DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Coelacanths Are Not Living Fossils

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Coelacanths Are Not Living Fossils Insights & Perspective Why coelacanths are not ‘living fossils’ Think again A review of molecular and morphological data Didier Casane1)2) and Patrick Laurenti1)2)Ã A series of recent studies on extant coelacanths has emphasised the slow certain extent orders now widely rate of molecular and morphological evolution in these species. These stud- separated in the natural scale. These anomalous forms may almost ies were based on the assumption that a coelacanth is a ‘living fossil’ that be called living fossils; they have has shown little morphological change since the Devonian, and they pro- endured to the present day, from posed a causal link between low molecular evolutionary rate and morpho- having inhabited a confined area, logical stasis. Here, we have examined the available molecular and and from having thus been exposed morphological data and show that: (i) low intra-specific molecular diversity to less severe competition. does not imply low mutation rate, (ii) studies not showing low substitution Since then, the term ‘living fossil’ has rates in coelacanth are often neglected, (iii) the morphological stability of a double meaning: it is a species which coelacanths is not supported by paleontological evidence. We recall that has no close living relatives, and which intra-species levels of molecular diversity, inter-species genome divergence underwent very few changes during the rates and morphological divergence rates are under different constraints and course of evolution. However, in his they are not necessarily correlated. Finally, we emphasise that concepts founding book, Darwin used ‘living fossil’ in two passing comments only. The term such as ‘living fossil’, ‘basal lineage’, or ‘primitive extant species’ do not was actually popularised eighty years make sense from a tree-thinking perspective. later after the discovery of Latimeria chalumnae [2], an extant species belong- Keywords: ing to the infraclass Actinistia that was, at .coelacanth; evolutionary rate; Latimeria; living fossil; slow evolution; substitution that time, exclusively known from the rate; tree-thinking fossil record (see [3] for review). This unexpected discovery made the extant coelacanths (L. chalumnae,andthemore recently discovered L. menadoensis [4]) Introduction been less severe than elsewhere; the paradigmatic example of a ‘living new forms will have been more slowly fossil’, thus defining them as an evolutio- The term ‘living fossil’, was coined by formed, and old forms more slowly narily conserved group of species that Charles Darwin in the first edition of exterminated. And it is in fresh water has evolved little over a geological time On the origin of species...[1], as follows: that we find seven genera of Ganoid scale. fishes, remnants of a once preponder- Transposing the concept of ‘living All fresh-water basins, taken together, ant order: and in fresh water we find fossil’ to the genomic level has led to make a small area compared with that some of the most anomalous forms the hypothesis of genetic stasis (or at of the sea or of the land; and, con- now known in the world, as the least to the idea of a reduced molecular sequently, the competition between Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, evolutionary rate) that is in sharp con- fresh-water productions will have which, like fossils, connect to a trast with the principles of evolutionary genetics [5]. Genomes change continu- ously under the combined effects of DOI 10.1002/bies.201200145 various mutational processes, that pro- duce new variants, and genetic drift 1) Laboratoire Evolution, Ge´ nomes et Spe´ ciation, *Corresponding author: and selection, that eliminates or fixes UPR 9034 CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France Patrick Laurenti 2) Universite´ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite´ , E-mail: [email protected] them in populations [6]. In other terms, France the only possibility for genomes to rep- 332 www.bioessays-journal.com Bioessays 35: 332–338,ß 2013 WILEY Periodicals, Inc. .....Insights & Perspective D. Casane and P. Laurenti licate without change implies at least canth population is situated, the popu- mechanisms that are under selective one of the two following conditions: lation size is about 300–400 adult pressure. The mutation rate is the result (i) new variants do not appear (i.e. no individuals [13]. Even if larger popu- of a trade-off between the need for Think again mutations), and (ii) new variants are lations of coelacanths existed in the new variants to adapt to environmental systematically eliminated by selection past, the small sizes of extant popu- changes and selection for a reduced (i.e. no genetic drift and very powerful lations are sufficient to explain low mutation rate because mutations are selection against new variants). Of course genetic diversity in this species. The more often deleterious than advan- we can consider a less extreme case, geographic differentiation of popu- tageous [15]. The substitution rate i.e. a reduced evolutionary rate of the lations depends on abiotic factors such depends chiefly on fixation of neutral genome, but this still implies a lower as geographic barriers (e.g. land masses and slightly deleterious mutations [16] mutation rate and/or stronger selection and ocean currents for marine fish) and and it is thus positively correlated with against new variants than observed in biotic factors such as migration (e.g. the mutation rate and negatively correlated other species. existence of planktonic larvae and with population size because selection However, the long held idea that adult migration). L. chalumnae and is more efficient in large populations coelacanths are ‘living fossils’ has been L. menadoensis are viviparous species [17]. An unexpectedly low substitution recently revitalised following several that live in the deep ocean and give birth rate could thus be the result of a molecular studies that concluded that to juveniles about 30 cm in length [3]. peculiarly low mutation rate and/or there is low molecular diversity within The low genetic differentiation found in an especially strong selection against populations of L. chalumnae [7] and low Latimera could thus be the result of the deleterious mutations [16, 17]. substitution rates [8–10] in the lineage absence of geographic barriers, and the Molecular support for the hypothesis leading to the two extant coelacanths. absence of small pelagic larvae could that L. chalumnae and L. menadoensis A causal link between low molecular explain the low impact of ocean cur- have slowly evolving genomes comes evolutionary rate and morphological rents on population isolation. chiefly from two studies on HOX gene stasis was systematically hypothesised. Interestingly, although the two clusters [8, 9]. This is supported by an In order to re-evaluate the