Synthesizing Ecosystem Implications of Mistletoe Infection

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Synthesizing Ecosystem Implications of Mistletoe Infection Environmental Research Letters LETTER • OPEN ACCESS Related content - Networks on Networks: Water transport in Mistletoe, friend and foe: synthesizing ecosystem plants A G Hunt and S Manzoni implications of mistletoe infection - Networks on Networks: Edaphic constraints: the role of the soil in vegetation growth To cite this article: Anne Griebel et al 2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 115012 A G Hunt and S Manzoni - Impact of mountain pine beetle induced mortality on forest carbon and water fluxes David E Reed, Brent E Ewers and Elise Pendall View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 137.154.212.215 on 17/12/2017 at 21:57 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 (2017) 115012 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fff LETTER Mistletoe, friend and foe: synthesizing ecosystem OPEN ACCESS implications of mistletoe infection RECEIVED 28 June 2017 Anne Griebel1,3 ,DavidWatson2 and Elise Pendall1 REVISED 1 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia 12 September 2017 2 Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO box 789, Albury, NSW, Australia ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION 3 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. 29 September 2017 PUBLISHED E-mail: [email protected] 16 November 2017 Keywords: mistletoe, climate change, biodiversity, parasitic plants, tree mortality, forest disturbance Original content from this work may be used Abstract under the terms of the Creative Commons Biotic disturbances are affecting a wide range of tree species in all climates, and their occurrence is Attribution 3.0 licence. contributing to increasing rates of tree mortality globally. Mistletoe is a widespread group of parasitic Any further distribution of this work must plants that establishes long-lasting relationships with a diverse range of host tree species. With climate maintain attribution to change, ecophysiological stress is increasing, potentially making trees more susceptible to mistletoe the author(s) and the title of the work, journal infection, which in turn leads to higher forest mortality rates. citation and DOI. The perception of mistletoe presence in individual trees and forest stands is divided within the scientific community, leading to an ongoing debate regarding its impacts. Forest managers concerned about stand health and carbon sequestration may view mistletoe as a foe that leads to reduced productivity. In contrast, ecologists may see mistletoe as a friend, in light of the wildlife habitat, biodiversity and nutrient cycling it promotes. However, individual studies typically focus on isolated effects of mistletoe presence within their respective research area and lack a balanced, interdisciplinary perspective of mistletoe disturbance. With this conceptual paper we aim to bring togetherthepositiveandnegative impacts of mistletoe presence on tree physiology, soil nutrient cycling as well as stand health and stand dynamics. We focus on the role of mistletoe-induced tree mortality in ecosystem succession and biodiversity. In addition, we present potential modifications of mistletoe presence on the energy budget and on forest vulnerability to climate change, which could feed back into stand dynamics and disturbance patterns. Lastly, we will identify the most pressing remaining knowledge gaps and highlight priorities for future research on this widespread agent of biotic disturbance. 1. Introduction and increasing wildfires as the climate changes (Hut- ley et al 2013, Schoennagel et al 2017). Furthermore, 1.1. Disturbance impacts on forest ecosystems such climate induced disturbances can weaken ecosys- Forest ecosystems contain 80% of aboveground car- tem resilience and alter the occurrence and life-cycle bon and 40% of belowground carbon stocks globally of biotic disturbances (Dukes et al 2009, Johnson (Watson et al 2000) along with the capacity of storing et al 2010, Allen et al 2010, Scott and Mathiasen 2012), carbon over centuries. Disturbances have the poten- such as the recent bark beetle outbreaks that affected tial to alter ecosystem processes and functioning, yet vast areas across western North America (Edburg they are part of the natural cycle of any ecosystem et al 2012). Beetle-induced stand mortality can (Kulakowski et al 2017). Climate induced disturbances, compromise atmospheric carbon sequestration rates such as heatwaves and droughts, can significantly lower (Brown et al 2010), but this has not been found in all carbon sequestration rates in forests (Reichstein et al cases (Reed et al 2014), indicating uncertainty in effects 2013,Yiet al 2015,Yuanet al 2016)andcausewide- of biotic disturbance on carbon cycling. ranging tree mortality (McDowell et al 2011,Karaet al While insect outbreaks and abiotic disturbances 2017). Similarly detrimental effects were reported from like drought, storm and fire often cause wide-spread excessive wind-throw following storms and cyclones stand mortality, the presence of parasitic plants is more © 2017 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd Environ. Res. Lett. 12 (2017) 115012 Figure 1. Mistletoe being friend or foe lies in the eye of the beholder. Left: Areal view of a eucalypt stand that is infected with mistletoe (Amyema miquelii; mistletoe brooms are easily distinguished by their red colored leaves); center: Dead infected trees with the typical establishment of mistletoe brooms expanding from the