ISSN 0216-9169
Fauna Indonesia
Hystrix brachyura
Zo o l o g t i I a n k d a r o
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MZI Fauna Indonesia
Fauna Indonesia merupakan Majalah llmiah Populer yang diterbitkan oleh Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI). Majalah ini memuat hasil pengamatan ataupun kajian yang berkaitan dengan fauna asli Indonesia, diterbitkan secara berkala dua kali setahun
ISSN 0216-9169
Redaksi Mohammad Irham Kartika Dewi Pungki Lupiyaningdyah Nur Rohmatin Isnaningsih
Sekretariatan Yuni Apriyanti Yulianto
Mitra Bestari Renny Kurnia Hadiaty Ristiyanti M. Marwoto
Tata Letak Kartika Dewi R. Taufiq Purna Nugraha
Alamat Redaksi Bidang Zoologi Puslit Biologi - LIPI Gd. Widyasatwaloka, Cibinong Science Center JI. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911 TeIp. (021) 8765056-64 Fax. (021) 8765068 E-mail: [email protected]
Foto sampul depan : Hystrix brachyura - Foto : Wartika Rosa Farida PEDOMAN PENULISAN
1. Redaksi FAUNA INDONESIA menerima sumbangan naskah yang belum pernah diterbitkan, dapat berupa hasil pengamatan di lapangan/ laboratorium atau studi pustaka yang terkait dengan fauna asli Indonesia yang bersifat ilmiah popular.
2. Naskah ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia dengan summary Bahasa Inggris maksimum 200 kata dengan jarak baris tunggal.
3. Huruf menggunakan tipe Times New Roman 12, jarak baris 1,5 dalam format kertas A4 dengan ukuran margin atas dan bawah 2.5 cm, kanan dan kiri 3 cm.
4. Sistematika penulisan: a. Judul: ditulis huruf besar, kecuali nama ilmiah spesies, dengan ukuran huruf 14. b. Nama pengarang dan instansi/ organisasi. c. Summary d. Pendahuluan e. Isi: i. Jika tulisan berdasarkan pengamatan lapangan/ laboratorium maka dapat dicantumkan cara kerja/ metoda, lokasi dan waktu, hasil, pembahasan. ii. Studi pustaka dapat mencantumkan taksonomi, deskripsi morfologi, habitat perilaku, konservasi, potensi pemanfaatan dan lain-lain tergantung topik tulisan. f. Kesimpulan dan saran (jika ada). g. Ucapan terima kasih (jika ada). h. Daftar pustaka.
5. Acuan daftar pustaka: Daftar pustaka ditulis berdasarkan urutan abjad nama belakang penulis pertama atau tunggal. a. Jurnal Chamberlain. C.P., J.D. BIum, R.T. Holmes, X. Feng, T.W. Sherry & G.R. Graves. 1997. The use of isotope tracers for identifying populations of migratory birds. Oecologia 9:132-141 b. Buku Flannery, T. 1990. Mammals of New Guinea. Robert Brown & Associates. New York. 439 pp. Koford, R.R., B.S. Bowen, J.T. Lokemoen & A.D. Kruse. 2000. Cowbird parasitism in grasslands and croplands in the Northern Great Plains. Pages 229-235 in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds (J. N.M. Smith, T. L. Cook, S. I. Rothstein, S. K. Robinson, and S. G. Sealy, Eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin. c. Koran Bachtiar, I. 2009. Berawal dari hobi , kini jadi jutawan. Radar Bogor 28 November 2009. Hal. 20. d. internet NY Times Online . 2007.”Fossil find challenges man’s timeline”. Accessed on 10 July 2007 ‹http://www. nytimes.com/nytonline/NYTO-Fossil-Challenges-Timeline.html›. 6. Tata nama fauna: a. Nama ilmiah mengacu pada ICZN (zoologi) dan ICBN (botani), contoh Glossolepis incisus, nama jenis dengan author Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907. b. Nama Inggris yang menunjuk nama jenis diawali dengan huruf besar dan italic, contoh Red Rainbowfish. Nama Indonesia yang menunjuk pada nama jenis diawali dengan huruf besar, contoh Ikan Pelangi Merah . c. Nama Indonesia dan Inggris yang menunjuk nama kelompok fauna ditulis dengan huruf kecil, kecuali diawal kalimat, contoh ikan pelangi/ rainbowfish.
