection from Beyeria Conservation Park has been utilised for an honours germination research project and insufficient seeds remained for long-term storage. A more recent collection of Beyeria subtecta (DJD1370) was made from Hog’s Bay Road during November 2008. A total of 2,100 seeds with an average viability of 80% are stored ex situ at the Seed Conservation Centre.

23 Bossiaea ensata (Leguminosae) Sword bossiaea

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable:

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Bossiaea ensata is an erect or procumbent shrub up to 1m tall with glabrous flattened and winged stems, with the leaves reduced to small scales. Bossiaea ensata flowers mainly in October and the flowers are a yellow pea flowers with small red markings. No seed pods were observed on any of the plants examined for all of the populations recorded. The plants seemed to form large clonal patches which suggest the plants are suckering and not producing seeds. Interstate populations are known to produce viable seeds.

Distribution Bossiaea ensata occurs on sandy soils surrounding salt marshes and lakes near Lake Brimpton and Karkoo on Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It also occurs on sandy soils in low dense coastal heathland in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.

More recent examinations of plant specimens suggest that the disjunct Eyre Peninsula populations may actually be taxonomically distinct from the populations on the eastern seaboard and hence endemic to Eyre Peninsula. (pers.comm. Ian Thompson 21 Nov 2008). Some preliminary DNA sequencing of material from South Australia and coastal New South Wales will determine if there is sufficient distinction to warrant further investigation.

Historic Records for Bossiaea ensata Specimen No Region Date Collector Locality AD99739305 EP 12 Oct 1995 L.M.B. Heard [9.3 km direct ENE of Brimpton Lake]; Hd. Mitchell, Sect. 34. AD966031096 EP 28 Oct 1965 C.R. Alcock Hundred of Brooker, section 21 AD98203247 EP 26 Aug 1981 Sharon Wright [Locality defined only by collector's latitude and longitude.] AD98630009 EP 5 Jun 1986 M. Bennell Hundred of Mitchell AD110381 EP 11 Oct 2000 Peter Tucker c. 10 km E of Karkoo on the S side of M[oun]t Isabella R[oa]d AD96533020 EP 23 Feb 1965 C.R. Alcock Sec[tion] 21, H[undre]d Mitchell. Brompton Lake area Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

24 Habitat Bossiaea ensata was observed on sandy soils commonly growing with Melaleuca uncinata, Eucalyptus incrassata, and Dianella revoluta. Other associated species included Melaleuca decussata, Calytrix tetragonal, Gahnia trifida and Rhagodia sp. An exception was the small population recorded along the Kapinnie-Yeelana rail corridor, which was growing on a calcrete rise with Eucalyptus diversifolia, Babingtonia behrii and Melaleuca uncinata.

Bossiaea ensata appears to be restricted to the sandy mallee rises surrounding salt lakes and salt marshes. Since most of the land around the salt lakes has been cleared for cropping, remaining populations are restricted to roadsides. Occasionally along Lake Brimpton road the vegetation around the salt lakes graded from samphire plant communities to small remnant pockets of Melaleuca decussata, Melaleuca brevifolia and Gahnia trifida through to sandy rises with Eucalytus incrassata and Melaleuca uncinata.

Bossiaea ensata forms large ‘suckering’ patches under Eucalyptus incrassata (Lake Brimpton)

Surveys for populations A search for further populations to determine the extent of the species in the region and some basic understanding of the ecology was undertaken during December 2008. The areas searched included: • Roadside vegetation around the Mt Isabella road and Carrs road intersection including east of the intersection along Carrs road for ~2km; • Roadside vegetation along Carrs road from the above-mentioned intersection through to Karkoo; • The length of Lake Brimpton road, west of Mitsham road towards Lake Brimpton township; • The entire roadside of Howell road; • Kapininnie-Yeelana rail corridor west of Yeltukka road to the Bratten highway; • Sections of the Bratten highway that pass through the salt lake region southeast of Kapinnie.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Bossiaea ensata Popn Location Easting/ Number of Assoc. plant Threats number Northing plants species B1 East side of Mt Isabella road 53 ~20 scattered Euc. incrassata & Roadside approx. 200m north of Carrs 576516E plants Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, Road intersection. 6232725N salinity, ~9.2km east of Karkoo by weeds road. B2 Carrs Road approx. 100m 53 22 plants Euc. incrassata & Roadside west of the Mt Isabella Rd 576023E along ~100m Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, intersection 6232606N stretch salinity, ~9km east of Karkoo by road. weeds B3 Carrs Road approx. 1km west 53 12 plants + Euc. incrassata & Roadside of the Mt Isabella Rd 575451E few scattered Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, intersection 6232664N plants further salinity, ~8km east of Karkoo by road. west weeds B4 Lake Brimpton Road ~4km 53 ~30 clumps Euc. incrassata & Roadside east of Kooidie Rd 555680E Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, intersection. Approx. 9km 6229014N salinity, direct E of Lake Brimpton. weeds B5 Lake Brimpton Road ~2km 53 100+ clumps Euc. incrassata & Roadside east of Kooidie Rd 553690E Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, intersection. Approx. 7km 6229402N salinity, direct E of Lake Brimpton. weeds B6 Howell Road, adjacent salt 53 20+ plants Euc. incrassata & Roadside lakes near driveway entrance 553396E Melaleuca uncinata vegetation, to Anembo homestead. 6225206N salinity, Approx. 8.5km direct SE of weeds Lake Brimpton. B7 Kapinnie-Yeelana railway 53 3 plants Euc. diversifolia & Roadside corridor ~ 3km west of 555061E Babingtonia behrii vegetation, Yeltukka Rd. Approx. 13km 6220347N salinity, direct SE of Lake Brimpton weeds

B1 B3 B2

1 km

B5 B4

1 km

Threats Most of the vegetation around the edges of salt lakes and salt marshes in this region has been cleared for cropping. Hence the Bossiaea ensata populations observed were restricted to remnant roadside vegetation. These populations in remnant roadside vegetation are poorly conserved and in some instances impacted upon by roadworks and ‘borrow pits’.

This region may have originally consisted of brackish swamps and lakes, which have may have become more salinised as a result of more recent vegetation clearance. Some small remnants of cutting grass swamps (Gahnia trifida) could be observed above the edge of some salt marshes. However dead and dying vegetation was occasionally observed along the edges of these salt lakes and samphire salt marshes and it is suspected that areas effected by salinisation in this region are increasing.

Bossiaea ensata grows amongst broom bush (Melaleuca uncinata) and ridge–fruited mallee (Eucalyptus incrassata) on sandy rises surrounding salt marshes/lakes, and the expansion of salt-effected areas will threaten these remnant roadside populations

A number of introduced plant species were observed growing along the roadside with Bossiaea ensata and included species such as boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum), boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) and bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides).

Seed collection No seed collections were performed for this species as none of the populations recorded appeared to produce seeds. Some plant material was collected to determine if this species could be grown by cuttings. It may be possible to introduce cutting grown material from the Karkoo and Lake Brimpton area together in a glasshouse situation to investigate whether cross-pollination and seed set is attainable.

27 Brachyscome diversifolia (Compositae) Tall daisy

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Brachyscome diversifolia is an attractive erect perennial daisy growing to 50 cm in height, producing large white flowers during spring and early summer.

Distribution Brachyscome diversifolia is currently only known from 2 locations in South Australia, both of which occur in Scott Creek Conservation Park in the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges. It is more common along the east coast of Australia, occurring in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. There are 10 historic records for Brachyscome diversifolia in South Australia with 5 of these collections maintained in the Melbourne Herbarium.

Historic Records for Brachyscome diversifolia Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location SL R.J. Bates 35360 26 Nov 1993 1 km north of Gurrs Road. Mount Bold Reservoir SL R.J. Bates 40040 25 Nov 1994 Mount Bold on south facing slopes SL S.A. White s.n. 15 Nov 1909 Myponga SL R. Tate s.n. Oct 1896 Belair SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 12 Oct 1946 Upper Holland's Creek near Forest Range Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Brachyscome diversifolia grows in a range of habitats, but in South Australia appears limited to Eucalyptus obliqua / Eucalyptus leucoxylon woodlands with a grassy understorey, associated steep rocky banks and cool moist gullies. Associated species include Arthropodium strictum, Bursaria spinosa, Brunonia australis, Dianella revoluta and Hibbertia exutiacies.

Surveys for populations In conjunction Tim Jury from TPAG (Threatened Plant Action Group) and the Friends of Scott Creek Conservation Park two populations of Brachyscome diversifolia have been located (as described below). Additional field searches were undertaken in an effort to relocate an historic record within Mt Bold Reservoir and a potential sighting within Montacute Conservation Park. Both were however unsuccessful.

28 Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Brachyscome diversifolia Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants PJA138 Scott Creek 54H 120 Open Eucalyptus forest with grassy Weed Conservation 288222E understory. Eucalyptus oblique, E. invasion Park. 6114965N leucoxylon and E. fasciculosa on Overlooking steep south facing slope, Matthews Road occasional rocky outcrop. PJA139 Scott Creek 54H 20 Open Eucalyptus forest with grasy Weed Conservation 288045E understory. Eucalyptus oblique, e. invasion, Park. Eys tunnel 6115182N leucoxylon and e. fasciculosa on trampling, track south facing slope with occasional herbicide rocky outcrop. spraying

PJA138

PJA139

Seed collection 4 seed collections of Brachyscome diversifolia (PJA138, PJA139, RJB70311 & PJA188) have been collected between 2006 and 2008, and are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 19,990 seeds with an average viability of 90% are conserved ex situ.

29 Brachyscome melanocarpa (Compositae) Black-fruit daisy

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable

NRM region: SA Murray-Darling Basin and SA Arid Lands

Description Brachyscome melanocarpa is weakly erect or trailing perennial daisy growing to 40 cm in height, producing large mauve of white flowers during spring through to autumn.

Distribution Historic herbarium records suggest that for South Australia that this species is relatively localised to the Murray and Lake Eyre regions of the State. Also occurs in the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.

Historic Records for Brachyscome melanocarpa Record No. Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD97622275 MU J.M. Black s.n. Oct 1915 Renmark or Berri AD99116107 MU A.G. Spooner 12193 27 Aug 1990 Murtho Forest Reserve AD102833 MU R.J. Bates 51889 22 Dec 1998 East of Horseshoe Billabong Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Found on grasslands, in woodlands and on the heavy clay soils of river floodplains. Associated species include Eucalyptus largiflorens, E camaldulensis and Atriplex vesicaria.

Surveys for populations In an effort to relocate one of the historic records (RJB 51889), an extensive search of suitable floodplain habitat in Murtho Native Forest Reserve was undertaken in May 2006. This proved unsuccessful. There is also an unconfirmed record from Boolcoomatta Station west of Broken Hill. A number of rare and uncommon species were collected during three field trips to Boolcoomatta during 2008/2009, including three species of Brachyscome however B. melanocarpa was not observed during these visits.

Threats This species is associated with fertile floodplains and may reappear in parts of the Murray River post-flooding. The ageing of the long-term persistent soil seed bank for this flood responsive

30 annual may exceed the time interval until the next major flood event. This species is most likely at high risk of local extinction in South Australia.

Seed collection No seed has been collected for Brachyscome melanocarpa.

31 Brachyscome muelleri (Compositae) Corunna daisy

Conservation status: AUS: endangered. SA: endangered (endemic)

NRM region: SA arid lands

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description An annual herb to 20cm high with glabrous stems branching at ground level and basal leaves sometimes forming a rosette. Produces white terminal flowers during late winter and early spring.

Distribution This species has an extremely localised distribution near Iron Knob in South Australia.

Historic Records for Brachyscome muelleri Record No. Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD173048 EP P.J. Ainsley 83 20 Sep 2004 Corunna Station. South facing slope of Baxter Hills AD192608 EP P.J. Ainsley 99 16 Sep 2005 Corunna Homestead. South facing slope of Baxter Hills, above homestead Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Localised to the steep cliff-foot slopes of the Baxter Hills on the upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. Associated species include Dodonaea viscosa ssp angustissima, Cassinia laevis, and Olearia decurrens.

Surveys for populations During 2008 searches to the north east of the existing population near Cariewerloo Homestead were undertaken. Whilst areas in Gunters Gorge and the Gap Well waterfall with similar geology and associated plant species were searched, no new populations were identified. Conditions were extremely dry and it would be well worthwhile revisiting the sites during a wetter season.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Brachyscome muelleri Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants PJA83 Corunna 32 40’ 50”S Abundant South Facing slope of Baxter Hills – Stochastic

32 Station. South 137 07’ 36”E reddish loam soil, overlaid with events, facing slope of mixture of stone/gravel. Other weeds Baxter Hills species present include Sida and petrophila, Olearia decurrens, Ptilotus grazing obovatus, Cassinia laevis, Dodonaea viscose.

PJA83

Seed collection Two seed collections have been made for Brachyscome muelleri since 2005. The seeds are in long-term storage at both Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 20,400 seeds with an average viability of 95% are conserved ex situ.

33 Brachyscome xanthocarpa (Compositae) Yellow-fruit daisy

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: rare (endemic)

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Small annual daisy up to 15cm tall with lobed leaves. Stems with hairs at base, reddish in colour. Flowers white 1-2cm wide on long stems produced during spring.

Distribution Endemic with distribution restricted to central Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.

Historic Records for Brachyscome xanthocarpa Record No. Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD198044 EP D.J. Duval 557 6 Sep 2006 Hincks Conservation Park, 2 km from southern boundary along north-south track AD199328 EP P.J. Lang BS128- 29 Sep 2005 8.6 km direct NNW of Flagstaff 4506 Corner; Heritage Agreement 249 Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Grows in opens swales on red sands or under mallee scrub in limestone soils. Associated species include Triodia, Craspedia varia, Pimelia, and Microseris lanceolata.

Surveys for populations During September 2008, a search was undertaken to locate a previously recorded population on a heritage agreement (BS128-4506) west of Smoky Bay, without success. Similarly, an opportunistic sighting near Cape Bauer on the Gibson Peninsula to the north west of Streaky Bay was also investigated without success. However, large populations of plants were recorded within Hincks Conservation Park on Nicholls track on two occasions during the same season. This species although localised, appears wells conserved within the Hincks Conservation Park.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Brachyscome xanthoxcarpa Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD557 Hincks Conservation 53H 100+ Growing in open swales with Well

34 Park, 2 km from S 581398E Triodia, Craspedia varia, conserved boundary along N-S 6246776N Pimelea and Microseris within park track lanceolata on red sand. PJA177 Hincks Conservation 53H 1000+ Open mallee scrubland on Well Park. Nicholls Track 581559E sandy loam with Triodia conserved 6247784N understorey. within park

DJD557 & PJA177

Seed collection Two seed collections have been made for Brachyscome xanthocarpa (DJD557 & PJA177) between 2006 and 2008. Both collections were made within Hincks Conservation Park. The seeds are currently in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 13,500 seeds with an average viability of 95% are conserved ex situ.

35 Caesia sp. “Muddy Flat” (Liliaceae) Grass Lily

Conservation Rating: AUS: not listed. SA: rating to be confirmed (possibly vulnerable).

NRM region: South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Caesia sp “‘Muddy Flat” is a light green-leaved lily with an erect flowering branch of purple flowers held just above the strap-like leaves. The strap-like leaves are glabrous and concolorous. This Caesia species flowers from November through to early December. It differs from Caesia calliantha in having concolorous leaves, an entirely purple anther filament and later flowering period. The two observed records to date suggest it is restricted to low, open, herbaceous red gum woodlands.

Distribution Caesia sp. “Muddy Flat” was only recently collected in South Australia by the Seed Conservation Centre and is waiting to be described as a new taxon by Dr John Conran from the University of Adelaide. It has been collected from near the Victorian border and is suspected to occur in red gum woodlands in south- western Victoria.

Habitat A population of this undescribed species was recorded in Muddy Flat Native Forest Reserve (NFR) nearly two years ago, growing in Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodland in open grassy flats with low herbs and sedges. The plant is very difficult to distinguish amongst the Lepidosperma sp.and Leptocarpus tenax sedges with which it grows unless in flower. Observations from just the past two years suggest this species is more prevalent when there is spring rains.

36 Searches for populations Further searches in Muddy Flat NFR located another subpopulation 600m north of the original record. A second population of the Caesia was located whilst searching for some other threatened species in Topperwein NFR near the Victorian border. A third population is thought to occur at the proposed pulp mill site not far from Muddy Flat NFR (pers. comm. Randall Johnson).

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Caesia sp. “Muddy Flat” Collection Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST264 Muddy Flat Native 54H 100+ Euc. camaldulensis, Forest reserve 483943E Lepidosperma sp. Tricoryne 5849664N tenellus, Astroloma humifusum DJD1384 Topperwein Native 30+ Euc. camaldulensis, Hypochaeris Forest reserve Lepidosperma sp. Tricoryne sp. Holcus tenellus, Leptocarpus tenax lanatus

TST264

DJD1384

Seed Collection A total of 700 seeds were collected from Muddy Flat NFR (TST 264) however the viability was quite low (<40%). Only a few seeds were collected from Topperwein NFR in 2008, and these were sown for ForestrySA to utilise in restoration work.

37 Cardamine gunnii (Cruciferae) Spade leaf bitter-cress

Conservation status: AUS: endangered (under consideration). SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A small weak annual herb arising from a thick, tuberous perennial rootstock. It has a basal rosette of discolourous, lobed leaves and an erect branched scape of small white flowers.

Distribution Cardamine gunnii is a lowland swamp species that was collected in south-western Victoria more than 100 years ago and is now presumed extinct for that State. It has also been collected in Tasmania, but similarly, has not been seen since the 1800’s.

In South Australia this species was collected in the 1800’s from the Mt Lofty Ranges near Macclesfield and Tanunda, which historically were valleys and flats of red gum woodland (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). However this species is presumed to be extinct in the Mount Lofty Ranges. The most recent South Australia collections are from the lowland swamps in The Marshes Native Forest Reserve (NFR) in 1967 and just recently from the red gum swamps in Topperwein NFR near the Victorian border. The red gum lowland swamps of the Topperwein NFR lie north of Mount Gambier near the state border (see map below).

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

38 Historic Records for Cardamine gunnii Specimen No Region Collector Date Locality AD96936135 SE I.B. Wilson 7 Sep 1968 Marsh's Swamp (Marsh's Swamp is between Glencoe and Mount Burr township) AD99317255 SE P.J. Lang 6 Sep 1991 [4.6 km direct ESE of Kilbride; Topperwein Native Forest: TO3 (NF145-3)]; Property: Topperwein NFR; Hd. Nangwarry, Sect. 220.; Site: BS29-NAN0301, Patchid: 7491 AD221582 SE D.J. Duval 15 Sep Topperwein N[ative] F[orest] R[eserve]. Firetrack on 2008 SE side. MEL93211A SE F. Mueller 1848 Euchunga MEL93212A SL F. Mueller 1848 Mt Barker MEL93222A SL F. Mueller 15 Apr 1848 Tanunda Source: State Herbarium of South Australia and National Herbarium of Victoria

Habitat The vegetation association for the two small populations observed within Topperwein NFR is seasonally inundated Eucalyptus camaldulensis open woodland, on the margins of ephemeral Baumea and Juncus swamps. The specific understorey association is open grassy and sedge flats consisting mainly of Lepidosperma concavum and Lepyrodia muelleri +/- Caesia parviflora, Ranunculus robertsonii, Hypoxis vaginata, Burchardia umbellate, Centaurium erythraea *Hypochaeris radicata, and *Anthoxanthum odoratum. The soils are dark brown water-logging swamp soils with high organic content.