club-shaped haustoria at the terminal branches; right: An immature boobook owl (Ninox novaeseelandiae) roosting in a mistletoe-infected Acacia on a hot (45 ◦C) day in southern Australia. With their high water content and densely-branched habit, mistletoe clumps represent a more moderate microclimate used by many animals seeking shelter. (Photographs left and center by Anne Griebel, right by Skye Wassens; used with permission). subtle in modifying ecosystem processes and stand is projected to increase the likelihood, frequency and dynamics. Unlike cyclones and wildfires, which are duration of droughts in many ecosystems (Collins et al not necessarily a threat in every climate region, par- 2013), so we must understand the physiological causes, asitic plants are globally distributed and an integral the amplifying role of biotic agents on ecosystem pro- component of most ecosystems (Mathiasen et al 2008). cesses and the resulting consequences of this trend The relationship between the parasite and the host may (McDowell et al 2011). This is increasingly complex reflect mutualism, e.g. vascular epiphytes rely on the as parasitic infection on its own is rarely lethal; rather, structural support of a host plant and in return enhance a combination of multiple stress factors exaggerates nutrient cycling by fertilizing the soil with nutrient- stand mortality rates. enriched litter (March and Watson 2010, Bartels and Tree mortality after extreme droughts typically Chen 2012). The largest group of aerial parasitic plants indicates that cavitation is the predominant process are mistletoes, which are widespread sap-feeding hemi- causing mortality, but native trees in hot and arid cli- parasites (i.e. capable of photosynthesis) that portray mates (such as Australia) are more adapted to drought epiphytic behavior and belong to the order Santalales so that carbon starvation following stomatal regula- (Bell and Adams 2011). Over 1600 species of mistle- tion might contribute to tree death during prolonged toes world-wide have developed a remarkable range droughts.Thisisalong-standingdebate(McDowell of adaptations for mimicking various morphological et al 2008,Salaet al 2010,Sevantoet al 2014), and the traits specific to their local hosts; at least 20 species parasitic and unregulated water use of mistletoes will are listed as endangered. Because mistletoes are long likely contribute to both processes at its host: exaggerat- lived (exceeding 30 years) it can take decades to notice ing vessel cavitation might ultimately result in failure of their damaging effect on the host (figure 1). The poten- the hydraulic transport system, as well as induce carbon tial positive effects of mistletoe infection arise at the starvation by limiting carbon availability (see section ecosystem scale, such as their ability to boost bio- 2). Carbon limitation can be provoked on multiple diversity, which has sparked a debate about the role pathways, such as (i) the acquisition of heterotrophic of mistletoes as keystone species and ecosystem engi- carbon from the host, (ii) the restriction of photosyn- neers (Press and Phoenix 2005,Hatcheret al 2012, thetic carbon gain through inducing increased stomatal Watson and Herring 2012). regulation and (iii) through failures in the hydraulic system which might impair carbon transport from stor- 1.2. Mistletoe amplifies tree mortality age reserves. However, process-based research focused Mistletoe abundance has been increasing within exist- predominantly on the functional understanding of ing distributions (Dobbertin and Rigling 2006,Bowen parasite infection on the leaf-level scale (e.g. Mathi- et al 2009, Turner and Smith 2016), and exacerbation asen et al 2008,BellandAdams2011), and we are of climatic stress in the form of prolonged droughts increasingly recognizing the multifunctional role of has amplified tree mortality rates in mistletoe infected mistletoe in communities and ecosystems (e.g. Wat- forests (Mathiasen et al 1990, Dobbertin and Rigling son 2001,PressandPhoenix2005,Hatcheret al 2012). 2006,Way2011,Sanguesa-Barreda¨ et al 2012,Kolb A holistic
Recommended publications
  • "Santalales (Including Mistletoes)"
    Santalales (Including Introductory article Mistletoes) Article Contents . Introduction Daniel L Nickrent, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA . Taxonomy and Phylogenetics . Morphology, Life Cycle and Ecology . Biogeography of Mistletoes . Importance of Mistletoes Online posting date: 15th March 2011 Mistletoes are flowering plants in the sandalwood order that produce some of their own sugars via photosynthesis (Santalales) that parasitise tree branches. They evolved to holoparasites that do not photosynthesise. Holopar- five separate times in the order and are today represented asites are thus totally dependent on their host plant for by 88 genera and nearly 1600 species. Loranthaceae nutrients. Up until recently, all members of Santalales were considered hemiparasites. Molecular phylogenetic ana- (c. 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species) have the lyses have shown that the holoparasite family Balano- highest species diversity. In South America Misodendrum phoraceae is part of this order (Nickrent et al., 2005; (a parasite of Nothofagus) is the first to have evolved Barkman et al., 2007), however, its relationship to other the mistletoe habit ca. 80 million years ago. The family families is yet to be determined. See also: Nutrient Amphorogynaceae is of interest because some of its Acquisition, Assimilation and Utilization; Parasitism: the members are transitional between root and stem para- Variety of Parasites sites. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic rela- The sandalwood order is of interest from the standpoint tionships with birds that act as both pollinators and seed of the evolution of parasitism because three early diverging dispersers. Although some mistletoes are serious patho- families (comprising 12 genera and 58 species) are auto- gens of forest and commercial trees (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biological Survey of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges
    Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Biological Survey APPENDIX I DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS OCCURRING IN SURVEY REGION BOUNDARY. Part 1. Environmental associations in study area occurring within FLEURIEU IBRA sub-region Environmental Total % of Description Association Area vegetation (ha) remaining 3.2.1 Mt. Rapid 12,763 3.9 Hills and ridges on interbedded shale and arkose, locally overlain by tillite. Relict fans form broad flat surfaces near Cape Jervis where some coastal cliffs occur. Open parkland with sown pasture is used for livestock grazing. The scenery of the coastline is dominated by tall cliffs that vary in form and steepness, the amount of rock outcrop and vegetative cover. 3.2.2 Deep Creek 12,984 30.2 A long dissected ridge of phyllite and greywacke with cliffs, or beaches and dunes along the coastline. The cover is predominantly open parkland over sown pasture with widespread remnants of woodland and forest. Inland views tend to be middle-ground panoramic, featuring grassy ridge crests and valley floors with bracken and reed or remnant forest vegetation. 3.2.3 Fleurieu 30,389 15.6 An undulating to hilly dissected tableland on lateritized sandstone. There is a mixed cover of open parkland, forest plantation and woodland. 3.2.4 Inman 37,130 4.4 A series of low dissected ridges and spurs on tillite and arkose, with dunes and beaches or Valley cliffs along the coast. The cover is open parkland over sown pastures and cereal crops. 3.2.5 Bob Tiers 15,761 21.3 Ridges on schist and gneiss with dissected slopes and remnantsof laterite-capped tableland.
    [Show full text]
  • José Guadalupe García-Franco
    CURRICULUM VITAE JOSÉ GUADALUPE GARCÍA-FRANCO 20/08/2015 Curriculun Vitae García-Franco Contenido 1. DATOS PERSONALES ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. DATOS LABORALES ....................................................................................................................... 5 3. FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL ............................................................................................................ 5 3.1. Licenciatura: .......................................................................................................................... 5 3.2. Maestría: ................................................................................................................................ 5 3.3. Doctorado: ............................................................................................................................. 5 4. PERTENENCIA AL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INVESTIGADORES ......................................................... 5 5. DOMINIO DE IDIOMAS EXTRANJEROS ............................................................................................ 5 6. BECAS OBTENIDAS PARA SU FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL ............................................................... 5 7. EXPERIENCIA LABORAL ................................................................................................................ 6 8. ASISTENCIA A CURSOS Y TALLERES DE CAPACITACIÓN .............................................................. 6 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Satin Azure Ogyris Amaryllis Meridionalis
    Butterfly GardeningFact sheet Lycaenidae family Satin Azure Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis Also known as: Amaryllis Azure Abundance in Adelaide area: Common Flight: Aug – early Apr Wingspan: m 34 mm; f 34 mm Mature larva length: 21–27 mm If you ever encounter this butterfly flying in the sun you will see brilliant blue flashes as the sunlight reflects off its highly metallic wings. As with all the Azure butterflies, they do not open their wings when at rest. As a result, the Satin Azure virtually disappears as the wings are folded to display camouflage colours. For its caterpillar food plant, the Satin Azure prefers Wire-leaf Mistletoe (Amyema preissii), which grows on some Acacia species, but it will use other mistletoes. This butterfly is associated Mistletoe (Amyema miraculosa ssp. boormanii) on with various species of small black ants. It is most Myoporum, Santalum and others, Grey Mistletoe likely to be seen near its food plants, but males (Amyema quandang var. quandang) on Western move to and fly over nearby hilltops. The species Myall (Acacia papyrocarpa). is uncommon in the Adelaide Hills, but is present over most of the state of South Australia. A stunning butterfly, this is another mistletoe feeding member of the Azure group. The colour Caterpillar food plants: Mistletoes (Amyema of the butterfly is a very bright, shining blue spp.) The caterpillars eat the flowers and leaves. with narrow black margins on the upper surface, and a mottled black and brown cryptic pattern Adelaide native species: Wire-leaf Mistletoe underneath. The females have a slightly wider (Amyema preissii) on Blackwood (Acacia black margin on the upper side, and orange-red melanoxylon) and other acacia species.