7. Naskah dikirim secara elektronik ke alamat: [email protected] PENGANTAR REDAKSI
Perjalanan majalah Fauna Indonesia di tahun 2011 ini ditandai dengan pergantian redaksi Fauna Indonesia. Nafas baru Fauna Indonesia ini diharapkan dapat mempercepat laju penyebaran pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati fauna Indonesia ke khalayak ramai setelah sempat terhenti di tahun 2010. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut redaksi akan mengekspansi publikasi Fauna Indonesia di ranah dunia maya sehingga para pembaca yang sulit mendapatkan edisi cetak dapat mengakses dari mana saja. Penerbitan secara online ini telah dilakukan pada edisi sebelumnya di tahun 2010 namun masih sebagai bagian dari daftar publikasi di website Puslit Biologi-LIPI.
Penerbitan secara online tidak serta merta menghentikan kita untuk menyebarluaskan Fauna Indonesia dalam bentuk cetak. Pada tahun 2011 ini dengan bantuan dari Puslit Biologi- LIPI, kita dapat menghadirkan majalah ini ke tangan para pembaca Fauna Indonesia. Tentu saja dengan menggunakan dua media diharapkan eksistensi Fauna Indonesia dalam mencerdaskan masyarakat Indonesia semakin nyata dan membumi.
Pada edisi ke 10(1) ini beberapa artikel yang menarik kita sampaikan kepada pembaca mulai dari Keragaman jenis kodok dan penyebarannya di area lahan basah “Ecology Park”, di kampus LIPI Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Perilaku harian induk Landak Raya (Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, 1758) pada masa menyusui, Siklus hidup ngengat (Antheraea larissa Westwood, 1847) dari Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak, Jawa Barat, Ikan botia: maskotnya ekspor ikan hias asli Indonesia , Aspek biologi dan sistematika nudibranch, Beberapa catatan kasus sengatan ubur-ubur di Indonesia, Conservation status of Indonesian Coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis): is a relic species worth conserved? Akhir kata, selamat membaca dan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu majalah ini lahir kembali.
Redaksi
i DAFTAR ISI
PENGANTAR REDAKSI ...... i
DAFTAR ISI ...... ii
KERAGAMAN JENIS KODOK DAN PENYEBARANNYA DI AREA LAHAN BASAH “ECOLOGY PARK”, DI KAMPUS LIPI CIBINONG, JAWA BARAT...... 1 Hellen Kurniati
PERILAKU HARIAN INDUK LANDAK RAYA (Hystrix brachyura LINNAEUS, 1758) PADA MASA MENYUSUI ...... 9 Wartika Rosa Farida
SIKLUS HIDUP NGENGAT (Antheraea larissa WESTWOOD, 1847) DARI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN-SALAK, JAWA BARAT...... 13 Darmawan
IKAN BOTIA: MASKOTNYA EKSPOR IKAN HIAS ASLI INDONESIA ...... 17 Hadi Dahruddin
ASPEK BIOLOGI DAN SISTEMATIKA NUDIBRANCH...... 22 Ucu Yanu Arbi
BEBERAPA CATATAN KASUS SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR DI INDONESIA...... 30 Nova Mujiono
CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH (Latimeria menadoensis): IS A RELIC SPECIES WORTH CONSERVED? ...... 37 Conni M. Sidabalok
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MZI CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH (Latimeria menadoensis): IS A RELIC SPECIES WORTH CONSERVED?
Conni M. Sidabalok Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI
Abstrak
Ikan coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) adalah salah satu ikon penting untuk konservasi laut di Indonesia. Selain berasal dari Indonesia, hanya ada satu jenis lagi coealacanth di dunia yaitu Latimeria chalumnae yang tersebar di Comoro dan perairan sekitarnya. Mengingat riwayat evolusinya yang unik dan diduga terkait dengan evolusi manusia disertai dengan publikasi yang gencar, ikan ini segera menarik perhatian kalangan ilmiah dan umum. Upaya konservasi ikan ini merupakan salah satu bentuk perhatian yang terpenting. Pada tahun 1999 coelacanth diakui sebagai warisan nasional di Indonesia, kemudian pada tahun 2000 ikan ini dimasukkan ke dalam CITES Appendix 1 dan pada tahun 2008 coelacanth dari Indonesia dimasukkan dalam IUCN Red List dengan kategori rentan. Beberapa institusi nasional dan internasional juga berperan aktif dalam upaya konservasi ini. Selain itu beberapa hal juga direkomendasikan untuk upaya konservasi ikan ini di Indonesia, seperti penggunaan peralatan penangkap ikan yang tidak membahayakan coelacanth, mempertahankan kerja sama internasional yang sudah ada, dan pengaturan penangkapan ikan ini untuk kepentingan ilmiah.