Surveys for populations The original collection locality within The Marshes NFR was searched in September 2008. The original collection site was approximated from the collection transect described in the original report by Wilson. The report was provided by Troy Horn from ForestrySA who also assisted with the search. Unfortunately Cardamine gunnii could not be located in The Marshes NFR.

A more recent collection of Cardamine gunnii (Peter Lang, DEH) was also recorded from Topperwein NFR as indicated by the herbarium database. However the specimen in the herbarium could not be located and therefore remains unverified. Nonetheless Topperwein NFR was searched in September 2008. A small population of ~20 scattered plants was located a few hundred metres southeast of the original record by Peter Lang. The specimens had thick white tuberous roots indicative of this perennial Cardamine species. With a better understanding of the typical habitat, a known similar site with numerous rare herbs, lilies and orchids was searched and a scattered population of 100+ Cardamine gunnii plants was located.

Red gum open woodland habitat at Topperwein

39 Threats The two small, localised subpopulations of Cardamine gunnii are confined to open flats of sedges within remnant red gum woodland/swamp. This specific vegetation association with its unique herbaceous and sedge understorey is an uncommon element of the plant communities in these small fragmented reserves. These small remnant red gum swamps are geographically isolated from other nearby more degraded swamps by large expanses of pine and blue gum plantations.

This species appears to be a lowland swamp species and the observed populations would be partly inundated during the winter months. Record low rainfall averages for the South East region of South Australia over the past few years has seen many presumed permanent swamps dry for the first time since European settlement. However another major detrimental factor is the intensive planting of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus adjacent to these remnant red gum lowland swamps in the region near the South Australian / Victoria border. There have been substantial falls in the watertable for this local region. The nearest monitoring point to Topperwein NFR has seen the water table fall three metres in 25 years. Although this is consistent with the trends of other local watertable monitoring points, the decline is more acute and does not exhibit the annual cyclic fluctuations evident at other monitoring sites. A water table monitoring point with data logger has been commissioned within the Topperwein NFR as of March 2009. (pers. comm. Jeff Lawson Dept Water, Land and Biodiversity 20 March 2009).

Seed Collection With the assistance of Troy Horn from ForestrySA a total of 5,500 seeds were collected during late September and early October from Topperwein NFR (DJD1187). The estimated viability of the seed collection was 100%. Other remnant red gum flats surrounding swamps will be searched for further populations in spring 2009. The Seed Conservation Centre has nominated Cardamine gunnii for Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act listing in March 2009.

40 Citrus glauca (Rutaceae) Desert lime

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: SA Arid Lands and Northern & Yorke

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi ) © E. Anderson (www.asgap.org.au/e-gla.html)

Description Citrus glauca is a shrub or a small tree 3-7m tall with long thorns on juvenile leaves. Leaves are grey-green or deep-green in colour and dotted with numerous oil glands. This species often suckers to form dense thickets. Flowers September to December and produces small yellow fruits.

Distribution Citrus glauca occurs in western New South Wales and Queensland. In South Australia it is much less widespread, being restricted to the Flinders and Gairdner-Torrens botanical regions, from Port Augusta to Lake Torrens. The map below highlights the South Australian distribution.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

41 Historic Records for Citrus glauca Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location GT A. Spurling s.n. 13 Feb 1993 Toby Swamp Paddock "Pernatty" GT A. Spurling s.n. 14 Feb 1993 N of Corella Dam, "Kootaberra" Station GT A. Spurling s.n. 13 Feb 1993 W [of] Duttons Bluff, "Kootaberra" Station. North end sand dune 300 m from track FR A. Spurling s.n. 16 Jan 1993 Castle Springs Paddock "Yarrah Vale" FR F. Kutsche UGMO04/0 25 Apr 2002 Wallerberdina. P[hoto] P[oint] 5792 2 121 FR D. 1451 12 Jan 2006 4.3 [km] N of Moockra on road to Moockra Tower Cunningham FR G. Blackburn s.n. Nov 1947 Near Carrieton. [Horseshoe Range, 3 mi. NNW of Moockra Station] FR R.H. Kuchel 2806 7 May 1969 Found c. 4.83 km along road from Moockra Railway Station, to Moockra Pillar FR J. Wauchope MR159 15 Jun 1983 Mambray Creek, c. 2 km SSW of Park Headquarters FR P.E. Conrick 158 12 Nov 1979 On Wallerberdina Station WNW of Mt. Eyre. Grove running E-W across Pt Augusta Leigh Creek. Power line between E.T.S.A. Towers 240 and 238 FR A. Spurling s.n. 16 Jan 1993 E Mt Eyre Paddock "Wallerberdina" FR A. Spurling s.n. 16 Jan 1993 Under powerline pylon 237 "Wallerberdina" FR R.H. Kuchel 2843 13 Sep 1969 Along road to Partacoona. 8.5 miles along road to Partacoona from the Quorn Hawker Road in first range of low hills FR L.M.B. Heard BS86-1320 18 Oct 1996 [1.9 km direct SSE of Lower Horseshoe] FR G. Blackburn s.n. Nov 1947 3 miles NNW Moockra St[atio]n in base of Horseshoe Range FR R. Callen s.n. 19 Nov 1969 3.5 miles N of Moockra Railway Station FR P.J. Lang 2114 12 Oct 1992 0.6 km by road SSE of Simmonston (abandoned townsite c. 22 km NNE of Quorn), Section 511 Hundred of Kanyaka FR P.J. Lang BSOP-713 03 Nov 2003 W side of road to Moockra Tower, on southern rim forming entrance to Pound formed by Horseshoe Range. [1.6 km direct SSE of Lower Horseshoe] FR P.J. Lang BSOP-728 03 Nov 2003 NE side of road to Moockra Tower near entrance to Pound. [2.2 km direct SSE of Lower Horseshoe] EP H.F. Lower s.n. 28 Sep 1965 French's Corraberra Station, c. 10 mile NW of Port Augusta EP D.J. Michael 162 26 Dec 1990 Cariewerloo Station. 300 m N of Jackies No. 2 tank in Jackies [paddock] EP A. Spurling s.n. 15 Jan 1993 Glen Verne Paddock, "Corraberra" Station EP M.B. Spurling s.n. 6 Dec 1965 Glen Verne Station, 15 miles NW of Port Augusta [on Woomera road - now part of Corroberra Station] EP W.S. Reid s.n. 28 May 1955 NW of Pt Augusta EP Johnston s.n. May 1955 "Glen Burn" close to Pt Augusta, about 10 mile NW EP A. Spurling s.n. 14 Feb 1993 Scrubby Paddock, "Mt. Arden" Station EP W. Hancock s.n. 14 Dec 1965 Near Pt Augusta EP A. Spurling s.n. 15 Jan 1993 Jackys Paddock " Cariewerloo" EP M.B. Spurling s.n. 22 May 1966 Glen Verne Station, 15 miles NW of Port Augusta [on Woomera road - now part of Corroberra Station] Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

42 Surveys for populations The Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) has visited the Moockra Tower population each season for the past five years. Although there has been no fruit set observed on plants during these visits, Martin O’Leary (State Herbarium of South Australia) mentioned that he observed this population set fruit some years ago.

The only other population visited by the SCC is the largest known population on Cariewerloo Station north of Port Augusta. This population sets fruit most seasons but the station owner has not observed seeds within the fruits.

Threats Most known populations occur on grazing leases and this species is palatable to stock. It is therefore readily grazed. This may limit recruitment within a specific population. However it is very spiny and often produces vegetative suckers. The largest population in ‘Jacky’s paddock’ on Cariewerloo Station consists of numerous older trees and suckering plants.

Seed collection No seed collections have as yet been made for Citrus glauca. The large population at Cariewerloo Station is being monitored by the SCC for a possible future seed collection.

43 Correa aff. aemula “Kaiser Stuhl” (Rutaceae) Hairy correa

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: not currently listed.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A bush to 1.5m tall with drooping broad hairy green leaves and cream tubular flowers. It is similar to Correa aemula but with broader, hairy, drooping leaves. Flowers during spring and into summer.

Distribution Only known in South Australia from Kaiser Stuhl Conservation Park and Kaiser Stuhl Native Forest Reserve near Tanunda.

Habitat This undescribed species of Correa only appears to grow amongst granite outcrops atop the hills in the Barossa Range near Kaiser Stuhl. It grows with Allocasuarina verticillata, Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata, Acacia pycnantha and Spyridium parvifolium. It is localised around the granite outcrops suggesting it is reliant on the catchment of the outcrops for survival. Kieran Brewer (South Australian Indigenous Flora) has observed this undescribed species in the same habitat at Mt Dundas and Mt Talbot west of the Grampians in Victoria. It is closely related to Correa aemula but has much broader, hairy, drooping (stem-clasping) leaves and very specific habitat requirements.

Granite outcrop habitat at Kaiser Stuhl

Surveys for populations Searches by the Seed Conservation Centre have shown that this species occurs at a number of granite outcrops within Kaiser Stuhl Conservation Park and Kaiser Stuhl Native Forest Reserve.

Records by Seed Cosnervation Centre for Correa aff. aemula “Kaiser Stuhl” Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants KHB71 Kaiser Stuhl 54H 200+ In Eucalyptus baxeri low Conservation Park 317014E woodland with Exocarpus near top of hill 6172086N cupressiformis, Acacia around rocky pycnantha, Spyridium outcrop near parvifolium, Xanthorrhoea access track semiplana and Austroloma conostephioides DJD1414 Kaiser Stuhl 54H Growing in shady rocky outcrop Native Forest 316568E Reserve 6171044N

KHB71

DJD1414

Seed collection Two seed collections have been made for Correa aff. aemula “Kaiser Stuhl” (KHB71 and DJD1414) between January 2007 and December 2008. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre. A total of 163 and 330 seeds for the respect seedlots with viabilities of 40% and 20% are conserved ex situ.

45 Cullen parvum (Leguminosae) Small scurf-pea

Conservation statue: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges, SA Murray-Darling Basin and Northern & Yorke

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Cullen parvum is a perennial herb with stems trailing on the ground to 50 cm long with trifoliate leaves on a long stalk. The small bluish-white, lilac or pink 'pea' flowers occur in cylindrical whorls at the ends of erect flowering stalks. The fruit is small and covered in dense white hairs.

Distribution Cullen parvum is recorded in the Southern Lofty, North Lofty, Flinders Ranges, Murray and Eastern regions of South Australia from Adelaide to Peterborough. It is also known from Victoria and New South Wales.

Historic Records for Cullum parvum Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location FR R.J. Bates 48873 9 Nov 1997 Melrose Cemetery Reserve FR C.R. Alcock 9923 25 Jan 1984 Roadside and adjoining paddock between Appila and Booleroo Centre FR R. Bates 22984 14 Apr 1990 E of Peterborough - Dawson Road. On side track by dam near {Callitris} patch FR R.J. Bates 40994 18 Apr 1995 1 km E of Peterborough and dam 2 km NE of town FR R. Bates 9396 28 Feb 1987 S of Booleroo at Wirrabara turnoff by railway line

FR D.E. Murfet 5929 14 Feb 2008 Orroroo to Peterborough road, 2.1 km E of Orroroo to Jamestown road FR R. Davies 732 29 Dec 1995 Section 172 and 173 Hundred of Coglin

FR R. Davies 731 29 Dec 1995 Section 194 Hundred of Coglin. Banks of man- made drain leading into (and on W side of) dam EA R.J. Bates 46702 25 Mar 1997 Paratoo, along creek by old dam EA R.J. Davies 754 5 Oct 1994 NW side of road 1.5 km NE from Oodlawirra Hotel. Adjacent to culvert under road EA C.R. Alcock 11051 17 Jan 1989 Ucolta, Hundred of Parnaroo, S of the Broken Hill Railway line, c. 25 km E of Peterborough EA R.J. Bates 55186 19 Mar 2000 Near Marchant Hill

46 EA R.J. Bates 40935 17 Apr 1995 SE of Oodlawirra EA R. Bates 9416 1 Mar 1987 c. 10 km N of Oodlawirra on edge of ephemeral pool NL R.J. Bates s.n. 28 Dec 1992 5 km SW of Hanson. In side road 100 m from main r[oa]d to Farrell Flat NL D.J. Duval 110 7 Feb 2005 N of Terowie at turnoff to Peterborough NL R.J. Bates 34747 30 Oct 4 km N of Burra, 200 m E of Heysen Trail sign NL D.N. 7270 12 Mar 1997 Roadside verge on left hand side of road, c. 1.5 Kraehenbuehl km N of Terowie NL C.R. Alcock 4471 21 Feb 1974 Hanson Reserve/Railway Yards some 14 km SW of Burra NL R.J. Bates 40995 14 Apr 1995 Along the old railway S of Yongola [1 km out of town] NL R. Bates 14239 25 Apr 1988 10 km N of Hallett NL R. Bates 14240 25 Apr 1988 5 km NE of Terowie on the road to Parnaroo NL R.J. Bates 54938 Nov 1999 Near summit of Mt Bryan NL R. Bates 9419 1 Mar 1987 On roadside between Terowie and Yunta, 10 km N of Terowie NL J.M. Black s.n. 22 Nov 1925 Spalding NL A.D. Black s.n. Oct 1912 Charlie Nicholl's farm, Anlaby Station NL T.G.B. Osborn s.n. Nov 1913 Hillside above Booborowie NL K.B. Warnes 16 24 Oct 1969 c. 5 km ESE of Owen, Morrison's road MU R. Bates 64634 Jan 2005 Wandillah Station, 15 km ENE of Burra SL D.N. 137 23 Nov 1959 Glenelg Railway Line near Helmsdale Kraehenbuehl SL E.L. Robertson s.n. 12 Dec 1991 Mitcham Council Saddle Hill Reserve, Panorama SL T.J. Smith 2122 18 Nov 1969 In the Hope Valley Reservoir Property SL D. s.n. 29 Jan 1960 Helmsdale [Now known as Warradale] Kraehenbuehl Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Cullen parvum is found growing in alluvial plains, creeks, ephemeral pools, river channels as well as artificial drains and other disturbed wet sites. It grows in grassy woodland or open forest vegetation dominated by species of Eucalyptus, or in grasslands.

Habitat of population at Terowie

Surveys for populations A number of populations have been located by the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) and are being monitored for further seed collections once the right seasonal conditions for successful seed production occur.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Cullen parvum Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD110 N of Terowie at 54H >1000 Along roadside in depressions Land turnoff to 307290E with Melaleuca, Teucrium clearance, Peterborough 6331780N racemosa, Asphodelus, road Convolvulus, Goodenia, maintenance Enneapogon.

DJD110

Seed collection A seed collection has been made for Cullen parvum (DJD110) along the main highway near Telowie. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 6,150 seeds with an average viability of 90% are conserved ex situ. Presuming sufficient spring rainfall occurs in 2009, the SCC aims to collect from the small, single known remaining population in the Southern Mount Lofty region at Hope Valley reservoir.

48 Daviesia sejugata (Leguminosae) Disjunct bitter pea

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM Region: Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description A woody shrub to 80cm tall with glabrous dark green broad lanceolate leaves with a pungent tip. No seed pods have been observed on any plants, and the plants appear to be suckering.

Distribution This plant species is only known in South Australia from the southern tip of Yorke Peninsula. There are three populations currently known, two in Innes National Park and a third along roadside north of Marion Bay. There maybe a fourth population on a private heritage agreement block east of Wartnben Conservation Park. Tim Croft (DEH) recorded a Daviesia fitting the description of D. sejugata on this Heritage Agreement, however a herbarium specimen was not collected. A search of the heritage agreement in spring 2009 will hopefully confirm this record.

This species is also recorded on the west coast of Tasmania. However preliminary DNA sequencing by Dr Kym Ottewell (University of Adelaide) suggests the South Australian populations may be distinct taxon.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi) 49

Historic Records for Daviesia sejugata Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Location D.E. Symon 17277 14 Sep 2006 Road from Marion Bay to Warooka, {+} 3.3 km from Marion Bay T. Smith 506 29 Sep 1967 c. 5 km NW of Marion Bay Jetty. (H[undre]d of Warrenben) R.J. Bates 842 21 Sep 1980 3 km N of Marion Bay D.J. Duval 590 14 Sep 2006 3.3 km N of Marion Bay on road to Warooka B. Copley 4751 9 Sep 1975 Found on roadside 2 km E of Marion Bay, on white sand T. Jaques INP-313 15 Sep 2006 N on main road heading W just before The Gap turnoff. Innes National Park J. Copley 176 20 Sep 1975 Halfway between Stenhouse Bay and Warooka (roadside) P.J. Lang BSOP-779 18 Oct 2006 Warooka - Stenhouse Bay road, c. 3.3 km N of Marion Bay store. [3.3 km direct NE of Marion Bay] Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat This species grows in low coastal heath on low rises of calcareous sands or sands over limestone. The populations observed all occur adjacent a road or fire track across a low rise. This suggests the species is more frequent following disturbance and concurs with observations that it appears to reproduce through suckering. All or most of the plants within these small populations are most likely clonal.

Roadside habitat along Marion Bay Road

Surveys for populations Area searched have included: 1. Northern boundary of Warenben Conservation Park; 2. Marion Bay Road north of Marion Bay towards Ilfracombe road; 3. Stenhouse Bay Road between Marion Bay and Warooka.

A small localised population extending about 40m was located about 3.3km northeast of Marion Bay along Stenhouse Bay in September 2006. The local area around this population and a second population in Innes National Park was searched to determine the extent of the populations, and it appears the populations are extremely localised.

DJD590

Seed collection No seeds have been collected for Daviesia sejugata as no seed set has been observed on any of the plants in the populations recorded. Some plants have been successfully propagated from cuttings over the past few years and it may be worthwhile investigating the cause for the lack of fertility (e.g. pollen testing, cross-pollinating plants propagated from different populations). It is interesting to note that some of the populations in Tasmania reportedly produce viable seeds (pers.comm. James Woods, Royal Botanic Gardens Tasmania, 2006.)

51 Desmocladus diacolpicus (Restionaceae) Bundled cord-rush

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Desmocladus diacolpicus is a low clumping herb to 15cm tall. Leaves and flowers occur in swirls up the stems.

Distribution Desmocladus diacolpicus is found on the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island in South Australia but with restricted occurrence. Of the 14 databased herbarium records, most are from the Three Chain Road area on Kangaroo Island and Hincks Conservation Park on Eyre Peninsula. This species also occurs in Western Australia, but is reported as most probably extinct due to its occurrence in a region subjected to extensive clearing and salinisation (Meney, Pate & Hickman 1999; Meney, Pate, Dixon, Briggs & Johnson 1999; Pate 2000).