    [Show full text]
  • FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES
    FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FORESTS and GENETICALLY MODIFIED TREES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. All rights reserved. FAO encourages the reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2010 iii Contents Foreword iv Contributors vi Acronyms ix Part 1. THE SCIENCE OF GENETIC MODIFICATION IN FOREST TREES 1. Genetic modification as a component of forest biotechnology 3 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Loranthaceae) on the Cactus Echinopsis Chilensis
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 73: 525-531, 2000 Factors affecting the circular distribution of the leafless mistletoe Tristerix aphyllus (Loranthaceae) on the cactus Echinopsis chilensis Factores que afectan la distribuci6n circular del muerdago sin hojas Tristerix aphyllus (Loranthaceae) sobre el cacto Echinopsis chilensis CAREZZA BOTTO-MAHAN', RODRIGO MEDEL', ROSANNA GINOCCHI02 & GLORIA MONTENEGR03 'Departamento de Ciencias Ecologicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, e-mai I: rmedel@ abello.dic. uchile.cl 2Departamento de Ecologfa, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile. 3Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomfa y de Ingenierfa Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT We describe the pattern of emergence of the holoparasitic mistletoe Tristerix aphyllus from its cactus host Echinopsis chilensis in a semiarid Chilean ecosystem. The observed circular distribution of the parasite inflorescence differed significantly from a uniform distribution based on a random process. We quantified the circular distribution of the seeds defecated on the cactus surface by Mimus thenca, the only bird responsible of seed dispersal. Our data did not support the idea of a directional seed deposition by the bird. To test the hypothesis that the observed circular distribution can be attributable to a differential seed survival due to microsite temperature variation, we infected cacti with seeds ofT. aphyllus every 30°and quantified the temperature associated to each angle. Our results revealed that even though seeds located in angles with higher sun exposure had the lowest haustoria! disk formation, this variation in mortality is not sufficient to explain the angular polarity observed in this species.