Introduction in Comoro and Indonesian waters stunned the scientific community since Latimeria is a member Since its first discovery in 1997 (Erdmann, of fish lineage that was expected to extinct about 80 1999), Indonesian coelacanth has drawn both MYA. Latimeria has several unique characteristics international and national scientific attentions. Up which are not present in the modern fish, such as to now, at least 6 encounters with the fish have been the presence of single axis-pectoral and pelvic fin reported, particularly in northern Sulawesi (Manado structure and intracranial joint. In the difficulty of and Bunaken in North Sulawesi and Tolitoli in defining the age of the coelacanth, it is estimated that Central Sulawesi) (Hamlin, 2011; Maria, 2009). the fish can live up to 20 years (Forey, 1998). The On the second encounter in 1998, the specimen most prominent characteristics of the coelacanth was successfully preserved and was used to describe are the attachment of its second dorsal, anal, paired Indonesian coelacanth as the new species, Latimeria pectoral, and paired pelvic fins lobed with a fleshy menadoensis, in addition to the existing congeneric base which internally supported by an endoskeleton Latimeria chalumnae (Fig. 1) (Pouyaud et al., 1999). with which terminal fin rays articulate, as well as the The establishment of the new species was based on presence of an unusual three-part caudal fin (Fig. 3) the morphological differentiations (such as brown (http://ftp.fao.org). The former characteristics that coloration and golden fleck on the scales of Indonesian are thought to be the precursors of legs in of modern coelacanth (Fig. 2)), morphometrical differences, land animals, correlate this species to tetrapod and mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in vertebrates, which often make coelacanth called as fragments of the cytochrome b and 12S rDNA genes “old four legs” or “living fossil” in more common term (Erdmann et al., 1998, Pouyaud et al., 1999). (Erdmann, 2000). The finding of coelacanth populations both This paper aims to 1) review the current bio-
37 FAUNA INDONESIA Vol 10(1) Juni 2011 : 37 - 42
A
B
Fig. 2. The scales of Latimeria menadoensis (Holder et al., 1999). The presence of gold flecks reflected off the scales is an important morphological character to distinguish Latimeria menadoensis from Latimeria chalumnae.
unusual combination of stenotopic characteristics and its longevity. Hence it requires multidisciplinary approaches to explore the fish environmental Fig. 1. Two extant Latimeria species (a) Latimeria menadoensis (Erdmann et al., 1998) and (b) Latimeria chalumnae (Wikipedia. adaptation. Moreover, assessing conservation status org, 2011). Basically both share many morphological similarities of any population within the coelacanth distribution and most of the differences exist underneath the skin. The demands comprehensive comparisons of behavioural, pictures are in different scales. ecological and physiological adaptations throughout the distribution range (Ribbink & Roberts, 2006). logical and conservation status of L. menadoensis and L. chalumnae is restricted to occur not deeper 2) give prognosis for the future of the species and to than 253 m, which is estimated as deep as rocky caves provide related recommendations. in the Comoro area. Similarly, L. menadoensis is also known to inhabit steep volcanic cave in Manado Biological characteristics and biogeography of Tua Island. Coelacanths are known to be bottom coelacanth or epibenthic drift feeders, which stay in the caves As Latimeria menadoensis is still extensively during the day and emerge to shallower water at night studied, some ecological information of the species to feed. They seem to be slow swimmers, yet are able is generalized from its congeneric L. chalumnae to move quickly for short period. They are limited which is distributed in Comoro and the adjacent to water with temperatures below 18ºC, although waters. Genus Latimeria apparently performs water temperature in their caves is nearly 23ºC
Fig 3. Latimeria menadoensis (modified from ftp.fao.org)
38 SIDABALOK - CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH
(Springer, 1999). Furthermore, extensive research of in 2008 L. menadoensis has been listed in IUCN the species is still conducted to explore more about its Red List as vulnerable due to its unique life history, biological and biogeography aspects. Recently, there estimated small population size, and its vulnerability are an ongoing research between Research Center of to various threats such as bycatch capture by deep Ministry of Fishery and SeaWorld Indonesia on the shark gill nets as well as by snapper hook and line most current specimen and an intensive exploration fisheries (www.cites.org , Polidoro et al., 2008). in coelacanth habitat which is conducted between On the national scale, both government and a group of Indonesian researchers and Fukushima local communities which are enhanced by many Aquamarine. The