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

52 Historic Records for Desmocladus diacolpicus Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location EP R.S. BS80- 13 Oct 1995 [2.5 km direct WNW of Edillilie; Heritage Agreement 988 Taylor 4352 (HA988)]; Hd. Mortlock, Sect. 28. EP S.A. BS80- 11 Oct 1995 [5.8 km direct NNE of Brooker; Heritage Agreement 937: Bellette 5268 AREA D (HA937-4)]; Hd. Brooker, Sect. 34. EP R. Bates 23919 25 Sep 1990 S of Verran Hill EP T. Croft s.n. 5 Mar 1991 Section 34 Hundred of Brooker EP D.E. 6130 8 Oct 1968 1.5 miles N of Verran Hill turn in on the E side of Hincks Symon National Park EP D.E. 6271 9 Oct 1968 Hincks National Park the inner NW angle on the Reserve; S Symon of the Verran Hill road exit EP K.L. BS131- 31 Oct 2001 [9.0 km direct ESE of Tooligie Hill]; Property: Hincks CP; Graham 360 Hd. Hincks, Sect. 365. EP T.S. Te 239 21 Nov 2007 2.5 km N of Verran Track turnoff along the E boundary track of Hincks Wilderness Area, W side of track on edge KI B.M. 1014 15 Mar 1989 Hog Bay Road, 5 km E of Min Oil Road, Hundred of Haines Overton KI B.M. 1013 28 Dec 1988 (Three) Chain Road, 1 km W of Hundred Line Road, Overton Hundred of Macgillivray KI P.J. Lang 8547 23 May 1989 Section 37, Hundred of Haines. Remnant scrub block adjoining northern side of Three Chain Road about 2 km WSW of intersection with American River-Penneshaw Road KI R. Davies s.n. 19 Oct 1999 Kingscote Airport in remnant scrub near W boundary, 50 m E of Levee Track KI S. 5 17 May 1990 Section 111, Hundred of Haines Ronson KI T.S. Te 215 6 Nov 2007 2.0 km SW along Three Chain Road from Hog Bay Road. On S side of road about 20 m in Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat On Kangaroo Island and on Eyre Peninsula, Desmocladus diacolpicus occurs in low open heath and mallee on white sands. It is usually associated with depressions and swales which may become saturated during winter months. On Kangaroo Island the observed populations are in white sandy heaths adjacent salinised depressions and creeks. The associated species includes Babingtionia behrii, Melaleuca uncinata, Eucalyptus incrassata, Eucalyptus diversifolia, Calytrix glaberrima, Boronia inornata, Grevillea uncinata and Hypolaena fastigata.

Surveys for populations The areas that have been searched for this species include: • Three Chain Road, Kangaroo Island; • Sections of Hog Bay Road, Kangaroo Island; • Sections of the eastern and western boundary of Hincks Conservation Park, Eyre Peninsula; • Heritage Agreement property west of Edililie, Eyre Peninsula.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Desmocladus diacolpicus Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST215 2.0 km SW along 53H 50 In roadside vegetation. Open Roadside Three Chain Road 742506E mallee with Eucalyptus diversifolia, vegetation from Hog Bay 6031024N Eucalyptus cosmophylla, Calytrix Road. On S side of tetragon, Calytrix glaberrima, road about 20 m in Leionema equestr90e, Adenanthos. TST239 2.5 km N of Verran 53H 4 Unburnt mallee in 1 year old burnt Along

53 Track turnoff along 606339E area. Growing with Callitris firebreak – the E boundary 6257582N verrucosa, Calytrix involucrate, slashing, track of Hincks Leptospermum coriaceum, Triodia weed Wilderness Area, W invasion side of track on edge BS131- 9.0 km direct ESE 53H 1 Sandy plain with Callittis verrucosa, 360 of Tooligie Hill]; 584270E Eucalyptus incrassate, Eucalyptus Property: Hincks CP 6258010N ileptophylla very low woodland over Lepidosperma carphoides DJD1065 Private Property 53H 40 Growing on white sand over clay approx. 2km West 562612E with Melaleuca uncinata, of Edililie on Gap 6193460N Babingtonia behrii and Eucalyptus Road incrassata

TST215 DJD1371

BS131-360

DJD1065

TST234

Threats The greatest threat to the remaining Desmocladus diacolpicus populations on Eyre Peninsula is further land clearance. The remaining populations are reasonably well conserved in conservation parks and private heritage agreements.

The greatest threat to the remaining populations on Kangaroo Island is further degradation of the habitat through salinisation. Indicator species such as Halosarcia species were observed growing in swales and drainage lines very proximal to the Desmocladus diacolpicus populations on Three Chain Road.

Seed collection A seed collection of Desmocladus diacolpicus (DJD1371) from Kangaroo Island was made in November 2008. A total 1,500 seeds with an average viability of 80% is conserved ex situ at the Seed Conservation Centre. There was very little seed set observed on the populations

55 visited on Eyre Peninsula, but this is most likely the result of environmental conditions dominated by persistent below average rainfall over the past few years.

References

Meney, K. A., Pate, J. S. & Hickman, E. J. (1999) Morphological and anatomical descriptions of Restionaceae and allied families and their distribution. Pp. 161–461 in Meney, K.A. & Pate, J.S. (eds) Australian Rushes, Biology, Identification and Conservation of Restionaceae and allied families. (University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands).

Meney, K.A., Pate, J.S., Dixon, K.W., Briggs, B.G. & Johnson, L.A.S. (1999) Conservation of Australian Restionaceae. Pp. 465–480 in Meney, K.A. & Pate, J.S. (eds) Australian Rushes, Biology, Identification and Conservation of Restionaceae and allied families. (University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands).

Pate, J.S. (2000) Fire response and conservation biology of Western Australian species of Restionaceae. Pp. 685–691 in Wilson, K.L. & Morrison, D. (eds) Monocots–Systematics and Evolution (Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Comparative Biol. Monocots, Sydney 1998). (CSIRO: Melbourne).

56 Dodonaea petiolaris (Sapindaceae) Peach Scented Hop Bush

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: currently not listed (possibly vulnerable).

NRM region: SA Arid Lands.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Erect branching shrub to 2m with sticky broad lanceolate leaves and maroon ballooned like three-winged fruit.

Distribution Dodoneae petiolaris was recorded in South Australia for the first time in 2008 by the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) at two sites in the north-east corner of the state in part of Cordillo Downs Station. It is more common in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales.

Habitat Dodoneae petiolaris was growing on the lower sections of the rocky slopes of mesa hills. The associated species include Acacia aneura, Eremophila freelingii, Eremophila latrobei, Zygophyllum sp. and Lepidium phlebopetalum.

Surveys for populations In August 2008 whilst on a seed collecting trip to the north-east of South Australia, Dodonaea petiolaris was located at two sites amongst mesa hills. Further searches may locate other populations.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Dodonaea petiolaris Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1213 Cordillo Downs 54J Growing on rocky hillslopes with Station. Hills approx. 499215E Zygophyllum sp, Eremophila 8-9km east of 6971828N freelingii, Lepidium Providence Tank. phlebopetatlum TST528 Breakaway SE of 54J 15 On lower slope of breakaway Needle Hill on East 473740E Sauropos ramosissimus, side of track, Cordillo 7063048N Eremophilla sp, Acacia aneura Downs Station

57 Threats Although this species occurs on a grazing lease it is unlikely the rocky hill slopes of the mesa are grazed by cattle. No threat is currently identified for this species.

Seed collection A seed collection was made for Dodonaea petiolaris (DJD1213) in September 2008. Approximately 1,000 seeds with an average viability of 70% are conserved ex situ at the Seed Conservation Centre.

58 Eriocaulon australasicum (Eriocaulaceae) Austral pipewort

Conservation status: AUS: endangered. SA: endangered (potentially extinct).

NRM region: South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description This species is a small aquatic annual herb with a basal rosette of succulent fleshy linear leaves. The small spherical heads are on unbranched stalks to 20cm tall. The heads contain fruits which are smooth, with three celled capsules, each containing a single seed (description from Cunningham et al. 1992). Very little is known about the biology and ecology of this species. Plants have been recorded flowering from December to March. Plants start to grow in shallow water with flowering and seed-set following rapidly as the water level drops and ground depressions begin drying out (Scarlett 1999).

Distribution Eriocaulon australasicum was presumed extinct until rediscovered in Victoria in 1983. However it has not been recorded since 1990. There are fewer than 2000 plants remaining in five wild populations (Sutter 2004). In South Australia this species was recorded on the SA/VIC border north of Frances in 1983. Some other potential sites with similar ephemeral pools and with the same rare plant species association have been observed in a gilgai swamp north of Padthaway and partly observed in sections of Geegeela Conservation Park northwest of Frances. It may also occur on a private property a few kilometres further north of the Frances record which has similar ephemeral depressions.

Habitat This aquatic herb is confined to ephemeral inundated depressions and flats that persist until late spring/early summer. These seasonally inundated pools may fill each year but only persist through to early summer when there is an above average rainfall event for spring. It is thought that E. australasicum remains otherwise undetectable until such a rainfall event occurs. The recorded locality north of Frances has been repeatedly searched in spring for the last two years without success.

At the site north of Frances, the ephemeral depressions and flats occur in an ecotone of bulloak woodland grading into stringybark on white sands. The Chorizandra enodis dominated depressions are surrounded by low, sand ridges of Eucalyptus arenaria and Kunzea pomifera. The plant species observed growing in the open depressions includes Chorizandra enodis,

59 Villarsia reniformis, Swainsona procumbens, Eryngium vesiculosum, Asperula wimmeriana, Hypoxis vaginata and Goodenia gracilis. A number of aquatic macro-invertebrates more typical of arid ephemeral water-bodies such as shield shrimp and large amphipods were also observed in the pools. These rare plant and invertebrate species have rarely been observed by Seed Conservation Centre staff during field activities in the South East region, with exception for some gilgai swamps in the same vegetation association that occurs north of Padthaway.

Geegeela CP

Last recorded site

Surveys for populations The location record north of Frances has been searched on a number of occasions during early spring when water was still present in pools, but the pools have always dried by late spring and early summer. The area was searched early last summer (2008) after a 70mm rainfall event but the pools dried up quickly. Parts of Geegeela Conservation Park have also been searched, especially the northeast and southwest corners where similar depressions occur. A private property north of Padthaway with large giglai swamps has also been searched each year. However insufficient rainfall over the past few years has meant that the swamps have dried up by mid to late spring. The owner mentioned that the swamps have not filled for more than twelve years.

Seed Collection No plants have been located for this species to enable a seed collection. Seed Conservation Centre staff regularly monitor rainfall events for this region and will continue to search for this species in the future.

References Scarlett, N. H. (1999) Action Statement for Eriocaulon australasicum. Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Victoria, Australia.

Cunningham,G.M, Mulham,W.E., Milthorpe,P.L., and Leigh,J.H. (1992). Plants of Western New South Wales. Inkata Press. Melbourne.

Sutter, G.R. 2004. National Recovery Plan for the Austral Pipewort Eriocaulon australasicum. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

60 Eriocaulon carsonii (Eriocaulaceae) Salt pipewort

Conservation status: AUS: endangered. SA: endangered.

NRM region: SA Arid Lands

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Eriocaulon carsonii is a small aquatic perennial herb with a basal rosette of succulent fleshy leaves often forming a large mat. Davies (2000) has confirmed that the species reproduces sexually by producing seed and asexually by producing new plants from underground rhizomes. Flowers are on spherical heads on unbranched stalks to 5cm tall. Flowering occurs all year round.

Distribution For South Australia, Eriocaulon carsonii is recorded from 5 groups of artesian mound springs near Moolawatana and south of Lake Eyre South. It is also found in New South Wales and Queensland.

Eriocaulon carsonii was first recorded by M. Koch in 1899 from Public House Springs. R. Davies completed a comprehensive survey of all the known distributions in October 2003.

Historic Records for Eriocaulon carsonii Collector Coll. No. Cool. Date Location R. Davies DNA 258 Oct 2003 PUBLIC HOUSE SPRINGS R. Davies DNA 289 Oct 2003 FINNISS SPRINGS R. Davies DNA 293 Oct 2003 HERMIT HILL R. Davies DNA 269 Oct 2003 GOSSE SPRING R. Davies DNA 237 Oct 2003 TWELVE SPRINGS D.J. Duval 896 1 Oct 2007 TWELVE SPRINGS Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Eriocaulon carsonii is entirely restricted to flowing mound springs, an extremely rare habitat in Australia. For the mound springs to be suitable there must be some seepage with minimal trampling by animal and minimal competition from other mound plants such as Phragmites, Baumea and Fimbristylis sp. At Twelve Springs, Eriocaulon carsonii (DJD896 & TST535) was growing among dense tussocks of Cyperus laevigatus.

Habitat at Twelve Springs

Threats The threats to Eriocaulon carsonii are associated with trampling from stock, competition from other wetland plants, loss of flow and basin pressure through operation of bores, and the small geographic distribution of the species.

Grazing, either by stock or native herbivores, alone does not pose a major threat to the species. Studies undertaken by Fatchen & Fatchen (1993) showed that grazing of mound springs gave Eriocaulon carsonii a competitive advantage over Phragmites, Fimbristylis and Baumea species by reducing their biomass. In turn this reduced their competition for light and water and limited the formation of rhizomal mats. Furthermore, vegetation can, if uncontrolled, form a 'cap' stopping flow to the surface or consume sufficient moisture to effectively dry out a spring. When grazing was excluded at Hermit Hill Springs, the populations of Eriocaulon carsonii declined abruptly. This was attributed to direct competition with Phragmites.

Observations at Peery Lake in New South Wales suggest that kangaroo grazing can limit the growth of sedges on the mounds (Fatchen & Fatchen 1993). Trial burns of mounds containing Eriocaulon carsonii have been undertaken in South Australia at Hermit Hill Springs. Preliminary results indicate that the species can survive the burning of mounds (Davies 2001)

Greater threats to Eriocaulon carsonii arise from stock trampling and drawdown or reduced pressure caused by the excessive use of water from the Great Artesian Basin (Fatsen & Fatsen 1993). The extinction of the population at Wee Wattah Springs in New South Wales was believed to be a result of trampling by stock and the loss of spring flow caused by the localised lowering of the water table resulting from an artesian bore being sunk nearby.

Seed Collection 2 seed collections have been made for Eriocaulon carsonii (DJD896 & TST535) between 2007 and 2008; both from Twelve Springs. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 5,200 seeds with viability ranging from 95% to 100% are conserved ex situ. Further collections from the Coward Springs area near Marree are planned for Spring 2009.

References Davies, R.J-P. (2000) Conservation biology of the nationally endangered mound spring endemic, Eriocaulon carsonii (Eriocaulaceae). pp. 37-42. Proceedings of the 3rd Mound Spring Research Forum Adelaide February 2000.

Davies, R.J-P. (2001) Trial regeneration burns of the nationally endangered mound spring endemic, Eriocaulon carsonii (Eriocaulaceae). pp. 31-4. Proceedings of the 4th Mound Spring Research Forum Adelaide February 2001.

Fatchen, T.J. & Fatchen, D.H. (1993) Dynamics of vegetation on mound springs in the Hermit Hill region, northern South Australia. Report prepared for WMC (Olympic Dam Operations) Pty. Ltd., Roxby Downs.

63 Eurychorda complanata (Restionaceae) Flat cord-rush

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: Kangaroo Island and South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description This species is flat-stemmed glabrous, green sedge. The flat, wiry branching culms have small drooping branchlets of male and female flowers. The leaves are reduced to small scales at the base of the culms.

Distribution This species occurs in South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In South Australia it is currently listed as vulnerable. Apart from a single historic record from the Marshes Native Forest Reserve (South East region) in 1965, the South Australia collections are restricted to the northwest region of Kangaroo Island. Although there are 14 collections of this species for the State, there are actually only 4 recorded localities on Kangaroo Island.

Histroic Records for Eurychorda complanata Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location KI D.E. Murfet 1367 8 Nov 1991 Tin Hut Creek KI R.J. Bates 30097 20 Dec 1992 Bullock Waterhole, Flinders Chase KI B.M. Overton 1972 8 Jan 1992 Tin Hut Creek, Playford Highway, 400 m W of "Bellcarres". 9.5 km W of Parndana township KI B.M. Overton 1808 8 Nov 1991 Squashy Creek, Playford Highway, between Mount Taylor and Gosse-Ritchie Roads KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 4 Feb 1948 Larrikin Lagoon KI B.M. Overton 1804 8 Nov 1991 Tin Hut Creek, 400 m [W] from Belcarres, Playford Highway, 19.5 km W of Parndana township KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 2 Feb 1950 Shackle Road, Flinders Chase KI B.M. Overton 1973 20 Jan 1992 Flinders Chase National Park, Shackle Road, Bullock Waterhole KI T.S. Te 095 15 Nov 2006 Tin Hut Creek junction with Playford Highway, S side of highway KI J.B. Cleland s.n. Feb 1948 [Larrikin Lagoon] KI R.J. Bates 30146 30 Dec 1992 Tin Hut Creek, Playford Highway, 400 m W of "Bellcarres". 9.5 km W of Parndana township KI D.E. Murfet 1368 8 Nov 1991 Tin Hut Creek KI D.J. Duval 481 4 May 2006 Tin Hut Creek, S side of Playford H[igh]w[a]y, W side of creek KI D.J. Duval 1421 15 Dec 2008 Upper sections of the Ravine River on the north side of

64 the Cape Borda Road. SE D.N. 3186 9 Jan 1965 Sect[ion] 364, H[undre]d of Hindmarsh. 5 km NW of Kraehenbuehl Glencoe which is 439 km SE of Adelaide Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat This species is recorded as growing in damp heath in Victoria. However the populations observed on Kangaroo Island were all growing in a creek or on the creek edge. Other recorded localities on Kangaroo Island such as Bullock waterhole and Squashy creek have flowing or standing water. A large population (DJD 1421) of more than 100 plants was recently recorded on private property along the upper reaches of the Ravine River. This population grew on an ‘island’ in the river with Blechnum wattsii, Leptospermum lanigerum, Acacia provincialis, Gahnia trifida and Senecio odoratus.

Searches for populations The areas that have been searched for this species include: • The Marshes NFR with help from Troy Horn of ForestrySA (South East office); • Squashy Creek adjacent to the Playford highway (KI); • Bullock waterhole off Shackle road in Flinders Chase National Park (KI); • The lower sections of the Ravine in the Ravine De Casoars Wilderness area (KI); • The upper section of the Ravine River on the north side of the Cape Borda road on private property (KI); • A number of the creek crossings along the western end of the Playford highway before its junction with West End highway (KI).

Seed Collection 3 seed collections, all from Kangaroo Island have been made Eurychorda complanata between 2006 and 2008 (DJD481, TST95 & DJD1421). The seeds are currently in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 2,650 seeds are conserved ex situ, with seed viability ranging from 55% to 90%.

65 Gentianella gunniana (Gentianaceae) Mountain gentian

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A small annual herb with a basal rosette of broad linear-lanceolate leaves, and paired linear leaves on erect, copper coloured stems.

Distribution A number of the original collections from South Australia are quite historic. Gentianella gunniana is currently known from one locality in South Australia, a small localised area within Picaninnie Ponds Conservation Park. This species whilst presumed extinct in Victoria, is considered well conserved in Tasmania.

Historic Records for Gentianella gunniana Specimen No Region Collector Date Locality AD96803244 SE D. Hunt 17 Nov 1963 Piccaninnie Blue Lake AD96446151 SE A.C. 17 Oct 1963 Piccaninny [Piccaninnie] Blue Lake area Beauglehole AD98427385 SE K. Holliday 21 Oct 1983 Piccaninnie Ponds area AD97714059 SE R. Bates 6 Mar 1977 Glencoe AD97616043A SE R. Tate Nov 1882 Riddoch Bay, c. 15 km W of Victorian border AD96418098 SE D.N. 6 Oct 1963 Piccaninnie Blue Lake. C. 1.5 miles equal Kraehenbuehl distance from Victorian border and main Western road AD966020563 SE J.B. Cleland 30 Oct 1941 Near Ewens Ponds, Port MacDonnell AD97607576 SE R. Tate 14 Nov 1882 Riddoch Bay AD97533223 SE A.C. Oct 1957 Piccaninnie Blue Lake Beauglehole Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Observations of the small scattered populations in Picaninnie Ponds suggest this species has specific habitat requirements. This annual species appears restricted to small pockets of brown calcareous loam over calcrete, where it is confined to the margins of a Gahnia filum and Leptospermum lanigerum swamp, often growing at the base of the Gahnia tussocks and woody shrubs. This seems to afford the Gentianella some protection from predation and also makes

66 this species very difficult to locate. There is also little other competition from sedges and rushes which dominated the swamp proper.