    [Show full text]
  • Alllists Simple Pictures
    141 King Road Oakford, WA, 6121 Ph : (08) 9525 1324 Fax : (08) 9525 4703 Email : [email protected] www.AustralianNativeNursery.com.au Open 7 Days 9am to 4:30pm Plant List May14 2019 <NEW> Australian Native Nursery Number Of Species #Error Plant List May14 2019 141 King Road Oakford Page 1 of 61 Botanical Name * Habit Height/Width Orgin Notes Comment Common Name * Flower Colour , Period (LGA or IBRA) * Soil type and Envirnoment Acacia acuminata • tree,shrub 6-10m h x 3-5m w Avon Wheatbelt P1, Avon Wheatbelt P2, Dandaragan Shade, Shelter, Posts, craft wood, Sandalwood Rasberry Jam Wattle • Flw:yellow ball • Dec to feb Fol:green Plateau, Eastern Goldfield, Eastern Mallee, Eastern host Murchison, Fitzgerald, Geraldton Hills, Lesueur Sandplain, Acacia acuminata has edible seeds and an • Sand,Coastal Mardabilla, Northern Jarrah Forest, Perth, Shield, Southern edible gum. Seeds, essence, add to icecream, Cross, Southern Jarrah Forest, Tallering, Western Mallee bread and cakes. Acacia aphylla • tree 0.9-3m h x 2m w Kalamunda, Mundaring, Northam, York Rare and endangered Leafless Rock Wattle • Flw:yellow • Aug to Oct • Sand,Loam,Gravel,Clay Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant) Acacia celastrifolia • bushy shrub or tree 1-3m h x 1-3m w Armadale, Beverley, Boddington, Boyup Brook, Brookton, Glowing Wattle • Flw:yellow • April - August Chittering, Collie, Cuballing, Gingin, Goomalling, Harvey, Kalamunda, Mundaring, Murray, Narrogin, Northam, • Gravel,Shade Pingelly, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Swan, Toodyay, Victoria Plains, Wagin, Wandering, Waroona, West Arthur, Williams, York Acacia cyclops • dense shrub or tree (rarely) 0.8-4m h x 2-4m w Eastern Mallee, Fitzgerald, Geraldton Hills, Hampton, Good Windbreak Western Coastal Wattle • Flw:yellow • September - May Lesueur Sandplain, Mardabilla, Northern Jarrah Forest, Seeds can be ground to make flour when Perth, Recherche, Southern Jarrah Forest, Warren, Western mixed with water and cooked as a bread.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materialsupplementary Material
    Supplementary Materials 10.1071/RJ16076_AC © CSIRO 2017 Supplementary Material: Rangeland Journal, 2017, 39(1), 85–95. Assessing the invasion threat of non-native plant species in protected areas using Herbarium specimen and ecological survey data. A case study in two rangeland bioregions in Queensland Michael R. NgugiA,B and Victor John NeldnerA AQueensland Herbarium, Department of Science Information Technology and Innovation, Mt Coot- tha Road, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia. BCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1. List of native species in Cape York Peninsula and Desert Uplands bioregions Cape York Peninsula native Species Desert Uplands native Species Abelmoschus ficulneus Abelmoschus ficulneus Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. Tuberosus Abildgaardia ovata Abildgaardia ovata Abildgaardia vaginata Abildgaardia vaginata Abutilon arenarium Abrodictyum brassii Abutilon calliphyllum Abrodictyum obscurum Abutilon fraseri Abroma molle Abutilon hannii Abrophyllum ornans Abutilon leucopetalum Abrus precatorius L. subsp. precatorius Abutilon malvifolium Abutilon albescens Abutilon nobile Domin Abutilon auritum Abutilon otocarpum Abutilon micropetalum Abutilon oxycarpum Acacia armillata Abutilon oxycarpum Acacia armitii Abutilon oxycarpum var. incanum Acacia aulacocarpa Abutilon oxycarpum var. subsagittatum Acacia auriculiformis Acacia acradenia Acacia brassii Acacia adsurgens Acacia calyculata Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. var. aneura Acacia celsa Acacia aneura var. major Pedley Acacia chisholmii Acacia angusta Maiden
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Assessment Field Results
    Appendix B - Vegetation Assessment Field Results Reedy Creek Wallumbilla Pipeline Project RE Code site sheets Reedy Creek Wallumbilla Pipeline Project Biocondition site sheets Appendix C - Project Fauna and Flora Species Survey Results Fauna species list of RCWP Survey area and surrounds compiled from data collected by CDM Smith in October and November 2016. Unless otherwise noted, this table follows the nomenclature provided by the following sources: . The complete guide to reptiles of Australia 4th Ed. (Wilson and Swan 2013); . Tadpoles and frogs of Australia (Anstis 2013); . Field companion to the mammals of Australia (Van Dyck et al. 2013); and . Birdlife Australia’s International Ornithologist Committee Australian Checklist (BARC 2016). Status abbreviations – EPBC: E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; M = Migratory. NC: E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; S = of Special Least Concern; C = Least Concern; I = Introduced. Table 1 Overall fauna species list from RCWP Survey area Species name Common name Status NC EPBC AMPHIBIANS Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog C Litoria fallax Eastern Sedgefrog C Litoria latopalmata Broad-palmed Frog C Litoria rubella Red Tree Frog C Limnodynastes fletcheri Long-thumbed Frog C Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog C Rhinella marina Cane Toad I REPTILES Gehyra dubia Dubious Dtella C Heteronotia binoei Bynoe's Gecko C Cryptoblepharus pulcher C Ctenotus ingrami Unspotted Yellow-sided Ctenotus C Lerista fragilis Eastern Mulch-slider C Lygisaurus foliorum Tree-base Litter-skink C Tiliqua