latter managed to observe some international aids, generate various conservation coelacanths at the 190 m depth with ROV (Remotely efforts for this species. Following the publication Operated underwater Vehicle) on September 15, of the second discovery, coelacanth was officially 2009 (Maria, 2009). declared by national law number 7/1999 in early 1999 as a valuable natural heritage which is firmly Conservation efforts protected from intentional capture and trade The necessity of integrative biological, (Erdmann, 2006). The possibility that the fish ecological, and physiological adaptation through biogeography may include Bunaken National Park distribution ranges before deciding a species also enhances its conservation efforts since a national conservation status (Ribbink & Roberts, 2006), park is legally protected and not easily accessed for added with the absence of national submersible commercial use. or ROV to rapidly depict the population size and Authorized government agency, Indonesian geographic extent, have been outnumbered by Institute of Sciences (LIPI) aided by Japan preventive action and assumption that the North International Cooperation Agency (JICA) launched Sulawesi population is small and endangered posters of coelacanth protection campaign and (Erdmann, 2006), which accelerated government distributed them to fishers and fisheries officers and local conservation initiatives. As also known across Indonesian archipelago, particularly on areas earlier that the underlying conservation problem of which were likely inhabited by coelacanths. The L. chalumnae is the assumption of its very limited posters described the distinctive characteristics distribution (Erdmann & Moosa, 1999). of the coelacanth, explained that it is inedible and The antiquity of this species might be protected by both national and international law, and responsible for its viability. The fact that coelacanth encouraged fishers to contact LIPI or nearest fisheries has occupied the oceans for more than 400 million officer directly should they catch the fish. In addition, years and survived five major extinction events, postage stamp acknowledging L. menadoensis was which also connects it to human’s evolution story also launched by Indonesian government (Erdmann, as tetrapod vertebrates, has both high scientific and 2006). probably commercial values at the same time (Fricke, Simultaneously, local responses in the 2001). Moreover, the biggest threat to L. menadoensis discovery location, Manado, also emerged, such as is not from incidental bycatch by artisanal fishermen, by an incorporation of coelacanth conservation into but rather from any attempts to collect the fish for local church activity and young people initiative exotic animal collectors or scientific institutions or supported by WWF. This initiative was to monitor for aquarium displays (Erdmann & Moosa, 1999). the capture of any protected species, such as Therefore, though generally the assessment dugongs, turtles, cetaceans, and coelacanths as well of conservation status needs simultaneous and as to educate local school about the importance of comprehensive behavioural, ecological, and marine conservation. Local dive operators were also physiological approaches, a consideration of serious benefited by the discovery of coelacanths as they human threat to coelacanth population has accelerated have expanded their business to 14 areas and formed its conservation initiatives both internationally and an association of 20 dive operators which managed nationally. Following formal national protection, to conduct an international program to support the Latimeria spp. as an extension from L. chalumnae management and conservation of Bunaken National to accommodate the L. menadoensis has been listed Park. Furthermore, the national park authority, in CITES Appendix I since 2000 and subsequently, dive operator association, and local community
39 FAUNA INDONESIA Vol 10(1) Juni 2011 : 37 - 42 altogether revised the park’s zonation system and this may benefit the natural coelacanth population in applied new rules to limit multiple-use fishing gears reducing further exploitation of the fish for aquarium in the national park (Erdmann, 2006). Other benefit display. On the other hand, this indicates that ex-situ to the local community was the development of conservation of this fish is relatively impossible to entrepreneurial villagers by producing an array of implement. Therefore, the best conservation effort coelacanth handicrafts which were enabled through will only rely on in-situ conservation. credit scheme aided by the Indonesian coelacanth Judging their evolutionary history, both discoverer, Erdmann and colleagues (Erdmann, L. chalumnae and L. menadoensis are considered 2000). to be relic species, and added with their restricted Furthermore, positioning coelacanths as distribution, they presumably have reduced genetic “flagship species” for emerging marine science interest diversity within their small populations (Forey and conservation pride of local community has been 1998). Moreover, this may closely relate to the species considered to be successful and even suggested to survivorship. Recently there has been an effort to be applied in L. chalumnae conservation program. preserve L. menadoensis genome for future studies Education for national and particularly local through generation of genomic bacterial artificial communities is critical in the conservation strategies. chromosome (BAC) library. From conservation Public outreach and education campaign is most biology perspective, it is considerably useful since it effective through various media distribution such as can provide enormous source of genes and genetic posters, brochures, stamps, hats, t-shirts, television markers that can be applied to study the populations documentaries, and radio talk shows (Erdmann, of both L. menadoensis and L. chalumnae (Danke et 2006). al., 2004) as well as their distribution and evolution (Holder et al., 1999). Moreover, this technique will Future of Indonesian coelacanths offer an alternative to depict the natural population of the coelacanths which will lead to a better Given the conservation efforts and conservation approach. significant implementations from international Learned from L. chalumnae conservation, that scientific authorities, Indonesian government, to weak coordination and underfunded situations could related local communities, even though the biology lead to ineffective conservation efforts (Bruton & and biogeography of Indonesian coelacanths Stobbs , 1991), thus well and organized conservation remain mysterious, the future and sustainability of plans of Indonesian coelacanth are necessarily the species seem promising in Indonesian waters. required. Having given the need for both international In addition, intensive research on the Comoran scientific and fund, Indonesian government should coelacanth has revealed that at least coelacanth actively expand their international cooperation and has broader distribution than previously assumed ease the bureaucracy that often prevents international as well as demonstrates greater range of tolerance cooperation. against temperature, light, and depth than former estimations. Indeed, this situation is also expected to Conclusions and recommendations happen in Indonesian coelacanth population. Even though some evidences demonstrated Indonesian government and local community that coelacanths could be brought alive to the surface in North Sulawesi are expected to maintain and survive for a few hours (Erdmann et al., 1998, their significant efforts in conserving Indonesian Forey, 1998), it seems difficult to keep coelacanths coelacanths. In doing so, they also have to make sure in aquaria. One possible cause is its disability in that local fishers livelihood is guaranteed that they removing excess lactic acid accumulation within the will not be tempted to exploit the fish for commercial muscle tissue as a result of struggling at the end of the reasons. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate line net. Another suggestion is a very low gill area/ the way in maintaining local fishing without harming body mass ratio, which could be exaggerated when the the coelacanth population. Instead, the existence of fish is struggling on a line or by an increase in water coelacanths can help to develop the ecotourism in temperature, in which would lead to increased oxygen Bunaken National Park and adjacent waters which demand that could not be accommodated by the gill means to create more income for the local people. surface (Forey, 1998). In terms of conservation effort, One implementation which has been applied
40 SIDABALOK - CONSERVATION STATUS OF INDONESIAN COELACANTH by Bunaken National Park authority is to ban fishing that conflict of interest seems likely to arise due to gears that likely to caught coelacanths bycatch (Danke different necessities of each party. et al., 2004). Thus, for maintaining local fisher As the reported encounters of Indonesian livelihood and protecting the coelacanth at the same coelacanths are very few, the possibility of time, such fishing shifting is highly recommended. unmonitored catch seems to be low. Population Education and persuasive approach are also suggested decline is not the case for Indonesian coelacanth to encourage the fishers to fish away from nearshore conservation, especially with the immediate or at much shallower depth than those are inhabited conservation efforts. Thus, population decline due to by the coelacanths. human impact is not evident in this species although As the coelacanth is treated as the “flagship the real population numbers are not known yet. species” of North Sulawesi marine conservation However, in this uncertainty of population condition, (Erdmann, 2000), it may be worth considering to maintaining the existed coelacanth population is upgrade the national park status into coelacanth very important considering the possibility of human