Other historic localities which have been searched include the southern edge of Lake Bonney near Carpenter Rocks, the northwest region of Lake Bonney in Canunda National Park, and Ewen Ponds. There are some historic collections from ‘Mt Gambier crater lake’ (specimens held in the National Herbarium of Victoria) and this locality should be searched in the future. Bryan Haywood (ForestrySA, South East office) has visited the crater lake edge in recent years and provided the photo below. Access to this site is managed by SA Water.

Bryan Haywood (ForestrySA)

Threats The small population of Gentianella gunniana found in Picaninnie Ponds grows mainly under tussocks of Gahnia and is not competing with any specific weed threat apart from occasional Centaurium tenuifolium plants. Close by on disturbed areas of calcrete a number of exotic species including Anagallis arvensis and Petrorhagia dubia where however observed. There is also some localised stands of Pinus halepensis nearby (which are being removed) and dense thickets of Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae which dominant the swamp surrounds.

Seed Collection The Picaninnie Ponds population (DJD1335) was revisited during November 2008 and seed capsules were collected from 60+ plants. The seeds are now in long-term storage at the Seed SCC and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 8,300 seeds with a viability of 100% are currently conserved ex situ.

67 Goodenia gracilis (Goodeniaceae) Slender Goodenia

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: not currently listed (possibly endangered).

NRM region: South East.

Description This species is a glabrous, green fleshy herb with procumbent pannicles of small yellow flowers. This species is cryptic in spring, when other Goodenia species such as Goodenia pinnatifolia and Goodenia heteromera are flowering and obvious. Goodenia gracilis grows and flowers in early summer when other associated species have senesced. It appeared to proliferate in the cracking clay swales after good late spring and summer rainfall events.

Distribution Goodenia gracilis occurs in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. It was recorded in South Australia for the first time by the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) when a specimen was collected from a swamp north of Padthaway in early 2007. It has also been observed in similar inundated ephemeral depressions north of Frances near the Victorian border.

Habitat This species was observed growing in heavy cracking clays in drying inundated depressions. It was growing in association with Chorizandra enodis, Swainsona procumbens, Asperula wimmeriana, Villarsia reniformis, Goodenia pinnatifida,and Soleogyne dominii.

Surveys for Populations This species was first recorded in South Australia during a search for various rated plant species in a private swamp north of Padthaway 18 months ago. There were only a few plants observed when initially recorded. During a more recent visit to the site, more than 100 plants were observed in gilgai swales after a 60+mm rainfall event in December 2008. It appears to be a summer growing species and may be more prevalent after late spring and summer rains. It has also been observed in an inundated clay depressions north of Frances near the Victorian border.

Padthaway

Seed Collection The Padthaway population was visited in November 2008, December 2008 and January 2009. During the field visit in January 2009 the plants were observed to be coming into flower after a December rainfall event. However when the population was revisited in February 2009, most of the flower heads had withered after record high temperature extremes and lack of follow-up rainfall. At this seed no seed has been collected or conserved.

69 Goodenia micrantha (Goodeniaceae)

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: currently not listed (possibly endangered).

NRM region: Kangaroo Island.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Goodenia micrantha is a tiny procumbent annual herb to 10cm tall with linear basal leaves, producing tiny yellow flowers between October and December.

Distribution Goodenia micrantha was first recorded by the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) from a single location on the western end of Kangaroo Island in 2007. In Western Australia however, it is more widespread, with scattered populations between Geraldton and Cape Arid. Given other links between the Western Australian flora and Kangaroo Island, it is reasonable to record it as a native species for South Australia.

Habitat On Kangaroo Island, Goodenia micrantha was growing in open damp sandy flats with a dense layer of native annual herbs including Stylidium, Isolepis, Lobelia, Drosera and surrounded by Eucalyptus cosmophylla, Leptospermum continentale, Melaleuca sp, and Xanthorrhea semiplana.

Habitat in Kelly Hill Caves CP

70 Surveys for populations Goodenia micrantha was first collected in South Australia in November 2007 during a Seed Conservation Centre seed collecting trip to Kangaroo Island. Searches in similar sites in Kelly Hill Conservation Park have failed to locate additional populations.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Goodenia micrantha Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST637 c. 100 m W of Little 53H 1000+ In damp sandy mud. Tall Open Terror Creek 669158E Shrubland (previously crossing on main 6016929N disturbed/cleared) with South Coast Road, Eucalyptus cosmophylla, adjoining N side of Leptospermum continentale, Kelly Hill Caves CP Melaleuca uncinata, M. gibbosa & (and also extending M. brevifolia with a dense layer of into the park). native annual herbs.

TST637

Threats The one known location for this species in South Australia is relatively secured and is conserved within Kelly Hill Conservation Park. An old track off South Coast Road into the open area where Goodenia micrantha occurs has recently been fenced to prevent vehicle access.

Seed collection A seed collection of Goodenia micrantha (TST637) was made in December 2008. The seeds are currently in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre. A total of 3,100 seeds with a viability of 100% are conserved ex situ.

71 Haeckeria cassiniiformis (Compositae) Dogwood haeckeria

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: Rare.

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula and Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Haeckeria cassiniiformis is an erect shrub up to 1m tall with rigid, sparsely branching stems and narrow scabrous linear leaves making it sticky to the touch. Haeckeria cassiniiformis flowers October to March and the flowers are creamy-white on large terminal heads.

Distribution Haeckeria cassiniiformis is endemic to South Australia and occurs mainly on the Eyre Peninsula with one record from near Gladstone in the Southern Flinders Ranges. It occurs on a range of soil types from calcareous sandy soils in Pinkawillanie Conservation Park to iron stone over calcrete in the Lincoln Underground Basin Reserve. There are 32 records for Haeckeria cassiniiformis collected from as early as 1880 from Port Lincoln.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

72 Historic Records for Haeckeria cassiniiformis Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location EP D.N. Kraehenbuehl 2034 9 Oct 1966 Hambidge National Park. E boundary of Park EP D.N. Kraehenbuehl 5494 30 Oct 1991 Near top of range, South Block, extreme end of Marble Range. Peter Broad's property EP Anon. s.n. Oct 1931 Port Lincoln EP J.B. Cleland s.n. 23 Oct 1963 Terre, SW of Lock EP D. Kraehenbuehl s.n. 9 Oct 1966 E end of Hambidge Reserve EP R.H. Kuchel 1377 23 Oct 1963 South end of Hundred of Blesing EP J.M. Black s.n. s.dat. Wanilla Forest near Port Lincoln EP E.C. Black s.n. Oct 1941 Lock EP Ian Abbott SEP-561 11 Nov 2004 Track to Deep Well from Taylor's, Lincoln NP EP T. Croft 22 31 Oct 1989 Section 28, Hundred of James EP P.C. Angove s.n. 11 Nov 1939 Kirton Point, Port Lincoln EP H. Lower 8996 20 Nov 1952 4 m[i]l[e]s E of Arno Bay, Eyre Peninsula EP Ian Abbott SEP-708 16 Oct 2006 Tod Reservoir EP C.R. Alcock 3515 27 Mar 1965 Marble Range. Hundred of Warrow, Sect 65 EP R.J. Bates 44566 2 Oct 1996 Near Arno Bay EP T. Croft TC60 11 Aug 1992 Section 14, Hundred of Cocata. About 30 km SW of Wudin[n]a and 300 m N of the N boundary of Cocata Conservation Park EP D.J.E. Whibley 7436 2 Oct 1980 1 km along Poverty Bay Road EP Bruce Rosier 172 Oct 1982 Near Minnipa EP A.G. Spooner 10382 12 Oct 1986 3 km E of Caralue Bluff EP Tim Croft s.n. 8 Mar 1991 Section 25. Hundred of Barwell. E boundary of Bascombe Well Conservation Park EP R.J. Bates 7325 9 Oct 1986 3 km ENE of Caralue Bluff EP C.R. Alcock C108 10 Dec 1964 Boundary S[ou]th H[undre]d Roberts. Main Lincoln Highway EP Anon. s.n. 4 Mar 1880 Port Lincoln EP W. Spafford 674 Dec 1917 Minnipa EP T. Croft s.n. 22 May 1990 Sections 90, Hundred of Caralue EP S.D. Kenny BS131- 1 Nov 2001 [14.7 km direct WSW of Caralue]; Property: 727 Hambidge CP EP R. Bates 63939 4 Oct 2004 Elsoms block N of Charlton Gully EP A.E. Orchard 6214 30 Jan 1991 6 km N of Arno Bay on Cowell road near Redbanks turnoff EP M.J. Thorpe 64 29 Aug 2007 Pinkawillinie C[onservation] P[ark] EP T.S. Te 192 15 Oct 2007 NW track, approx[imately] 2 km W of Corrobinnie Hill, off the S boundary of Pinkawillinie C[onservation] P[ark] EP T.E. Erickson 18 6 Jul 2006 N property of Dutchmans Stern C[onservation] P[ark], c. 1.1 km N from park boundary gate (Wilkatana Station) NL S.B. Rosier 350 4 Nov 1986 Booroowie near Gladstone Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Haeckeria cassiniiformis is more common following disturbances such as fire or the ripping and grading of fire breaks. It occurs on calcareous sandy soils and loams in open mallee. Some of the associated species include Eucalyptus diversifolia, Eucalyptus incrassata, Eucalyptus leptophylla, Melaleuca lancelata, Melaleuca uncinata, Gyrostemon thesioides, Goodenia amplexans and Olearia ramulosa.

Surveys for populations Whilst an extensive search for the species has not been made, the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) during different field collecting trips recorded the species at a number of locations.

73 Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Haeckeria cassiniiformis Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST192 NW track, 53H 100+ Sandy dunes with Melaleuca approximately 2 km W 567814E uncinata, Cyphanthera of Corrobinnie Hill, off 6352375N the S boundary of Pinkawillinie CP TST694 Along track between 53H 20+ Iron stone over calcrete with Trackside LB1 & LB9 off Proper 574123E Eucalyptus diversifolia, Acacia vegetation Bay Road, SA 6151692N myrtifolia, Goodenia amplexan, Waterland. C. 150m in Olearia ramulosa, Lasiopetalum, from gate Correa TEE18 N property of 53H 9 Rocky ridge outcrop, low Grazing Dutchmans Stern 777806E shrubland, skeletal soil. With C[onservation] P[ark], 6423998N Cassinia laevis, Dodonaea c. 1.1 km N from park lobulata, Xanthorrhoea boundary gate quadrangulata, Zygophyllum (Wilkatana Station) aurantiacum, Chrysocephalum apiculata.

TST192

TST694

© 2001 Department for Environment & Heritage, South Australia 74 Seed collection A seed collection was made for Haeckeria cassiniiformis (TST694) in February 2009 from a population in Lincoln Underground Basin Reserve. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 20,600 seeds with a viability of 100% are currently conserved ex situ. Attempts were made to collect seeds from the Pinkawillinie Conservation Park population in 2007; however seeds were not collected as they found to be immature and not ready for collection when the site was visited.

75 Helichrysum rutidolepis (Compositae) Pale everlasting

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges and Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description This species is a decumbent perennial herb that often forms rhizomatous mats and produces erect yellow paper daisy flowers in early summer. It may be confused with Helichrysum scorpioides, however H. rutidolepis grows in the moist fertile soils along creek edges or swales that are periodically inundated and does not flower until early summer.

Distribution This species occurs in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In South Australia it is currently restricted to a few small populations in the Mt Lofty Ranges and a single population in the mid north at Burra Gorge.

Historic Records for Helichrysum rutidolepis Specimen No Region Collector Date Locality AD97730109 MU R.J. Bates 11 Jul 1977 Northern Lofty Range. World's End Creek AD99329015 MU R. Bates 29 Feb 1993 Burra Creek AD201384 SL D.J. Duval 19 Oct 2006 Mount Bold Reservoir, gate 43, Thomas Creek AD968020240 SL J.G.O. Tepper s.dat. Ambleside = Hahndorf AD97232058 SL J.B. Cleland Feb 1925 Meadows District AD99337087 SL R.J. Bates 25 Apr 1993 M[oun]t Bold AD97816199 SL A.G. Spooner 5 Feb 1978 Beside R[iver] Onkaparinga, upstream of Mount Bold Reservoir AD99648142 SL D.E. Murfet 11 Mar 1995 Edge of Finniss River, Finniss CP AD97232047A SL J.B. Cleland 6 Sep 1924 Encounter Bay AD97232047B SL J.B. Cleland 24 Jan 1948 Encounter Bay - Cape Jervis road AD968020136 SL Anon. 30 Feb 1940 Cut Hill above Victor Harbor AD97627366A SL Anon. 8 Jan 1882 Clarendon AD97627366B SL Anon. 1 Mar 1884 Grunthal (now Verdun) AD97642143A SL J.M. Black 1 Mar 1884 Brunthal = Verdun AD97642143B SL J.M. Black 8 Jan 1882 Clarendon AD97642143C SL J.M. Black Jan 1904 Bridgewater AD97642143D SL J.M. Black Dec 1935 Mylor AD97642143E SL J.M. Black Jan 1924 Encounter Bay AD97642143F SL J.M. Black Jan 1924 Victor Harbor AD97232043 SL J.B. Cleland 20 Jan 1945 Back Valley, Encounter Bay

76 AD98637087 SL A.G. Spooner 1 Jan 1986 Beside r[iver] Onkaparinga or stream of Mt Bold Reservoir near top of flood line AD95902086 SL H.J. Eichler 14 Jan 1956 3.4 miles after Myponga on the left side of the road to Yankalilla AD97232060 SL J.B. Cleland 5 Jan 1940 En[counter] B[ay] AD97232030 SL J.B. Cleland 6 Jan 1950 Back Valley AD97232039 SL J.B. Cleland 3 Jan 1941 Square Waterhole AD206032 SL D.J. Duval 22 Feb 2007 Mt Bold Reservoir - adjacent Onkaparinga River AD205970 SL D.J. Duval 19 Apr 2007 Finniss C[onservation] P[ark] - along river edge approx 50 m down from house on Stone Ford Road AD213357 SL K.H. Brewer 13 Feb 2007 Mt Bold Reservoir, Thomas Gully along creekline AD213356 SL K.H. Brewer 14 Feb 2008 Mt Bold Reservoir, Thomas Gully in creekline only Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat It is restricted to the edges of creeks and rivers on fertile soils that are inundated during winter and during times of peak river flows. It is growing under Eucalyptus camaldulensis at most of the recorded sites and Eucalyptus ovata at a site near Kuitpo. It is growing in association with Callistemon sieberi, Carex tereticaulis, Leptospermum continentale, and Cyperus vaginatus at most sites. Along the Onkaparinga River in Mt Bold Reservoir it is growing with the above-mentioned species, as well as clumps of Poa labillardiera and *Pennisteum setaceum. Whilst in Thomas Gully within the Mt Bold Reservoir it is growing in a shady damp creek line swale with Microlaena stipoides, Stelleria angustifolia, Mentha dimenica and large thickets of Rubus sp. Most of the small remnant populations are threatened by competition with Small Helichrysum rutidolepis population in exotic species such as Rubus species and degraded creek line within Kuitpo Forest Pennisetum setaceum. Reserve

Survey for populations Searches have been conducted in the following areas: • Upper sections of the Onkaparinga River within the Onkaparinga River National Park; • Sections of the Finniss River within the Finniss Conservation Park; • Sections of the Finniss River from ‘Kondaparinga’ north to Coles crossing (behind Cox Scrub Conservation Park; • Sections of Meadows Creek within the Kuitpo forest reserve; • Sections of Meadows Creek near Francis road and Scout Camp, including Hope Forest. • Upper sections of the Onkaparinga River within the Mt Bold Reservoir.

77 Further populations were recorded on the eastern side of the Onkaparinga River in the upper section of the Mt Bold Reservoir and a small population recorded by Kieran Brewer (South Australian Indigenous Flora) in a creek line within Kuitpo Forest Reserve.

Seed Collection Five seed collections have been made for Helichrysum rutidolepis (DJD766, DJD797, KHB122, KHB123 & TST720) from Mt Bold and Finniss River between 2007 and 2009. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 34,000 seeds with viability ranging from 10-80% are currently conserved ex situ.

Plants have been propagated from seed collected in Thomas gully and translocated by Shaun Kennedy (SA Water) to a revegetation site within Mount Bold Reservoir.

78 Hibbertia sessiliflora (Dilleniaceae) Heathy Guinea-flower

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Hibbertia sessiliflora is a spreading decumbent shrub with wiry reddish branches to 50cm wide. Flowers occur singularly on short terminal stalks and have densely hairy bracts during spring through to early summer.

Distribution Hibbertia sessiliflora has only been recorded in South Australia at 3 localities in the South East, near Joanna, Talapar Conservation Park, and north of Mary Seymour Conservation Park. It is also recorded in south western Victoria where it is considered vulnerable.

Historic Records for Hibbertia sessiliflora Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Location K.M. Alcock 33 s.dat. Joanna D. Hunt 2194 17 Oct 1964 Found in Jack Hood's scrub Joanna R. Bates 11690 3 Nov 1987 10 km N of Mary Seymour Conservation Park A.C. Beauglehole 5736 13 Oct 1963 Hundred of Joanna, on Jack Hood's property P. Gibbons 140 7 Oct 1982 Talapar Conservation Park D.N. Kraehenbuehl 1030 12 Oct 1963 Property of Mr. Jack Hood. Joanna M. Beek 123 21 Oct 1972 Joanna Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Hibbertia sessiliflora has been recorded in seasonally wet heath and damp swales in open woodlands. On a private heritage agreement near Naracoorte Caves it was observed growing in damp open flats with Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis, Bursaria spinosa, Leptospermum myrsinoides, Xanthorrhoea australis and Astroloma humifusum.

Surveys for populations A search for the record from Talapar Conservation Park (conducted during 2006) failed to find Hibbertia sessiliflora. The fire tracks on the northern side of the main road and the fire tracks around the wetland on the northern boundary were searched without success. However the vegetation association was mainly stringy bark woodland on white sands grading to brackish,

79 degraded flats of Melaleuca halmaturina. Hence it did not appear to be the appropriate vegetation association for Hibbertia sessiliflora. Further searches located the species on a Heritage Agreement off Joanna Road east of Naracoorte Caves Conservation Park. This is most likely the same population historically collected from Joanna and the property previously referred to as ‘Jack Hoods Scrub’.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Hibbertia sessiliflora Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST352 About 400m North of SE 54H localised Growing in red gum and corner of HA, adjoining the 486327E blue gum woodland with Eastern boundary of 5894569N Xanthorrhoea australis, Naracoote Caves NP off Astroloma humifusum and Struan Joanna Road Themeda triandra

Threats Hibbertia sessiliflora appears to be limited to a few small fragmented remnants. The major vegetation association conserved within these remnants such as stringy bark woodland is not typical of the vegetation associated with Hibbertia sessiliflora. Rather the damp swale or flats are on the edges of these fenced reserves and are a very small remnant atypical of the major vegetation, and just happen to be conserved by a section boundary. Hibbertia sessiliflora was most likely quite common on the open woodland flats in this region that have been historically cleared. Hence the lack of remaining suitable habitat appears to be the major threat to this species recruitment and its long-term survival. If this species is still extant at Talapar Conservation Park then salinisation could be considered as a major threat to any remaining plants.