    [Show full text]
  • A Regional Examination of the Mistletoe Host Species Inventory
    354 Cunninghamia 8(3): 2004 Downey, Examination of the mistletoe host inventory A regional examination of the mistletoe host species inventory Paul Owen Downey Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA. Present Address Institute of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 AUSTRALIA. [email protected] Abstract: Downey (1998) collated an inventory of mistletoe host species based on herbaria records for every aerial mistletoe species (families Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) in Australia. In this paper the representative nature of those host lists is examined in an extensive field survey of mistletoes and their host species in south-eastern New South Wales (including Australian Capital Territory). Four new host species not in the 1998 inventory, and eight new mistletoe-host combinations (i.e. a previously recorded host but not for that particular mistletoe species) were collected. These new records were distributed throughout the survey area. Interestingly, these new host-mistletoe combinations were for mistletoe species that were well represented in the national inventory (i.e. with many herbarium collections and numerous host species). The initial inventory was incomplete, at least for south-eastern New South Wales, indicating the need for (i) more targeted surveys similar to this one, and/or (ii) regular updates of the host inventory based on voucher specimens. A possible reasons why information on host-mistletoe combinations is incomplete may be that such combinations may be dynamic (i.e. mistletoe species may be expanding their suite of potential hosts, either fortuitously or as result of evolutionary pressures).
    [Show full text]
  • Dwarf Mistletoe Parasite in Spruce
    Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science Volume 35 Number 2 Article 18 1968 Dwarf Mistletoe Parasite in Spruce F. H. Tainter University of Minnesota D. W. French University of Minnesota Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Tainter, F. H., & French, D. W. (1968). Dwarf Mistletoe Parasite in Spruce. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, Vol. 35 No.2, 122-123. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas/vol35/iss2/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science by an authorized editor of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOTANY Dwarf Mistletoe Parasite ,n Spruce 1 F. H. TAINTER* and D. W. FRENCH* ABSTRACT - locations of all known major infection centers of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusi//um) in Minnesota are presented and compared to botanical! ranges of important hosts. A brief summary of disease symptoms and identification of the parasite are included. The eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck) is a flowering plant of the family Viscaceae (Bar­ low, 1964). It parasitizes black and white spruces (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and infrequently eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch.) over much of the hosts' ranges in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. It appears to be the most important cause of disease loss of black spruce, and it has been estimated that as much as 11 per cent of the acreage (Anderson, 1944 of this species in Minnesota is infected.
    [Show full text]
  • Observational and Experimental Evaluation of Hemiparasite Resistance in Trees in the Urban Afforestation of Santarém, Pará, Brazil
    ACTA AMAZONICA http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201700033 Observational and experimental evaluation of hemiparasite resistance in trees in the urban afforestation of Santarém, Pará, Brazil Francisco Pinheiro da SILVA1, 2, Rodrigo Ferreira FADINI1* 1 Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, CEP 68100-000, Santarém, Pará, Brazil 2 Prefeitura Municipal de Mojuí dos Campos, Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, Rua Estrada de Rodagem, s/n, CEP 68129-000, Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT One of the problems affecting the quality of urban trees is their infestation by mistletoes (aerial hemiparasite plants of the order Santalales). Identification of the main types of trees infested, and of the causes of infestation patterns, can help infestation control and the planning of efficient planting regimes. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of hemiparasite infestation in trees in an Amazonian urban environment. We aimed to answer (1) which species of mistletoes occur on urban trees in the city of Santarém, in the Brazilian Amazon; (2) what is the proportion and intensity of infestation on infected trees; and (3) if differences in infestation rates among tree species can be explained by mistletoe-tree compatibility. We assessed mistletoe incidence and intensity of infestation on trees in the main avenues of the city. To evaluate the role of mistletoe-tree compatibility in the observed parasitism patterns, we carried out a seed inoculation experiment with seeds of the most abundant mistletoe, Passovia theloneura. Seeds were planted on three tree species (Andira inermis, Handroanthus serratifolius, and Mangifera indica).
    [Show full text]