national park by which fishing could be restricted disturbance to their presence. The most applicable and an educational center may be built (Forey, way to do this apparently only by protecting its 1998). However, should this apply, it requires a total natural habitat, particularly when captive breeding or commitment between the government and local enhancement is not possible due to limited current fishers since there may be a shift of local livelihood scientific status of the fish. which possibly is not easily beared by the fishers. As the ongoing submersible observations Lastly, the media attention both may be the with JAGO and Fukushima Aquamarine (Purnomo, effective publications and disrupting scientific and 2009, Fricke et al., 2000) are continuing, maintaining ethical judgement at the same time. Example of the such kind of cooperation is very important. In latter was an attempt to publish a manipulated photo addition to revealing natural coelacanth behaviour in that was claimed to be the first coelacanth discovery its habitat, the observation is also expected to film in Indonesia which was made by a group of scientists live coelacanths with high quality results which can (McCabe & Wright, 2000). The enthusiasm of reduce demand of live display both for scientific and scientific community against the coelacanth if commercial purposes. effectively managed can provide exceptional funding In addition to the ongoing international opportunities for supporting the related research to cooperation, it is probably recommended for the fish and its habitat. Indonesian government to join Coelacanth The best example probably shown by Conservation Council (CCC) which has African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme, which incorporated African countries with coelacanth now has incorporated a range of various research populations. This may enhance the conservation interest on coelacanth, from bathymetric studies, efforts of known coelacanth populations by current investigation in Mozambique Strait to basic exploring more its biological and ecological aspects. taxonomic explorations of the largely-unknown reefs Indonesian government also can learn how CCC in Sodwana Bay. This effort comes with the awareness with its African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme that improving the coelacanth conservation and initiated by South Africa, has coordinated a wide management status will require an integration of array of research originated from various interest in the biology and natural history. Even with longer the coelacanth from bathymetric to taxonomic study conservation history than Indonesian one, African (Erdmann, 2006). The ongoing coelacanth research coelacanth ecology is far from well understood which in Indonesia is not integrated yet, even within the seems demanding more in-situ research and might appointed research authorities. Such integrated be even additional specimen collections (Erdmann, program also can control the incorporation of private 2006). Similarly, those conditions are more likely to institution, such as SeaWorld Indonesia that already happen in Indonesia. Hence, careful consideration joined Ministry of Fishery for the coelacanth study, from both scientific and management authorities is into the scientific research. It has been common in important to find out the conservation advantage on private and government interaction in Indonesia allowing specimen collection for such research.
41 FAUNA INDONESIA Vol 10(1) Juni 2011 : 37 - 42
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Danke, J., T. Miyake, T. Powers, J. Schein, H. Shin, Maria, S. 2009. Si raja laut mulai diteliti I. Bosdet, M. Erdmann, R. Caldwell and C.T. lebih dalam. http://travel.kompas.com/ Amemiya. 2004. Genome resource for the read/2009/08/11/22564290/si.raja.laut.mulai. Indonesian Coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. diteliti.lebih.dalam. Accessed on 23 March 2011. Journal of Experimental Zoology 301A:228-234. McCabe, H. & J. Wright. 2000. Tangled tale of a lost, Erdmann, M. 2000. New home for “Old Fourlegs”. stolen and disputed coelacanth. Nature 406:114- California Wild, p 8-13. 114. ______. 2006. Lessons learned from the conservation campaign for the Indonesian Polidoro, B.A., S. R. Livingstone, K. E. Carpenter, coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. South African B. Hutchinson, R. B. Mast, N. Pilcher, Y.Sd. Journal of Science 102:501-504. Mitcheson & S. Valenti S. 2008. Status of the world’s marine species. In: Vié J-C, Hilton-Taylor ______. 1999. An account of the first living C, Stuart SN (eds) The 2008 Review of The IUCN coelacanth known to scientists from Indonesian Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54:439- Switzerland. 443. Purnomo, K. 2009. Berita Foto: Penelitian ikan purba ______& K. Moosa. 1999. A new discovered Coelacanth di Sea World.
42 Nomor Penerbitan ini dibiayai oleh : “Proyek Diseminasi Informasi Biota Indonesia” Pusat Penelitian Biologi - LIPI 2011