Seed collection No seed collections have been undertaken for Hibbertia sessiliflora to date, however further collection attempts will be made in 2009.

80 Hydrocotyle diantha (Umbelliferae) Kangaroo Island Pennywort

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Kangaroo Island and Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Hydrocotyle diantha is a tiny prostrate annual herb spreading to 10cm wide with very distinctive flat seeds. Seeds are produced in summer.

Distribution Hydrocotyle diantha is known from 3 collections in South Australia, 2 from near Karatta on Kangaroo Island and a third in Innes National Park on Yorke Peninsula. It is however more widespread in southern Western Australia.

Historic Records for Hydrocotyle diantha Region Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Locality YP D.E. Symon 9654B 9 Oct 1974 Innes National Park. Behind Browns Beach, flat over limestone KI Anon. 96 9 Nov 1886 Karatta KI Anon. s.n. 14 Nov 1886 Karatta, Capsize Creek Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat On Kangaroo Island, Hydrocotyle diantha was observed growing in swamp flats and heath under Melaleuca and Hakea thickets with other small native annual herbs including Crassula sp, Dichondra repens, Schoenus sp., Villarsia umbricola and Neopaxia australasica in an area consisting of a series of lagoons that fill and flood the surrounding heath swamp.

Surveys for populations Hydrocotyle diantha was relocated on Kangaroo by the Seed Conservation Centre around the Karatta area following a number of searches in 2008. A small population was located under Melaleuca, Callistemon and Hakea thickets in Kelly Hill Conservation Park.

A search of the low lying Melaleuca flats behind Brown’s Beach in Innes National Park in 2008 was unsuccessful in finding this species. It is however possible, based on a 1974 herbarium record, that this species may be located at this site following more favourable seasonal conditions.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Hydrocotyle diantha Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST543 SE of Grassdale in 53H Small Growing in damp sand Grazing and Kelly Hill 668740E patch under Melaleuca and tramping by native Conservation Park 6014566N Callistemon with Hakea and introduced herbivores

TST543

Threats Hydrocotyle diantha is currently conserved in Kelly Hill Conservation Park under Melaleuca, Callistemon and Hakea thickets. However the native vegetation in this part of Kelly Hill Conservation Park shows signs of being heavily grazed by kangaroos, either eaten back to the main woody stems or grazed to ground level. At this specific site the vegetation associated with the Callistemon and Melaleuca thickets is a grazed groundcover of small annuals which survive overgrazing. Numerous kangaroos were continually disturbed when searching the swamp thickets. Adjoining the thicket is an open grassy paddock currently managed as a kangaroo viewing site for tour operators, where large numbers of kangaroos can be observed grazing and resting in the area.

Seed collection No seed collection has been made for Hydrocotyle diantha. An attempt to collect seeds from the Kelly Hill Conservation Park population in 2008 was unsuccessful.

82 Juncus prismatocarpus (Juncaceae) Branching rush

Conservation status: AUS: not rated. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges and SA Murray-Darling Basin.

Description Juncus prismatocarpus is an erect perennial rush to 40cm tall with flattened leaves up the culm and dichotomous branching flower heads. This species can be confused with Juncus holoschoenus. However Juncus prismatocarpus has multiple longitudinal tubules (pluritubulose) within the flattened leaves and flowers with three stamens, whilst Juncus holoschoenus has a single longitudinal tubule within the leaves and flowers with six stamens.

Distribution Juncus prismatocarpus was previously recorded along the Murray River at Mypolonga and Tailem Bend and in the Fleurieu Peninsula around Mt Compass, Victor Harbor and Myponga.

Historic Records for Juncus prismatocarpus Region Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Location MU D.E. Murfet 3825 30 Mar 2001 Mypolonga pumphouse area MU E.H. Ising s.n. 15 Jan 1937 Tailem Bend, Jervois swamp MU R.J. Bates 22710 18 Mar 1990 Off Red Gum Road, Mypolonga MU T.S. Te TST004 27 Apr 2006 Mypolonga Pump Station Landing along the billabong's edge to the N SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 30 Dec 1940 Dismal Creek near Cut Hill above Victor Harbour SL Anon. s.n. 5 Mar 1923 Myponga SL D.E. Murfet; 3115 23 Jan 1998 Nangkita creek c. 3 km E of Mount Compass R.L. Taplin SL Proo Geddes 23 Feb 1982 Warrawong Sanctuary SL R.L. Taplin 656 16 Jan 1994 Property at the foot of Mt. Moon off Bahloo Glen Road, Mt. Compass Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Juncus prismatocarpus grows along the edges of creeks and rivers near permanent water. In the swamps of the Southern Fleurieu, it occurs along drainage lines and creeks associated with permanent swamps of the Mount Compass area. It grows in disturbed sites with a number of pasture species, blackberry and other Juncus species including Juncus holoschoenus and Juncus planifolius. Near Mypolonga it is was observed growing on the edge of a lagoon

83 growing with Phragmites australis, Eleocharis sphacelata, *Pennisteum clandestinum, Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis, Gratiola peruviana, Triglochin procerum and *Phyla canescens.

Habitat at Mypolonga on the edge of the Murray River

TST4

Surveys for populations A number of searches have been made for Juncus prismatocarpus in the Murrayland and the Fleurieu Peninsula regions. In 2005 and 2006, the Seed Conservation Centre (SCC) relocated this species at the pump-station landing at Mypolonga growing in a shallow billabong on the edge of the Murray River. The site has since been was revisited in 2008 and 2009 however no plants were located. The shallow billabong has been dry for at least the last two years and has being colonised by thickets of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and exotic pasture species.

A survey of a number of swamps in the Southern Fleurieu during 2007and 2008 near Mt Compass did not record this species. However a recent collection from a private swamp near

84 Yundi appears to be this species. This is awaiting herbarium verification from the State Herbarium of South Australia.

Threats The major threats to the Mypolonga population are the decline in environmental flows in the Murray River, and the colonisation of this altered environment by exotic plant species.

Seed collection A seed collection was made for Juncus prismatocarpus (TST4) in April 2006 from Mypolonga. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 11,000 seeds with a viability of 100% are conserved ex situ.

85 Leptomeria preissiana (Santalaceae

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description An erect glabrous, leafless shrub to 1.5m tall with flowering spikes of small white flowers along the stems. Flowers mainly in October.

Distribution This species is mainly restricted to Western Australia where it is not uncommon. In South Australia, it is only known from a few historic collections from the Gawler Ranges region.

Historic Records for Leptomeria preissiana Record No. Collector Coll. Coll. Date Location No. AD96248093 E.H. Ising s.n. 2 Oct 1939 Gawler Range South AD97556022 B. Copley 4893 13 Sep 1975 Scrubby Peak AD97429216 C. Johns s.n. 2 Oct 1939 Gawler Range South AD98207301 T.M. Reynolds 82 11 Oct 1981 Site DD. Near S boundary ungrazed crown land c. 13 km NE Wudinna Hill Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Leptomeria preissiana is recorded as growing on sands or sandy loams with ironstone soils/granite in Western Australia. The few South Australia records suggest it is growing on shallow sandy loams over granite sheets. There is no indication of the species association in the historic records.

Searches for populations A search of the granite outcrops around Scrubby Peak and some of the low hills south and southeast of the Peak was undertaken during late winter in 2007. However no populations of Leptomeria preissiana were observed. A search of the granite sheets and outcrops near the southern boundary of Pinkawillinie Conservation Park was conducted in 2006 and 2007. A small localised population of 12-15 plants was recorded during a search in late winter 2007, growing in the crevices of a single large granite outcrop. Numerous other granite outcrops

86 south and southwest of this site were searched without success. Further searches of large granite outcrops north of this record need to be conducted in the future (see map below).

Some of the plants observed at this single locality were heavily grazed by goats. Some of the plants seemed to persist because they were on the extreme upper edges of the outcrops or protected in the crevices of the granite outcrops.

The plant species recorded growing on these granite outcrops included Melaleuca armillaris, Stypandra glauca, Grevillea pauciflora and Calytrix glabberimma.

Threats The original collection from the area by Reynolds suggests the Leptomeria preissiana was observed growing in pockets of sand over granite sheet which is common in the local area. Large areas of low lying granite sheet were searched throughout the localised area without success. Only a single population with a few heavily grazed plants could be found and this was atop a granite knoll partly protected in a crevice. Predation by goats appears to be the limiting factor in plant recruitment and survival.

Wudinna

Leptomeria preissiana on granite outcrop in Pinkawillinie Conservation Park show evidence of grazing

87 Seed Collection The Eyre Peninsula has been extraordinarily dry the last few years. Collecting a few seeds in an unseasonably dry year does not contribute to the effective long term conservation of a species ex situ. Seeds will be collected from the remnant population when the likelihood of success for a useful conservation collection is greater.

88 Leptorhynchos orientalis (Compositae) Annual buttons

Conservation status: AUS: no listed. SA: rare (possibly extinct).

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges, Northern & Yorke and South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Leptorhynchos orientalis is an erect annual daisy to 30cm high. Leaves linear, 1-2 cm long with recurved margins and minute gland-tipped hairs. Flowers are yellow, without petals, at the end of slender stalks. This species flowers in late winter and spring.

Distribution There is no current known record for Leptorhynchos orientalis in South Australia. All collections of this species are from more than 70 years ago from Kapunda, Burra, Hallet Cove, Uley Scrub and Naracoorte Plains. The most recent collection is 1938 by JB Cleland from around Kapunda. Most of the historic collections in New South Wales and Victoria are also more than 100 years old. It was presumed extinct in these states until a population was recorded in Victoria in Terrick Terrick National Park during 1997 by Neville Walsh (Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne).

Historic Records for Leptorhynchos orientalis Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location NL [J.B.] s.n. 24 Sep 1938 Kapunda [Cleland] NL J.B. Cleland s.n. 24 Sep 1938 Kapunda NL Anon. s.n. 24 Sep 1938 Kapunda NL Anon. s.n. 1895 Burra SL Anon. s.n. 26 Aug 1906 Hallet's Cove SL R. Tate s.n. prob. 1879 Uley [Uley Scrub, Hundred of Munno Para] SE Anon. s.n. 26 Nov 1882 Naracoorte Plains Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Most of the historic specimens from South Australia have little information regarding the habitat and associated species. In New South Wales it is recorded as growing in woodland or grassland, sometimes on the margins of swamps. The population recently recorded from Terrick Terrick National Park (Victoria) in 1997 was observed growing on red-clay loam flats in a lightly grazed paddock.

Surveys for Populations The following historical localities have been searched without success: • Pine Recreation Reserve near Kapunda; • Hallet Cove Conservation Park.

Seed Collection No populations have yet been relocated by the Seed Conservation Centre, and hence, no seed is currently conserved ex situ for Leptorhynchos orientalis.

90 Leptorhynchos scaber (Compositae) Annual buttons

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: rare.

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula, Northern & Yorke, SA Murray-Darling basin and South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description An erect annual herb to 30cm tall with scabrous, hairy leaves. The yellow flowers occur on slender, coppery, erect stems with loose translucent papery bracts.

Distribution Leptorhynchos scaber has not been collected in New South Wales or Victoria for nearly a hundred years and is currently presumed extinct in both states. It is conserved in Western Australia and is considered rare in South Australia.

Historic Records for Leptorhynchos scaber Record No. Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD98447079 FR M.G. Catford 201 17 Sep 1984 Carrieton Area AD99210094 EP D.J. Michael 226 3 Sep 1991 Carriewerloo Station. 2 km E of Hotel Creek Well AD96929309 EP C.Ray Alcock 2573 11 Oct 1968 Hincks National Park, 1 mile in from the S boundary. Access through Sec 42, Hd of Moody AD97930084 EP S.A. White s.n. 12 Sep 1912 Gawler Range, c. 190 km W of Port Augusta AD96108423 EP R.L. Specht 2532 11 Nov 1960 Flora & Fauna Reserve, Hd Hincks AD96229363 EP K.D. Rohrlach 875 7 Oct 1961 West Point Area. South of Pt Lincoln AD98670671 EP D.E. Symon 6444 11 Oct 1968 Hincks NP. Sandy flats +/- 3 miles N of the Butler Gate on the S boundary of the reserve AD97005061 EP J. Carrick 2266 24 Sep 1969 Cariewerloo AD97607329 MU N. Gemmell 350A 1 Sep 1925 Gluepot Station, W of Waikerie AD97625336A YP J.G.O. Tepper s.n. Oct 1879 Ardrossan AD97625335 YP Anon. s.n. Nov 1877 Ardrossan AD98333332 YP A.G. Spooner 8543 24 Oct 1982 Mallee scrub 8 km S of Warooka AD97921274 YP A.G. Spooner 6148 21 Oct 1978 8 km SW of Warooka AD97843307 YP T.J. Smith 2315 3 Oct 1968 Hd of Para Wurlie. At Point Souttar AD966051728 YP J.G.O. Tepper s.n. Aug 1879 Ardrossan AD97445360 YP J.Z. Weber 4343 12 Oct 1974 Innes NP, W portion. West Cape AD98407187 YP R.J. Bates 3430 24 Sep 1983 10 km N of Maitland

91 AD119329 YP M. Hyde 564 12 Oct 1989 5 km W of Port Moorowie, below Trig Point AD97625333 SE Anon. s.n. 11 Nov 1882 Beachport Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Leptorhynchos scaber was observed growing on calcareous white sands at two sites on the Yorke Peninsula. Inhabiting the coastline cliffs, it was growing with Beyeria lechenaultii, Scaevola crassifolia and Prostanthera serpylifolia on mobile sands. The population at Greenhill Trig Point was growing in open patches amongst coastal heath of Alyxia buxifolia, Acrotriche patula and Lepidosperma sp. Interestingly Leptorhynchos squamatus was growing very nearby and could be easily mistaken for this species at first glance. However Leptorhynchos squamatus has a procumbent rather than erect habit, has brown tipped bracts and a conical shaped head rather than rounded, and is a perennial with a woody base.

Coastal cliffs habitat at West Cape, Innes NP

Searches for populations Searches for some of the historic populations recorded on Yorke Peninsula were conducted in October and November 2008. Leptorhynchos scaber was recorded on north facing slopes above the beach at West Cape in Innes National Park (DJD1298). More than a hundred plants were recorded growing on unstable white sands amongst broken calcrete. It was also recorded growing in coastal heath on calcareous sands at Greenhill Trig Point west of McEacherns Beach. This species was not recorded during searches of Cape Spencer, the Browns Beach area and northern sections of Warenben Conservation Park. Kieran Brewer (South Australian Indigenous Flora) also searched for an historic record near Carrieton without success. A similar result was achieved during a search at Cariewerloo Station north of Port Augusta.

Seed Collection One seed collection has been collected for Leptorhynchos scaber (DJD1298) during November 2008. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre. A total of 23,000 seeds with a viability of 80% are conserved ex situ.

92 Microlepidium alatum (Cruciferae)

Conservation status: AUS: vulnerable. SA: vulnerable (endemic)

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Microlepidium alatum is an erect annual herb to 20cm tall with obovate, glabrous basal leaves. Flowers mainly in September.

Distribution Microlepidium alatum is endemic to South Australia and occurs in Eyre Peninsula and the Nullarbor Regions. It occurs in sandy soils with an intact biological soil crust.

Historic Records for Microlepidium alatum Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Locality NU J.B. Cleland s.n. 18 Sep 1957 Bight Well, Yalata EP A.G. Spooner 2195 1 Sep 1972 Near Nundroo EP E.H. Ising s.n. 9 Sep 1938 Wudinna EP B. Copley 2617 27 Jul 1969 3 miles SE of Yalata EP C.W. Johns s.n. 1938 Wudinna EP F.M. Hilton s.n. 21 Aug 1955 Bookabie mallee EP D.J.E. Whibley 611 12 Sep 1960 Fowler's Bay c. 6 km W along roadside EP E.H. Ising s.n. 8 Sep 1938 Wudinna EP F.M. Hilton s.n. 20 Aug 1955 3 m[ile] W [of] Wirrulla Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Six populations of Microlepidium alatum were observed in intact open mallee woodland with melaleuca lanceolata. The plants were growing on sand in open areas on the edges of moss patches with soil crust development.

Surveys for populations A search in 2008 located 6 populations across Eyre Peninsula and the Nullarbor region. With a better understanding of the typical habitat requirement of Microlepidium alatum, it is anticipated that more populations will be located, and that this species is most likely more widespread than reflected by current herbarium collections.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Microlepidium alatum Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST478 5km NW of Fowlers 31 57’ 33.5” 100+ Roadside vegetation. Disturbance Bay on East side of 132 32’ 10.5” Mallee over Melaleuca by vehicles, road lanceolata, Geijera, grazing & Chenopodium weed invasion. TST482 c.5km N of Fowlers 31 51’ 13.7” 50 Roadside vegetation. Disturbance Bay on road to 132 26’ 20.3” Mallee – Melaleuca by vehicles, Glen Boree. On lanceolata low shrubland grazing & both side of road with Atriplex. In edge of weed moss with soil crust invasion. development TST483 c.10km N of 31 55’ 10.6” 200 Mallee-Melaleuca Disturbance Folwers Bay on 132 28’ 51.7” lanceolata shrubland with by vehicles, road Glen Borree. Atriplex. Soil crust and grazing & On east side of sand. weed road invasion. HPV3709 c.8km W of 31 22’ 19”S Few only Mallee woodland with old Disturbance Coorabie Tank, on 131 21’ 20”E Melaleuca lanceolata, by vehicles, the Telstra cable Cratystylis, Eremophila grazing & track, 1.4km S of glabra, Maireana ssp, weed Eyre Highway. Atriplex vesicaria. invasion. HPV3712 Yalata Aboriginal 31 48’ 03”S Few only Mallee woodland with Disturbance Land, c. 1km SE of 131 36’ 53”E Chenopod understorey by vehicles, Yalata Community grazing & turnoff on Erye weed Highway. invasion. HPV3722 E of Wahgunyah 32 55’ 47”S Scattered, Tall mallee woodland over Disturbance Conservation Park. 132 14’ 00”E uncommo dense Melaleuca by vehicles, Road between n lanceolata. In moss beds grazing & “Chintulda” and at base of mallee and weed “Wookata” Melaleuca invasion.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Threats The main threats to Microlepidium alatum are weed invasion, disturbance by vehicles and grazing. Invasion by weed species, mostly weedy grasses, would out complete and displace the smaller annual herbs. Disturbances by vehicles and stock trampling can damage and alter the soil crust. The species is presumed to be highly palatable to herbivores and is threatened by grazing from stock and feral and native animals.

In the long term, vegetation clearance of roadside and climate change (hydrological changes) poses a major threat to this species.

Seed collection Three seed collections were made for this species during September 2008 (TST478, TST483 & HPV3722). The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 10,300 seeds with viability ranging from 95 to 100% are conserved ex situ.

95 Olax obcordata (Olacaceae)

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: rare (endemic – possibly endangered).

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A rounded, fleshy green-glaucous bush to 1.2m tall with small white flowers amongst the leaves. Plants were observed to senesce many of the older leaves during drier summer conditions leaving scars along the bronze stems. The fruit is green and ovoid with a persistent pistil.

Distribution Olax obcordata is endemic to South Australia and has only been recorded from the northwest corner of Kangaroo Island and southern Eyre Peninsula. It is considered vulnerable on Kangaroo Island and has not been recorded on Eyre Peninsula for some years – see map below (Note: some historic collections with imprecise collection locality data have been plotted near Kingscote on the eastern end of Kangaroo Island).

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

96 Historic Records for Olax obcordata Record No. Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD96806579 EP C.R. Alcock 1686 7 Nov 1967 Hundred of Lincoln. Section 473. Flinders Highway near South Australian Railway Crossing AD98648163 EP T. Hall 246 16 Oct 1986 W of main Cleve - Kimba road in Campoona Hill area AD98550002 KI B.M. Overton 328 3 Nov 1985 Harveys Return camping grounds, near Cape Borda, off the Playford Highway AD99649108 KI B.M. Overton 2571 28 Sep 1995 Cape Borda, North of Light Station, Western AD96311248 KI H.J. Eichler 15166 3 Nov 1958 Cape Borda AD97303153 KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 5 Mar 1926 Harvey's Return AD96023010 KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 25 Nov 1975 Breakneck River AD96023011 KI H.H.D. Griffith s.n. Oct 1995 Harvey's Return, near Cape Borda AD97921242 KI A.G. Spooner 6091 8 Oct 1978 Harvey's Return AD96023007 KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 5 Dec 1934 Near Harvey's Return - NW end of the Island AD97732746 KI J.B. Cleland s.n. 25 Nov 1945 Breakneck River W end AD96023008 KI [R.] Tate s.n. s.dat. Without specific locality AD97921245 KI A.G. Spooner 6088 8 Oct 1978 Near Cape Borda Lighthouse AD96918105 KI M.E. Phillips 23156 28 Sep 1965 Cape Borda, 1 mile from lighthouse AD98838067 KI S.A. White s.n. 25 Oct 1908 Harvey's Return AD97556145 KI G. Jackson 1044 14 Aug 1975 Playford Highway on eastern side of Harvey's Return AD99848158 KI B.M. Overton 2711 24 Sep 1998 Cape Borda Light Station, W end of the Island AD99848159 KI B.M. Overton 2716 29 Sep 1998 Cape Borda Lightstation, W boundary of population AD97834178 KI N.M. Wace s.n. Aug 1965 Near Cape Borda lighthouse, Flinders Chase AD97023091 KI A.B.G. Trainee 96 19 Sep 1970 Flinders Chase AD97617011 KI S.A. White s.n. s.dat. Without specific locality AD98647288 KI R. Davies s.n. 18 Sep 1983 NW of Cape Borda Lighthouse AD123153 KI G. Jackson 3241 6 Oct 2001 Old road from Harveys Return to Cape Borda, Flinders Chase NP AD206026 KI D.J. Duval 753 24 Jan 2007 Cape Borda - 200 m WSW of lighthouse Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat The small populations observed on Kangaroo Island all occur on calcrete in coastal mallee and heath. The historic records also suggest an association with calcareous soils or calcrete, predominately coastal. This species was observed growing in open patches amongst Eucalyptus diversifolia, Pultenaea rigida, Petrophile multisecta and Logania insularis.

Searches for populations A number of searches have been undertaken on Kangaroo Island and southern Eyre Peninsula including: • The roadside near the intersection of the Lincoln highway and the railway line, northwest of Port Lincoln. The area around this crossing has been searched on three occasions over the past few years for the original Alcock record from1967; • Lincoln Basin water reserve west of Port Lincoln;

97 • Proper Bay area west of Port Lincoln towards Tulka; • South-western section of Lincoln National Park towards Memory Cove; • Kirton Point and small coastal reserves in the Port Lincoln environs; • Harvey’s Return on Kangaroo Island; • Cape Borda area on Kangaroo Island

Olax obcordata was recorded at very few of the sites searched and can be a very difficult species to identify in coastal mallee-heath. However, a population of more than fifty plants was recorded in October 2007 southwest of the Cape Borda lighthouse on Kangaroo Island. This population was burnt during the extensive fires on Kangaroo Island during December 2007. A single plant was recorded near Harvey’s Return and no further plants could be found at this locality. In spring New shoots of Olax obcordata one year on 2008 the fire ground at Cape Borda from a fire at Cape Borda was searched and a number of the original plants could be observed re-shooting from the base of the woody rootstock. Also a number of small seedlings distinct from the re-shooting plants could be observed in the vicinity of the original population. A section of unburnt coastal heath west and northwest of the Cape Borda lighthouse was searched and a total of 12 scattered plants were recorded. No plants have been located from the searches undertaken on Eyre Peninsula.

Seed Collection One seed collection has been made for Olax obcordata (DJD1380) in December 2008. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre. A total of 430 seeds with a viability of 20% are conserved ex situ.

98 Olearia suffructicosa (Compositae) Clustered daisy-bush

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A glabrous, wiry almost leafless shrub with erect panicles of white daisy flowers. The erect glabrous stems arise from a common basal rootstock with white tuberous roots. The white ray petals fade to pink as flowers age and it has been observed flowering from February to May. The populations near Lucindale have been observed flowering between April and May, whilst the population near Rendlesham was flowering in February.

Distribution Olearia suffructicosa has been recorded from south-western Victoria and the lower South East region in South Australia. The Victorian records include three records near Casterton, a record near Dorodong and a number of localised records from near Glen Isla west of the Grampians. Note there is a single record from New South Wales but this is most likely an inaccurate determination. This disjunct specimen record does not have the morphological characters typical of Olearia suffruticosa and it was recorded in grassy woodland, rather than the swamp habitat that is typical for this species. Andrew Orme (Mt Annan Botanic Gardens, NSW) searched the original New South Wales locality for O. suffruticosa and collected an Olearia specimen that was identified as Olearia ramulosa. Nick Landers (State Herbarium, Western Australia) concurred that the collected material was most likely O. ramulosa. Nearly all of the historic collection localities In South Australia have been searched without success, and it is presumed extinct at most of these historic localities.

Historic Records for Olearia suffruticosa

Region Record no Collector Coll. Date Locality VIC MEL 673961 A Corrick, M.G. 8 Apr1985 Glen Isla [?=Glenisla], W of Victoria Range and c. 1 km N of Ti-tree [?Tea Tree] Creek crossing on Henty Highway. VIC MEL 1556314 A Albrecht, D.E. 9 Mar1987 Henty Highway, 1.4 km N of the Tea Tree Creek crossing. VIC MEL 525956 A Beauglehole, A.C. 5 Nov1964 Penola - Dergholm Road E of Vic. S.A. border. VIC MEL 1518616 A Beauglehole, A.C. 4 Mar1957 Victoria Range. Between Woohlpooer and Glenisla. W side of range. On

99 roadside, S of Tea-tree Creek. VIC MEL 1540280 A Beauglehole, A.C. 29 Mar 1984 13 km WSW of Casterton. VIC MEL 1564886 A Woolcock, C.E. & 11 Apr 1987 Glen Isla [=Glenisla]. D.T. VIC MEL 1575557 A Corrick, M.G. 24 Mar 1978 Glen Isla Flat [?=Glenisla]. Henty Highway. 91 miles (146 km) N of Portland. VIC MEL 525952 A Beauglehole, A.C. 4 Mar 1957 S of Glenisla Station. Tea Tree Creek area. Near Henty Highway. VIC MEL 525954 A Beauglehole, A.C. 15 Apr 1957 S of Glenisla Station. Tea Tree Creek area. Near Henty Highway. VIC MEL 1518617 A Beauglehole, A.C. 15 Apr 1957 Victoria Range. Between Glenisla Station and Tea-tree Creek. W side of range. VIC MEL 2296468 A van der Peet, S. 24 Apr 2007 Beside the Henty Highway about 1.4 km N of Tea Tree Creek crossing. AMG 605886 5874736 SE AD 97121258 Beek M. 7 April 1971 Lucindale SE AD 96330058 Hunt D. 12 May 1963 Bool Lagoon SE AD 98704021 Gibbons P. 2 May 1987 10km E of Penola on Dergholm Rd SE AD 96926135 Tate 13 Mar 1883 Yallum SE AD 98609029 Gibbons P. 23 March Lucindale-Kingston railway 7.5km West 1985 of Avenure Range SE AD 193188 Duval D. 12 April 2006 6.4km west along Lucindale-Kingston AD 205990 disused rail line from Avenue Range township Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Growing in heavy cracking soils associated with ephemeral swamps. The populations growing at the Kingston-Lucindale rail reserve site were growing with Melaleuca brevifolia, Gahnia trifida, Hakea rugosa, Lepidosperma sp., Banksia marginata. The two subpopulations recorded in a swamp south west of Rendlesham were growing with Leptospermum lanigerum, Melaleuca gibbosa, Gahnia trifida, Allittia cardiocarpa and Selliera radicans.

Leptospermum lanigerum & Gahnia filum habitat at Rendlesham

100 Searches for populations The remnant Gahnia filum swamps of Bool Lagoon have been searched during March 2005, April 2006, March 2007 and January 2008 for the original 1967 records. This species was not relocated during these searches. Whilst there are some remnant Gahnia filum sedge swamps and swales around the margins of the lagoon, the lagoon has been dry for a number of years now and the swamps are degraded. Much of the land around the lagoon has been cleared for agriculture and the margins are much degraded with exotic pasture species. The flats surrounding the game reserve lagoon are currently leased for cropping.

The remnant vegetation in the Dergholm road area near the Victorian border has been searched on at least three occasions during March 2005, January 2006 and March 2007 without success. One of the original collectors for this record was Kath Alcock, a member of the Naracoorte Field Naturalists Society. Apparently the original swamp, which could not be located, has been cleared for pine plantations since the original collection (pers.comm Alcock September 2007).

The swamps of Mary Seymour Conservation Park near Bool Lagoon have been searched for Olearia suffruticosa on two occasions; without success.

A population of approximately 50 plants was recorded on the disused Lucindale-Kingston rail reserve west of Avenue Range during 2006. Further searches on subsequent field visits now estimate the population to be approximately 150 individuals. This recent record is only about one kilometre further east of the original record by Phil Gibbons that was made during 1987. There is a number of other South Australian rare and endangered plants species occurring at this site and further along the reserve including Cassinia tegulata (EAUS). Stretches of the rail reserve corridor towards Kingston have been searched for more populations on a number of occasions in the last three years. In December 2008 a second population was recorded approximately 7.4km further west along the corridor and the population is estimated to be approximately 30 plants. In February 2009 a third population for South Australia was recorded in a private fenced swamp near Rendlesham north of Millicent. This consisted of two subpopulations of 14 and 9 counted individuals in total.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Olearia suffruticosa Coll. No. Date Locality No of plants Waypoint DJD1496 11 Feb 2009 Pethicks Lane SW of Rendlesham SE 14 plants 435618E 5834848N DJD1497 11 Feb 2009 Pethicks Lane SW of Rendlesham SE 9 plants 435739E 5834762N DJD1400 19 Nov 2008 Lucindale-Kingston disused rail corridor ~20 plants 418125E 13.8km W of Avenue Range 5911870N DJD464 12 April 2006 Lucindale-Kingston disused rail corridor 150+ plants 425101E DJD779 6.4km W of Avenue Range 5911729N

Threats The populations recorded along the disused rail corridor near Avenue Range are growing with a number of exotic species. These include Conyza ap. Asparagus officinalis, Scabiosa atropurpurea, Rhamnus alaternus, Phalaris sp. and numerous other introduced grasses. A number of localised patches of exotic garden bulbs have been observed at the site and during one particular site visit fresh garden waste that has been ‘dumped’ was observed.

101 Seeds Collection 5 seed collections have been made for this species, 4 collected from the Avenue Range populations (DJD464, DJD779, DJD1400 & TST737) and 1 from the Rendlesham population (DJD1496). The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 32,700 seeds with viabilities ranging from 70% to 100% are conserved ex situ.

Reference Cooke D.A. 1985 ‘Studies in Asteraceae and Inuleae’, Jounal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 7 (3) p279-280.

102 Phebalium glandulosum ssp. macrocalyx (Rutaceae) Glandular phebalium

Conservation Status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM Region: Northern & Yorke and Eyre Peninsula.

This species was formerly known as Phebalium glandulosum ssp glandulosum. Reclassified by Giles et al 2008.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description A rounded dark green glabrous shrub to 1.5m tall with small glandular leaves (upper and lower surfaces). It has terminal clusters of yellow flowers in late spring, and produces a dark green four-lobed fruit which splits to expel black-brown oblong seeds.

Distribution This subspecies is currently known from South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales. In South Australia it is known from a few isolated populations from northern Yorke Peninsula near Kulpara and Ardrossan, and from Blackpoint Hill north of Robertstown. There is also a single collection of this taxon west of Lock on Eyre Peninsula currently held in New South Wales (however the determination may need to be confirmed).

Historic Records for Phebalium glandulosum ssp. macrocalyx Record No. Region Collector Coll. Coll. Date Location No. AD161790 NL John Barrie s.n. 3 Sep 2000 Dean Zacher's HA Scrub - "Watchmans" [Sect[ion] 175-176; H[undre]d Stow AD201524 MU K. H. Brewer 066 1 Dec 2006 Blackpoint Hill, 20 km NE of Robertstown AD213372 MU K.H. Brewer 104 27 Dec 2007 Approx[imately] 1 km N of Blackpoint Hill, NNE of Robertstown AD213370 MU K.H. Brewer 106 27 Dec 2007 2.5 - 3 km N of Blackpoint Hill, NNE of Robertstown AD213369 MU K.H. Brewer 107 27 Dec 2007 Approx[imately] 3+ km N of Blackpoint Hill, NNE of Robertstown AD213368 MU K.H. Brewer 108 27 Dec 2007 Approx[imately] 3.5 km N of BlacpPoint Hill, NNE of Robertstown AD213367 MU K.H. Brewer 109 27 Dec 2007 N of Blackpoint Hill, NNE of Robertstown AD155992 YP M.K. Jones 11 16 Dec 2003 Lime Kiln Scrub, 6 km W from Kulpara on the B85 Highway, and roadside population S side of Highway

103 AD198114 YP D.J. Duval 573 13 Sep 2006 Ardrossan - Arthurton R[oa]d AD99706163 YP A.J. Kinnear BS63- 21 Sep 1994 [4.0 km direct NNW of Melton]; Hd. 4226 Kulpara, Sect. 143.; Site: BS63-KAI0201, Patchid: 11793 AD161785 YP John Barrie s.n. s.dat. Opp[osite] Sturtian Tillite Quarry, Limekiln Rd., near "Strathdownie" AD161797 YP John Barrie s.n. 4 Sep 2000 6.4 km NW Ardrossan on Arthurton Road Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat The population growing at ‘Lime Kiln Scrub’ near Kulpara is growing in open mallee on red loams over calcareous rubble. It is associated with Eucalyptus oleosa, Eucalyptus gracilis, Melaleuca lanceolata, Westringia rigida, and Acacia notablis. This is similar to the habitat for the other population recorded on Yorke Peninsula west of Ardrossan.

The scattered populations recorded P. glandulosum popn near Blackpoint Hill trig near Blackpoint Hill southeast of Worlds End are growing on quartzite hillslopes. The populations are associated with Eucalyptus porosa, Dodoonaea viscose ssp. spathulata, Beyeria lechenaultii, Olearia decurrens, Acacia wilhelmiana, Goodenia ovata and Cassinia sp.

Searches for Populations The Lime Kiln Scrub population near Kulpara has been visited on at least four occasions in recent years. This population has been well surveyed and monitored, along with the adjoining roadside remnant, by Dr Manfred Jusaitus (Department for Environment Heritage) and Threatened Plants Action Group (TPAG). An isolated roadside population west of Ardrossan has also been surveyed, and the surrounding roadsides in the area searched for further populations.

Kieran Brewer discovered a large scattered population near Blackpoint Hill north of Robertstown in 2005. This appears to be the largest known population for South Australia consisting of a number of subpopulations scattered across the hills in the local area.

Threats Further roadside vegetation clearance through road maintenance and widening is the main threat to the roadside populations on northern Yorke Peninsula. The Lime Kiln Scrub population is currently grazed by cattle on occasion.

The populations at Blackpoint Hill appear to be reasonably well conserved within the large parcels of native vegetation in which they occur. There is limited access to this rugged site and currently appears to be no livestock grazing.

Seed collection

104 Two seed collections have been made from the Lime Kiln Scrub population (MKJ11 & DJD745) collected in December 2003 and January 2007 respectively. A total of 2,700 seeds are in long- term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre.

The small Ardrossan roadside and larger Blackpoint Hill populations have been monitored and visited on a number of occasions over the last 3 years. However persistent below average rainfall conditions have made it very difficult to collect viable seeds from these populations. Further monitoring and seed collection efforts will be conducted during spring and early summer 2009.

Reference Giles, R.L., Drinnan, A.N. & Walsh, N.G. (2008). Variation in Phebalium glandulosum subsp. glandulosum: morphometric and anatomical evidence (Rutaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 21:271-288.

105 Phebalium squamulosum ssp. squamulosum (Rutaceae) Scaly phebalium

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description A shrub to 2m tall with elliptical-obovate leaves, green above and silvery below. The terminal clusters have a rusty coloured appearance with bright yellow flowers in spring and summer.

Distribution Occurs in the montane forests of eastern Victoria, and north along ranges of the eastern seaboard through to New South Wales and Queensland. In South Australia it is only known from a single locality west of Mount Gambier near Kongorong. The population is limited to three individuals growing in the open in shallow loams over calcrete in degraded open woodland. This disjunct population has very important conservation significance as the next occurrence of this taxon is the montane forests northeast of Melbourne.

Historic Records for Phebalium squamulosum ssp. squamulosum Record No. Collector Coll. Date Coll. No. Location AD99706184 D. Rowley 77 Oct 1976 Section 739, Hundred of MacDonnell, c. 5 km ESE of Kongorong. "Birdsville", property of Brian and Dulcie Rowley AD97839121 D.N. 2787 25 Aug 1976 Between Yahl and Mount Schank Kraehenbuehl AD97850350 P. Copley 333 28 Sep 1978 Rowley's Scrub c. 10 km W of M[oun]t Schank, SSW of Mount Gambier AD99445013 D.N. 6105 20 Nov 1993 Section 739, Hundred of Port MacDonnell. Kraehenbuehl Property of Dulcie Rowley AD99133205 M. Kenny s.n. 20 Sep 1975 Mt.Gambier (Dulcie Rowley's scrub) AD214091 T.S. Te 348 9 Jan 2008 Heritage Agreement off Hodges Road AD214822 D.J. Duval 961 20 Nov 2007 L.M.Laslett & others, Heritage Agreement. Section 739, Hundred of Port MacDonnell Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat The SA population occurs on shallow red-brown loam over calcrete in degraded Eucalyptus obliqua open woodland. The associated species include Kennedia prostrata, Bursaria spinosa, Lagurus ovatus and Scabiosa atropurpurea.

106

Habitat at Rowley’s Scrub

Searches for populations The remnant stringybark woodland within the small heritage agreement has been searched for further Phebalium squamulosum plants on two occasions. However no further plants have been located during these searches. Dry Creek Native Forest Reserve further east near Glenelg River has a similar species association and soil type. This area has been regularly searched for a number of target species; however the Phebalium has not been recorded in this remnant stringybark woodland either.

Seed Collection The Seed Conservation Centre has a single small collection of 207 seeds of the Phebalium squamulosum ssp squamulosum from Lasletts Heritage Agreement. This is being used for germination research. A 10 X 10m exclosure has been erected around the three remaining plants to evaluate recruitment and the impact of rabbit grazing. A small lot of seeds have been buried in this enclosure as part of a preliminary burial trial. Some plants have also been propagated by the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide Mt Lofty Nursery from cuttings collected from the original three plants. Some of these plants were planted 2008 by Drew Laslett, with a further 50 plants to be provided in autumn 2009.

Reference Wilson, P.G. (1970). A Taxonomic Revision of the Genera Crowea, Eriostemon and Phebalium (Rutaceae). Nuytsia 1(1): 81-82.

107 Philotheca difformis ssp. difformis (Rutaceae) (Small-leaf wax-flower)

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: SA Arid Lands

Description Philotheca difformis ssp difformis is a perennial shrub to 1m high with fleshy leaves with two lobes that are convex above and channelled below. Flowers white with 5 petals.

Distribution In South Australia Philotheca difformis ssp difformis has only been collected from the locality known as the Willipa Bluff west of Biblianado Station in the Flinders Ranges. It is more common in the eastern states of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.

Historic Records for Philotheca difformis ssp. difformis Region Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Locality FR M.G. Catford 61 10 Oct 1976 Western slope of Willipa Bluff EA T.S. Te 72 26 Sep 2006 Upper slope of The Bluff, W of Bibliando Homestead Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Philotheca difformis ssp difformis was observed growing on a quartzite rocky ridge with red brown loam in association with Eucalyptus flindersii, Prostanthera striatiflora, Olearia decurrens, Daviesia stricta, Dodonaea viscosa, Cassinia sp. and Haeckeria punctulata across the Willipa Bluff area.

Willipa Bluff area

108

Surveys for populations Willipa Bluff area has been visited by the Seed Conservation Centre on three occasions over the past three years, and just recently, Kieran Brewer (South Australian Indigenous Flora) has performed a thorough search for more populations of this species and other significant targets in the Bluff area. A new population has also been recorded from Paradise Creek Station south of Caroona Conservation Park by plant enthusiast Bob Bates.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Philotheca difformis ssp. difformis Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species number Northing of plants TST72 Upper slope of The Bluff, Localised Growing on rocky ridge with Calytrix sp, W of Bibliando Daviesia stricta, Cassinia laevis, Haeckeria Homestead punctulata. KHB235 Approx. 1.5km South of 54H 40+ Eucalyptus flindersii, Callitris glaucophylla the Bluff, Bibliando 311902E woodland over Dodonaea viscose ssp. Station 6473643N angastissima, Cassinia complanata, Beyeria lechenaultii and Olearia decurrens KHB233 1-2km South-east of the 54H 12 Callitris glaucophylla, Eucalyptus sp. open Bluff. North-west of 311980E woodland over Cassinia complanta, Bibliando Station House 6473679N Dodonaea viscose ssp. angustissima and Bursaria spinosa. KHB245 South of the Bluff, 54H 11 In Callitris glaucophylla, Eucalyptus Bibliando Station. East of 311980E flindersii open woodland over Cassinia Hawker on North-western 6473456N complanata, Olearia decurrent and aspect on steep slopes Lomandra multiflora ssp. dura

Seed collection No seed collection has been achieved for Philotheca difformis ssp difformis to date, although evidence of reasonable seed set has been observed. If good seasonal conditions prevail in 2009 a seed collection will be attempted for this species and other significant flora at the Bluff such as Ozothamnus scaber, Acacia barratensis and Daviesia stricta.

109 Pimelea hewardiana (Thymelaeaceae) Forked rice-flower

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: South East

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Pimelea hewardiana is a small perennial shrub to 1m tall with narrow oval-shaped, glabrous leaves and orange/brown stems. The small yellow flowers occur within the leaf axils and flowering occurs mainly in spring (October). It could be confused with the coastal rice-flower Pimelea serpyllifolia, which has terminal inflorescences and crowded glabrous leaves.

Distribution Pimelea hewardiana has been recorded from three localities in the lower South East of South Australia: northwest of Bordertown, near Wolseley and along the Glenelg River. It is more widespread in Victoria.

Historic Records for Pimelea hewardiana Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location K. Alcock s.n. s.dat. N of Bordertown T. Hall 484 2 Oct 2001 Private property NW of Bordertown, 5 km along Railtzs Road R.J. Bates 45820 14 Jan 1997 Opposite Donovans Landing R.J.Bates 26612 30 Nov 1991 Glenelg River National Park K.M. Alcock 95 10 Oct 1989 SW of Wolseley - on connecting road K. Alcock s.n. s.dat. N of Bordertown on Senior Road then W on Railtz Road Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat In Victoria, Pimelea hewardiana is recorded as occurring in rocky habitats. In South Australia the ‘Donovans Landing’ area around the Glenelg River is predominantly rocky limestone cliffs with Melaleuca lanceolata and Pomaderris halmaturina ssp. continentalis grading to sandy Eucalyptus baxteri woodland. The population recorded on private property northwest of Bordertown is growing in open sandy swales with Eucalyptus leucoxylon open woodland. The associated species include Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Melaleuca uncinata, Kunzea pomifera, Eutaxia microphylla, Hibbertia sp.and Leucochrysum stipitatum.

Surveys for Populations Searches for Pimelea hewardiana in suitable habitat have been made for numerous sites including:

110 • Along the Wolseley Custon Summer Track; • Along the western edge of the Glenelg River (Dry Creek area); • Private property south of Railtzs Road north west of Bordertown. Additional searches around this area in similar habitat may locate additional populations.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Pimelea hewardiana Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1310 Scrub block south 54H 100+ Growing in sandy loam swale side of Railts Road – 474074E with Eucalyptus leucoxylon, 600m south of 5992655N Kunzea pomifera, Melaleuca roadside gate uncinata, Ajuga australis and Hibbertia sp.

Seed Collection There was very little observed seed when monitoring the Bordertown population during field trips in 2008. The population will be monitored for further collection attempts in 2009.

111 Polypogon tenellus (Gramineae) Water bent

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: Northern & Yorke

Polypogon tenellus

Polypogon maritimus

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description Polypogon tenellus is an annual erect grass to 10cm tall with the panicles turning maroon as it dries. It is similar to other introduced Polypogon species, but is distinguished by having a longer awn on the lemma than on the bracts and having prominent hairs at the base of the spikelets.

Distribution In South Australia Polypogon tenellus has only recently been recognised and is reflected by the number of collections in the state herbarium. It is currently known from 3 collections from Innes National Parks. It is more widespread in Western Australia.

Historic Records for Polypogon tenellus Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Locality R.J. Bates 26048 Oct. 1991 Near Stenhouse Bay T. Jaques INP-566 21 Sep 2007 Open area behind windmill before Pondalowie turnoff and opposite Pondalowie Fire Track. Innes National Park L.M.B. BS162-2797 21 Oct 2004 1.7 km direct ESE of Pondalowie Bay; Innes National Park Heard Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat At the recorded localities on Yorke Peninsula, Polypogon tenellus was growing in brackish saline soaks around seasonally inundated coastal Melaleuca swamps.

Surveys for populations The soak adjacent the windmill at the Pondalowie turnoff in Innes National Park was searched on two occasions by the Seed Conservation Centre in 2008. The only Polypogon species that could be located at the specific site in the recorded habitat was *Polypogon maritimus. This species is introduced and is the dominant grass species around the soak edges. The differences in the morphological characters of the spikelets can be observed in the image below. Further field observations and taxonomic verification of this species in South Australia needs to be undertaken. B.K. Simon (Primary Industries, Queensland) who authored the

112 ‘Grasses of Australia’ originally examined the first recorded specimen from South Australia and determined this as “Polypogon tenellus?”, but in the letter to the State Herbarium of South stated the specimen may not actually be a Polypogon species.

Polypogon tenellus

Polypogon maritimus

Seed collection No seed collection has been achieved for Polypogon tenellus however the Seed Conservation Centre has 44,600 seeds for what appears to be Polypogon maritimus from 200+ plants.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon open woodland habitat north-west

113 Rhodanthe anthemoides (Compositae) Chamomile everlasting

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Rhodanthe anthemoides is an erect perennial herb to 30cm tall with many slender stems arising from a rootstock. It flowers during summer (primarily October) producing terminal clusters of large white daisies.

Distribution Rhodanthe anthemoides was collected from Mt Remarkable, Mt Bryan and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges. However the only current known extant is at Mt Bryan. It is more common in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Historic Records for Rhodanthe anthemoides Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location NL R.J. Bates 34650 22 Oct 600 m S of Mount Bryan summit in crack on S facing rock NL P.J. Lang 2287 29 Oct 1993 2 km due S of Mount Bryan summit, Section 193, Hundred of Hallett, W side of Water Reserve No. 3 (D.C.Hallett) NL P.J. Lang 2296 29 Oct 1993 2 km SW of Mount Bryan summit, just below S side crest of main E-W ridge NL R.J. Bates 34028 14 Sep 1993 Summit of Mount Bryan NL K.H. Brewer 91 27 Nov 2007 Mt Bryan, 200-300 m S and E of the summit NL K.H. Brewer 99 16 Dec 2007 Mt Bryan summit. 3 small populations S & SE of summit transmission tower SL O.E. Menzel s.n. 24 Oct 1896 Upper Sturt & National Park SL O.E. Menzel s.n. Nov 1896 Belair National Park SL O.E. Menzel s.n. Oct 1897 National Park Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Rhodanthe anthemoides is found in a range of habitats from alpine herbfields in Victoria to montane rocky area in New South Wales. In South Australia it historically occurred in grassy woodlands in the Mt Lofty Ranges. The extant population growing at Mount Bryan is growing between cracks on the edges of rocky outcrops. It may be restricted to this niche amongst the rocky outcrops because the site is currently grazed by sheep.

114

Surveys for Populations Searches for Rhodanthe anthemoides in suitable habitat have been made for numerous sites including: • Mt Remarkable (Gibraltar Rock) based on historic herbarium collection maintained at the National Herbarium of Victoria that was made in October 1851; • The adjoining hill slopes around Mt Bryan summit.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Rhodanthe anthemoides Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants KHB99 Mt Bryan summit. 3 small 54H 15+ On rock ledges with Grazing populations S & SE of 311723E Hymenanthera dentata, from summit transmission 6299554N Senecio sp., Elymus sheep tower scabrous and Sclerolaena sp.

KHB99

Seed Collection Some seeds have been collected for Rhodanthe anthemoides (KHB99) in 2009 but the amount is insufficient for long term storage (<200 viable seeds). The Seed Conservation Centre is propagating a number of seedlings from separately sampled individuals to ‘seed orchard’ material for long term storage.

115 Spyridium erymnocladum (Rhamnaceae) Cloaked spyridium

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable (endemic).

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi)

Description A low woody shrub to 1m tall with velvety, bluish-grey, terete leaves.

Distribution Spyridium erymnocladum is endemic to South Australia is only known from Eyre Peninsula in the Cummins to Campoona Hill area. The majority of the current records are from within or near to Hincks Conservation Park.

Historic Records for Spyridium erymnocladum Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Locality C.R. Alcock 2453 13 Oct 1968 Hincks National Park. Fire break northern boundary abutting Section 2, Hundred of Rudall R. Bates 37298 19 Apr [1994] About Mt. Hill J.B. Cleland s.n. 12 Aug 1964 Hincks W[ild] L[ife] Res[erve] J.R. Wheeler 868 B 8 Oct 1968 Hincks National Park. Depression along the Verran Hill track, c. 6 km W of the E border T. Hall 239 16 Oct 1986 W of main Cleve-Kimba road in Campoona Hill area [c. 1 km NE or SE of High Bluff on rise on W side of N-S vehicular track] E.H. Ising s.n. 29 Aug 1935 Arno Bay T.S. Te 22 6 Sep 2006 Track to Blue Range from Whaminda Soak S. Bellette s.n. 14 Sep 1994 0.6 km NW of Campoona Hill, on Neild's property, (c. 20 km NW of Cleve) J.R. Wheeler 842 A 7 Oct 1968 Hincks National Park. Sand-dunes W of and parallel to the Blue Range G.A. Carpenter BSOP- 18 Feb 2000 10 km ENE of Verran, Eyre Peninsula. [3.4 km direct SSE of 1209 Mount Priscilla] S.D. Kenny BS131- 03 Nov 2001 [12.1 km direct SSW of Tuckey]; Property: Hincks CP; Site: 865 BS131-HIN00401, Patchid: 18210 L.M.B. Heard BS131- 2 Nov 2001 [11.3 km direct SSW of Tuckey]; Property: Hincks CP; Site: 172 BS131-KIE00101, Patchid: 18196 K.L. Graham BS131- 3 Nov 2001 [7.8 km direct S of Verran Hill]; Property: Hincks CP; Hd. Out 531 Of Hundreds, Sect. 365.; Site: BS131-HIN00701, Patchid: 18149 Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

116 Habitat The population observed growing along the edge of the track from Wharminda Wells to the Blue Range was growing in mallee and heath on laterite soils. The associated species included Daviesia pectinata, Eucalyptus leptophylla, Pomaderris obcordata, Grevillea ilicifolia, Hibbertia sp., Acacia rupicola, Melaleuca uncinata, and Ozothamnus retusus.

Surveys for populations The Seed Conservation Centre has searched the Blue Range area within Hincks Conservation Park over the last two years and recorded two populations: 1. Corner of the Soak Track and Kitson Road just east of the Blue Ranges Track as it enters Hincks Conservation Park on the eastern boundary from Wharminda Wells; 2. Edge of the fire track along the eastern boundary of Hincks Conservation Park just north of Kitson Road.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Spyridium erymnocladum Popn Location Easting/ Number of Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing plants TST22 Track to Blue Range 53H Uncommon Mallee verge along track with from Whaminda Soak 606751E Acacia rupicola, Cassinia sp, 6245399N Hibbertia sp, Pomaderris obcordata, Daviesia pectinata

Seed collection No seed collections have been achieved to date for Spyridium erymnocladum.

117 Spyridium tricolor (Rhamnaceae) Rusty spyridium

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Spyridium tricolor is a small erect bushy shrub to 1.5m tall. Leaves are heart-shaped on long petioles, green above and rusty brown below.

Distribution In South Australia Spridium tricolor is recorded from around White Well Corner west of Koonibba on the Eyre Peninsula. Most of the know populations occur in roadside remnant vegetation. It is more common along the Western Australian south coast from Cocklebiddy to Cape Arid.

Historic Records for Spyridium tricolor Collector Coll. No Coll. Date Locality Rev. C. Hoff s.n. Aug 1926 Koonibba J.B. Cleland s.n. 22 Aug 1928 8 miles W of Koonibba T. Croft s.n. 24 Oct 1990 Northern part of Section 10, Hundred of Catt (northern boundary of the Hundred), 23 km NE of Penong P.J. Lang BS128-4413 27 Sep 2005 [9.7 km direct NNW of Uworra; Heritage Agreement 619: AREAS C D & E (HA619-2)]; Property: Heritage Agreement 619; Site: BS128-CHA01101, Patchid: 22738 T. Croft TC04 30 May 1991 Section 15, Hundred of Catt. 16.5 km NW of Koonib[b]a; 1.5 km NNE of White Well Corner W.R. Barker 18 Sep 1995 0.7km ENE of White Well Corner F. Udovicic CANB480373 9 Oct 1995 NW Eyre Peninsula, 44km NW of Ceduna, 10km N of Eyre Hwy, 12km W of Koonibba Hill, c. 1.5km NNE of White Well Corner T. Croft s.n. 25 May 1991 Sectin Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Spyridium tricolor occurs in open mallee on grey-brown calcareous loams, often in low open swales. The associated species includes Eucalyptus gracilis, Eucalyptus oleosa, Casuarina pauper, Melaleuca lanceolata, Westringia rigida, Senna artemisioides, and Halgania cyanea.

118 Surveys for populations A search for Spyridium tricolor in 2008 located three populations around the White Well Corner area.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Spyridium tricolor Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants TST486 0.6-0.7km ENE on 53J 24 Roadside vegetation. Roadside Back Road from 340643E Eucalyptus, Senna, Westringia, vegetation White Well corner 6470132N Eremophila road junction. On both side of road TST488 5.2km ENE from 53J 38 Roadside vegetation. Roadside White Well Corner. 345253E Eucalyptus, Casuarina pauper, vegetation North side of road 6471122N Melaleuca, Acacia, Eremophila, Westringia. Swale TST491 1.7km N of White Well 53J 30 Roadside vegetation. Roadside Corner on Borlase 340003E Eucalyptus with Senna, vegetation Road. On both side of 6471632N westringia, Halgania road.

TST491 TST488

TST486

Threats The main threat for Spyridium tricolor is roadside clearance from road works. Most of the known populations occur in roadside vegetation, some as narrow as 3m wide. During the search, evidence of recent roadwork impacting this species was observed, especially associated with the clearing of drainage diversion lines. These lines are located at the bottom of swales where Spyridium tricolor is often found.

Seed collection No seed collection has yet been achieved for Spyridium tricolour. During field visits in November 2008, seed production was observed, but seeds immature and not suitable for collection.

119 Swainsona murrayana (Leguminosae) Slender Darling pea

Conservation status: AUS: vulnerable. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: SA Arid Lands

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Swainsona murrayana is an erect herb to 30cm tall with slender, hairy stems. Flowers between July and October, producing striated pink pea flowers.

Distribution Swainsona murrayana occurs on cracking clay on the eastern floodplains of Boolcoomatta Reserve in South Australia. It also occurs on heavy soils in New South Wales. Many herbarium collections made from other localities within South Australia appear to have been confused with species such as Swainsona fissimontana.

Historic Records for Swainsona murrayana Specimen No Region Date Collector Locality NSW677 EA 22 Aug 1926 A. Morris Boolcoomatta Station (North of Olary on the Broken Hill Railway). [Boolcoomata]. (10km)

Habitat Swainsona murrayana was observed on clay soils, often in depressions and commonly growing with Swainsona swainsonioides, Brachyscome ciliaris, Sclerolaena sp. and Rhodanthe sp. Sometimes it is also associated with Malacocera tricornis and Maireana aphylla.

Population occurring with Malacocera tricornis & Maireana

120

Surveys for populations A search to confirm the species and determine the extent of the populations took place during September 2008. The area searched included: • The track east to Bundera Well from Boolcoomatta Homestead; • The track from Bundera well to Mundaerro Storage Tank; • The minor track from Mundaerro Storage Tank to Tank ENE of East Millierooka Tank; continuing along this minor track until it meets with the major track from Mundianna Dam; then south-west along this track back to Boolcoomatta Homestead.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Swainsona murrayana Popn number Location Easting/ Number of Assoc. plant species Northing plants S1 (DJD 1166) 6km east of Boolcoomatta 54 462577E 12 plants Swainsona swainsonioides, Homestead along track to 6462751N (counted) Abutilon fraseri & Bundera Well Sclerolaena sp. S2 (DJD 1167) 9.3km east of Boolcoomatta 54 465614E 45 plants Brachyscome ciliaris & Homestead along track to 6463359N along ~500m Sclerolaena sp. Bundera Well. stretch S3 (DJD 1168) 10.3km east of 54 466462E 76 plants Brachyscome ciliaris, Boolcoomatta Homestead 6463315N counted along Rhodanthe sp. & along track to Bundera Well 100m stretch Sclerolaena sp. S4 (MJT 160) 12.5km east of 54 468360E 150+ plants Malacocera tricornis, Boolcoomatta Homestead 6464395N Maireana aphylla, along track to Bundera Well Swainsona swainsonioides, Rhodanthe sp. & Sclerolaena sp.

Map showing location of all 4 populations on

121

Threats Before becoming a Bush Heritage Reserve in 2006, Boolcoomatta was grazed by sheep for 150 years. Some areas of the reserve have recovered well since sheep were removed, including the Swainsona murrayana sites. However, there is still grazing pressure from rabbits and kangaroos. The managers of Boolcoomatta have begun the process of rabbit control, which will reduce grazing pressure on Swainsona murrayana.

Seed collection Seeds were collected from all four populations mentioned previously in October 2008 (DJD1166, DJD1167, DJD1168 and MJT160). The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 28,300 seeds with viability ranging from 90% to 100% are currently conserved ex situ.

122 Thysanotus nudicaulis (Liliaceae)

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Thysanotus nudicaulis is an annual lily that emerges each year from persistent tubers. It has three fringed pink-lilac petal flowers that appear in November to January. The flowers have three long and three short anthers. It produced a few-branched flowering heads that are erect and slender. The elongate pedicels remain erect when in flower and fruit. Seed capsules contain 30-50 flattened black seeds.

Distribution Thysanotus nudicaulis occurs in coastal woodlands on lower Eyre Peninsula and in coastal heath near Esperance in Western Australia.

Historic Records for Thysanotus nudicaulis Record No. Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location AD98009375 A.R. Hutchison s.n. 5 Jan 1969 Port Lincoln, Proper Bay AD96718043 C.R. Alcock 1261 9 Jan 1967 Hundred of Lincoln, Section 314 AD98142118 C.R. Alcock 1261 9 Jan 1967 Hundred of Lincoln, Section 314 AD96021020 Anon. s.n. s.dat. Port Lincoln AD96021022 A.D. Black s.n. 5 Dec 1935 Kirton Point, Port Lincoln Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Thysanotus nudicaulis was recorded growing on rocky calcareous soils on gentle lower slopes in Eucalyptus diversifolia woodland. It was associated with Acacia rupicola, Melaleuca deccusata, Gahnia deusta, Acacia myrtifolia, Leptomeria aphyllus, Acrotriche patula and Lasiopetalum sp.

Surveys for populations A search for populations of Thysanotus nudicaulis was conducted during December 2008. The main area searched was the Lincoln Underground Basin Reserve west of the Port Lincoln Township. This land is managed by SA Water who provided access and various vegetation and soil maps for the area. Other areas searched included similar vegetation associations over calcrete in the southern section of the Lincoln Underground Basin reserve southwest towards Lincoln National Park, and the roadside vegetation between Tulka and Port Lincoln and along

123 the edge of Proper Bay. The State Herbarium of South Australia has the following historic collections for Thysanotus nudicaulis:

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Thysanthotus nudicaulis Collection Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species soil number Northing of plants KHB Adjacent an east-west track ~30 plants Euc. diversifolia, on the west side of Duck Acacia myrtifolia, Ponds creek in the Gum Flat Acacia rupicola, section of the Lincoln Gahnia deusta Underground basin Reserve DJD 1417 Adjacent the rail track in the 53 6 plants Euc. diversifolia, Grey loam Gum Flat section of the 574180E Acacia myrtifolia, over Lincoln Underground Basin 6153314N Acacia rupicola, calcrete Reserve (SA Water) Gahnia deusta, . Acrotriche cordata TST 701 Corner of Gum Flat track and 53 3 plants Euc.diversifolia, Red loam North Side Hill track in 573947E Acacia paradoxa, over Lincoln Underground Basin 6153037N Lasiopetalum sp. calcrete Reserve (east side of gate). Acacia rupicola, Spyrdium parvifolium

KHB

DJD1417

TST701

Seed Collection A follow-up trip to collect seeds was planned in January 2009. Due to a major fire in the nearby area on the western side of Port Lincoln, the field trip was postponed. The trip was further postponed due to the extreme temperature conditions during late January, as access to the site was prohibited by a total fire ban. During field work near Pt Lincoln in February 2009, no seed was able to be collected as most of the plants had withered or already expelled their seeds. A seed collecting trip will be planned for January 2010.

124 Tricostularia pauciflora (Cyperaceae) Needle bog-rush

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges, Kangaroo Island and South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi) ©Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania

Description Tricostularia pauciflora is a small tufted perennial sedge with green-yellow, wiry terete stems emerging from a basal clump 10-30cm long. Flowers between December and February.

Distribution Tricostularia pauciflora is recorded in South Australia from the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Southeast around Penola, but otherwise has a restricted distribution in this state. There is one record from Kangaroo Island. It is also recorded for New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Historic Records for Tricostularia pauciflora Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 18 Feb 1934 M[oun]t Compass SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 30 Jan 1947 N[ea]r M[oun]t Compass SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 15 Jan 1942 Mount Compass SL J.B. Cleland s.n. 16 Jan 1943 Square Waterhole SL A.G. Spooner 10979 22 Nov 1987 Fleurieu Holiday Centre. Bahlooglen Road, near Mount Compass SL D.E. Murfet 1962 22 Apr 1994 E & WS Mount Billy Reservoir Reserve SL R.J. Bates 41242 Dec 1995 Black Swamp, [half]way to lake from winery SL J. Quarmby 36 30 Oct 2008 Mt Billy Conservation Park. Track along N boundary KI R. Bates 30203 21 Dec 1992 Nobles Place S of Church R[oa]d SE D.J. Duval 390 14 Feb 2006 Comaum Nature Forest Reserve, Alcock's Scrub - [short] EW track off NS track adjacent pine plantation SE D.E. Murfet 2305 10 Nov 1995 Penola Conservation Park. Western boundary SE M.J. Thorpe 20 24 Oct 2006 Comaum Forest Reserve. Along track SE A.C. Beauglehole 5911 15 Dec 1963 Yallum, 9 m[iles] W of Penola SE D.E. Murfet 2667 29 Mar 1997 Alcocks scrub Comaum Forest Reserve SE D.E. Peacock BS29-4724 05 Sep 1991 [5.3 km direct NNE of Sixteen Mile Well]; Hd. Monbulla, Sect. 204. Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

125 Habitat Tricostularia pauciflora has been observed growing in damp heath, particularly low lying swales and depressions with damp sands that would be saturated in winter. At Comaum Native Forest Reserve Tricostularia pauciflora was localised in a low open damp sandy swale with Allocasuarina pulaudosa, Sphaerolobium minus, Leptospermum continentale, Xanthorrhoea australis, Lepyrodia muelleri and Calytrix tetragonal. At Mount Billy Conservation Park it grows in low white sandy swales with Eucalyptus cosmophylla, Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Banksia ornata, Leptospermum mysinoides, Melaleuca decussata, Patersonia occidentalis and Platylobium obtusangulum.

Surveys for Populations Searches for Tricostularia pauciflora in suitable habitat have been undertaken at numerous sites in the Fleurieu Peninsula and the South East including • Black Swamp south of Finniss; • Comaum Native Forest reserve; • Mount Billy Conservation Park.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Tricostularia pauciflora Popn Location Easting/ No. of Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing plants DJD390 Comaum Nature 54H 50+ Some Forest Reserve, 494460E plant Alcock's Scrub - [short] 5876620N along EW track off NS track firetrack adjacent pine plantation MJT20 Comaum Forest 54H 50+ Associated with Calytrix, Reserve growing 494722E Leptospermum, Hibbertia, along track and 5876120N Isopogon, Xanthorrhoea caespitosa amongst vegetation DJD1477 Mount Billy 54H 12 Growing in Eucalyptus baxteri & Some Conservation Park – 282364E Eucalyptus cosmophylla woodland plant firetrack in north part 6075028N in sandy heath with Leptospermum along of park just off myrsinoides, Lepidosperma firetrack Hindmarsh Valley carphoides, Platylobium Road obtusangulum, Patersonia occidentalis, Melaleuca decussate, Xanthorrhoea semiplana,

DJD1477

DJD390

Seed Collection A seed collection was made for Tricostularia pauciflora (MJT20) in October 2006. Approximately 1,000 seeds are banked at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A very small collection of seeds was made for the Mt Billy population and retained with the herbarium specimen that has been lodged at the State Herbarium of South Australia.

127 Triglochin turriferum (Jancaginaceae) Turret arrowgrass

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: vulnerable.

NRM region: South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Triglochin turriferum is a small annual herb with flat thread-like leaves and distinctive 6-sided fruit that are produced between September and November.

Distribution Triglochin turriferum is found in the upper South East of South Australia with restricted occurrence. It is recorded for Mt Monster Conservation Park, Bangham and the Mt Boothby area. It is also occurs in Victoria.

Historic Records for Triglochin turriferum Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location R. Bates 15689 4 Oct 1988 Bangham L.D. Williams 6827 6 Aug 1975 Mount Monster, 4 km SE of Keith, in rock pool at summit of rock R. Bates 15067 Aug 1988 Mount Boothby Conservation Park D.E. Murfet 2061 3 Oct 1994 Mt Monster Conservation Park K.M. Alcock 247 Sep 1970 N of Bangham Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat Triglochin turriferum is recorded as occurring in wet soil near temporary water such as small streams, roadside pools and small depressions. In South Australia it occurs in the described habitat as well as granite rock pools on top of Mt Monster. At Swedes Flat, north-northeast of Padthaway it is growing in drying muddy pools between Gilgai mounds.

128

Habitat of Triglochin turrifera at Mount Monster CP

Surveys for Populations Searches for Triglochin turriferum in suitable habitat have been made at numerous sites in the upper South East including: • Bangham Conservation Park; • Roadside pools along Riddoch Highway.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Triglochin turrifera Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1195 Swedes Flat – NNE 54H 50+ Growing in drying muddy Tramping of Padthaway. Gilgai 456022E pools between Gilgai from cattle swamp off Swedes 5964972N mounds. Flat Road – property of Bill Spiller DJD1352 Mt Monster summit, 54H Growing in black silt and Competition small rock holes atop 439030E organic material with from weedy western outcrop 5993231N numerous weedy pasture annuals annuals in rock holes.

DJD1352

129

DJD1195

Seed Collection Two seed collections have been made for Triglochin turrifera (DJD1195 & DJD1353) during October 2008 (see Table above). The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 3,650 seeds with viabilities ranging between 55% and 100% are currently conserved ex situ.

130 Veronica parnkalliana (Scrophulariaceae) Port Lincoln speedwell

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered (endemic).

NRM region: Eyre Peninsula and Northern & Yorke.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Veronica parnkalliana is a short live perennial herb with erect to ascending branches to 20cm tall. Leaves serrated and opposite. Flowers are large and white with purple stripes in spring and summer.

Distribution Veronica parnkalliana is endemic to South Australia. It was first described from specimens collected in 1909 and 1911 from Warunda approximately 3.5km north-northwest of Port Lincoln by SA White. It was considered extinct until it was collected by RJ Bates in 1984 and 1985 from Alligator Gorge and Telowie Gorge. In 2008 following a “prescribed burn” along the Battery Track in Mt Remarkable National Park, the species was located in a small part of the burnt area by the Seed Conservation centre. This is the only known current extant of the species.

Historic Records for Veronica parnkalliana Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location FR R. Bates 4728 30 Oct 1984 Alligator Gorge National Park EP S.A. White s.n. 9 Oct 1909 Warunda NL R. Bates 6441 10 Oct 1985 Telowie Gorge Conservation Park NL R. Bates 7319 8 Oct 1986 Along the N boundary of Telowie Gorge Conservation Park, for about 200 m before the ridge drops down to the main creek at its E end. Mostly about 50 m inside the boundary fence Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat The Mt Remarkable National Park population of Veronica parnkalliana is growing in Eucalyptus goniocalyx woodland on sandy loam flats amongst scattered strewn sandstone rocks with Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata, Gonocarpus elatus, Calytrix tetragonal, Pomaderris paniculosa and Hibbertia sp. The area was burnt in April 2008 and Veronica parnkalliana was found in the fire scare during October 2008.

131

Habitat at Mt Remarkable NP following a prescribed burn Surveys for Populations A number of searches for Veronica parnkalliana were made across the burnt area during 2008 on both sides of the Battery Track in Mount Remarkable National Park. However the species appears to be extremely localised.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Veronica parnkalliana Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD1277 Mt Remarkable 54H 300-400 Growing in Eucalyptus goniocalyx NP. Ring Track 224382E woodland on sandy loam flats approx. 600m 6375538N amongst scattered strewn N of Junction to sandstone rocks with Battery Track Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata, 1km sign. Gonocarpus elatus, Calytrix tetragonal, Pomaderis paniculosa and Hibbertia sp.

DJD1277

132 Seed Collection Two seed collections have been made for Veronica parnkalliana (DJD1277 & PJA192) in November and December 2008 from Mt Remarkable National Park. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 29,700 seeds with a viability of 100% are currently conserved ex situ.

133 Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia (Violaceae) Showy viola

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges and South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Viola betonicifolia ssp betonicifolia is a perennial herb to 15cm tall with spade-shaped basal leaves on long petioles. Flowers are small and purple on long stalks, occurring from September to January.

Distribution Prior to the rediscovery of the two populations at Mt Bold Reservoir and Topperwein Native Forest Reserve (NFR) by the Seed Conservation centre in 2006 and 2008, Viola betonicifolia ssp betonicifolia was presumed extinct in South Australia. The most recent record was by Robert Bates in 1978 at Mount McIntyre in the States South East. This was collected prior to the 1983 Ash Wednesday fire, after which the area was cleared for pine plantations and a quarry. The species is more common on the east coast of Australia in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Historic Records for Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location SL O.E. Menzel s.n. Oct 1896 Nairne SL Mr. Snell s.n. 29 Oct 1894 Woodside SL W. Grasby s.n. May 1885 Oakbank, Mount Lofty Range SL E. Wilson s.n. 3 Dec 1900 Mylor, Mt. Lofty SL E.H. Ising s.n. 13 Oct 1920 Kangarilla SL E.H. Ising s.n. 9 Oct 1913 Kenton Valley SL Anon. s.n. s.dat. Mount Lofty Range SL R. Tate s.n. Sep 1882 Battunga SE R. Tate s.n. Nov Glencoe SE R. Bates 4848 20 Jan 1978 Mount McIntyre Swamps SE T.S. Te 341 8 Jan 2008 In lagoon along the Vict/SA border road in Topperwein NFR Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

134 Habitat At Topperwein Native Forest Reserve, Viola betonicifolia ssp betonicifolia grows around the edge (initially in water) of Eucalyptus camaldulensis swamp in between Baumea, Lepidosperma and Villarsia species.

In Mt Bold Reservoir, it grows on the lower south facing slopes in shallow gully under Eucalyptus viminalis with Eucalyptus obliqua, Ranunculus lappaceus, Adjuga australis and Scaevola albida.

Habitat at Topperwein Native Forest Reserve

Surveys for Populations Searches for Viola betonicifolia ssp betonicifolia in suitable habitat have been made for numerous sites in the upper South East and the Mt Lofty Ranges including; • Mt McIntyre; • Other ephemeral swamps in Topperwein; • Other Eucalyptus viminalis woodlands in Mt Bold Reservoir.

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species Threats number Northing of plants DJD605 Mount Bold Reservoir. 54H 100 Lower south facing slopes in Gate 43 – W side of 292184E shallow gully with Eucalyptus Thomas Creek 6109819N viminalis, Eucalyptus oblique, Ranunculus lappaceus, Adjuga australis and Scaevola albida TST341 In Lagoon along the 54H >1000 On edge of lagoon growing in Victoria-South 497602E red gum swamp with Australian border road 5844715N Baumea, Villarsia and in Topperwein Native Lepidosperma Forest Reserve

135

DJD605

Seed Collection Three seed collections have been made for Viola betonicifolia ssp betonicifolia (TST247, TST341 & PJA190) between December 2007 and December 2008 from Mt Bold Reservoir and Topperwein Native Forest Reserve. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre. A total of 4,481 seeds with viabilities of 100% are currently conserved ex situ.

136 Wurmbea uniflora (Liliaceae) One-flower Nancy

Conservation status: AUS: not listed. SA: endangered.

NRM region: Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges and South East.

Source: Australian Virtual Herbarium (http://www.cpbr.gov.au/cgi-bin/avh.cgi )

Description Wurmbea uniflora is a small annual herb to 10cm tall with 3 alternating, linear leaves. It generally has a single flower but may occasionally produce two flowers. The small white flowers lack the lilac nectary bands on the petals that are present on the closely related Wurmbea dioica. Wurmbea uniflora may co-occur with Wurmbea dioica but it generally flowers in November which is much later than Wurmbea dioica.

Distribution Wurmbea uniflora has been recorded from two locations in South Australia, Mt Bold Reservoir in the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, and Mt McIntyre in the South East. The current known extent of the populations is from 3 sites in Mt Bold Reservoir. It is also found in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Historic Records for Wurmbea uniflora Region Collector Coll. No. Coll. Date Location SL A.G. Spooner 16208 17 Nov 1996 Thomas Creek Track (43), Mount Bold Reservoir, South East SL T. Hall 480 s.dat. Thomas Gully in Mt Bold catchment area SL M.K. Jones 58 22 Dec 2004 Mt Bold Reservoir (S.A. Water [property]) SL R.J. Bates 67321 20 Nov 2005 Mount Bold Reserve, Track 15A off Mt Bold Road SL D.J. Duval 613 19 Oct 2006 Mount Bold Reservoir, gate 43, Thomas Creek SL D.J. Duval 612 19 Oct 2006 Mount Bold Reservoir. Adjacent Onkaparinga River near river ford SL T.S. Te 248 4 Dec 2007 C. 1.2 km along Thomas Gully Track off Razor Back Road in Mt Bold Reservoir. W side of track up the slope SL T.S. Te 260 4 Dec 2007 C. 1.3 km along Thomas Gully Track off Razor Back Rd in Mt Bold Reservoir. On W side of track SE R. Bates 7890 Nov 1986 Summit of Mount McIntyre Source: State Herbarium of South Australia

Habitat In Mt Bold Reservoir, Wurmbea uniflora has been recorded growing in open grassy woodland. The commonly associated tree species is Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis with some

137 Eucalyptus obliqua, which suggests a preference for more fertile, damp soils. Other associated plant species include: Luzula meridionalis, Ranunculus lappaceus, Lagenohpora stipitata, Stellaria angustifolia and Ajuga australis. A number of exotic species have also been recorded at populations including Rubus sp., Genista monspessulana, Romulea rosea and Sparaxis spp.

Grassy woodland habitat at Mt Bold Reservoir

Surveys for Populations Searches for Wurmbea unflora in suitable habitat have been made at numerous sites in the South East and the Mt Lofty Ranges including: • Mt McIntyre; • Moist gullies in grassy woodland in Mt Bold Reservoir

Records by Seed Conservation Centre for Wurmbea unflora Popn Location Easting/ Number Assoc. plant species number Northing of plants MKJ58 Mt Bold Reservoir (SA 54H Along creek line. Other species Water property) 292339E present Eucalyptus oblique, 6109830N Leptospermum myrsinoides DJD612 Mount Bold Reservoir. 54H 50-100 Growing in open grassy woodland of Adjacent Onkaparinga 292338E plants in a Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus River near river ford 6115680N patch obliqua, Ajuga australis, Luzula, Lagenophora stipitata. Growing near the base of trees. TST260 1.3km along Thomas 54H 100+ In open grassy area along edge of Gully Track off Razor 292399E creek Back Road in Mt Bold 6110020N Reservoir. On west side of track

138

DJD61

TST26

Seed Collection Five seed collections have been made for Wurmbea uniflora (MKJ58, DJD612, TST248, TST260 and PJA185) between 2004 and 2008 from the Mt Bold Reservoir. The seeds are in long-term storage at the Seed Conservation Centre and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). A total of 42,100 seeds with viabilities between 90 to 100% are currently stored ex situ.

139