pace of available analyses of L. chalumnae analysis of the L. menadoensis sonic genomic and anatomical evolution in natural population genetics both hedgehog (shh) locus that has low substi- coelacanths, here we review the avail- detected low allelic diversity and low tution rates [10]. Assuming that the Hox able molecular and morphological data levels of geographic differentiation, gene clusters and shh are evolving for this group. We question whether the they came to different conclusions. particularly slowly, does this indicate data actually support the hypotheses of The first study [11] concluded that the a general trend for the whole nuclear a slowly evolving genome and morpho- low allelic diversity is the result of a genome? Analyses of three nuclear logical stability in Actinistia. small population size and the absence genes (protocadherin clusters [18], vitel- of strong geographic isolation, as has logenin genes [19], and nuclear-encoded been concluded for similar findings in recombination activating genes [19, 20]) Low molecular diversity other species [14]. In contrast, the more and two of the whole mitochondrial and low geographic recent study, Lampert et al. [7], rejected genome [21, 22] are often quoted in sup- these straightforward hypotheses. On port of the hypothesis of slow evolution. differentiation in the assumption that coelacanths are However, a closer look at the data chal- coelacanths ‘living fossils’, the authors concluded lenges this interpretation: depending on that their data ‘confirm the assumed the analysed sequence, the coelacanth Two population genetics studies in slow rate of molecular evolution in branch is not systematically shorter Latimeria chalumnae are available and coelacanths’. As we found this con- than the branches leading to other both show low allelic diversity and low clusion surprising, we questioned to species. In addition, most phylogenetic levels of geographic differentiation what extent low mutation rates have analyses – including analysis of Hox [7, 11]. For neutral alleles, diversity been detected in Latimeria. sequences [23–26] – do not support depends on two opposite forces, the rate the hypothesis that the Latimeria of mutation that is the source of new genome is slow evolving, i.e. they do alleles and the genetic drift that elimin- Is the genome of the not place coelacanth sequences on short ates alleles. The effect of genetic drift branches nor do they detect low substi- depends on the population size, i.e. ran- coelacanth slowly tution rates [24, 27–31]. The clearest dom changes in allele frequencies are evolving? example, which involves the largest more important in small populations number of genes, is a phylogeny based and rare alleles are lost more rapidly The rate of molecular evolution in a study of forty-four nuclear genes that [6] (see also [12] for recent review). lineage, the substitution rate, depends does not show a dramatic decrease, if Thus, for a given mutation rate, the on the mutation rate and the rate of any, in the rate of molecular evolution in genetic diversity is positively correlated fixation of new variants, which itself the coelacanth lineage [32]. What we with the population size: smaller popu- depends on the selective values of these know about the biology of coelacanths lations are expected to show a lower new variants and genetic drift [6].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The MBL Model and Stochastic Paleontology
    216 Chapter seven ised exciting new avenues for research, that insights from biology and ecology could more profi tably be applied to paleontology, and that the future lay in assembling large databases as a foundation for analysis of broad-scale patterns of evolution over geological history. But in compar- ison to other expanding young disciplines—like theoretical ecology— paleobiology lacked a cohesive theoretical and methodological agenda. However, over the next ten years this would change dramatically. Chapter Seven One particular ecological/evolutionary issue emerged as the central unifying problem for paleobiology: the study and modeling of the his- “Towards a Nomothetic tory of diversity over time. This, in turn, motivated a methodological question: how reliable is the fossil record, and how can that reliability be Paleontology”: The MBL Model tested? These problems became the core of analytical paleobiology, and and Stochastic Paleontology represented a continuation and a consolidation of the themes we have examined thus far in the history of paleobiology. Ultimately, this focus led paleobiologists to groundbreaking quantitative studies of the inter- The Roots of Nomotheticism play of rates of origination and extinction of taxa through time, the role of background and mass extinctions in the history of life, the survivor- y the early 1970s, the paleobiology movement had begun to acquire ship of individual taxa, and the modeling of historical patterns of diver- Bconsiderable momentum. A number of paleobiologists began ac- sity. These questions became the central components of an emerging pa- tively building programs of paleobiological research and teaching at ma- leobiological theory of macroevolution, and by the mid 1980s formed the jor universities—Stephen Jay Gould at Harvard, Tom Schopf at the Uni- basis for paleobiologists’ claim to a seat at the “high table” of evolution- versity of Chicago, David Raup at the University of Rochester, James ary theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Canadian Lagerstätten 4. the Devonian Miguasha Biota
    Document généré le 29 sept. 2021 18:57 Geoscience Canada Great Canadian Lagerstätten 4. The Devonian Miguasha Biota (Québec): UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Time Capsule in the Early History of Vertebrates Richard Cloutier Volume 40, numéro 2, 2013 Résumé de l'article Au cours des 170 dernières années, le biote du Dévonien supérieur de URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/geocan40_2ser02 Miguasha de l’Est du Canada a fourni un assemblage aquatique diversifié, comprenant 20 espèces de vertébrés inférieurs (anaspides, ostéostracés, Aller au sommaire du numéro placodermes, acanthodiens, actinoptérygiens et sarcoptérygiens) et un assemblage peu diversifié d’invertébrés ainsi qu’une composante continentale, représentée par des plantes, des scorpions et des mille-pattes. À l’origine Éditeur(s) interprété comme un milieu lacustre d’eau douce, les dernières preuves paléontologiques, taphonomiques, sédimentologiques et géochimiques The Geological Association of Canada confirment un environ-nement saumâtre rappelant celui d’un estuaire. Plus de 18,000 fossiles de poissons ont été découverts montrant différents états de ISSN conservation, notamment en trois dimensions et la préservation de tissus mous. La plupart des vertébrés sont connus par de nombreux spécimens 0315-0941 (imprimé) complets et articulés. Des spécimens de larves et de juvéniles, 1911-4850 (numérique) exceptionnellement bien conservés, ont été identifiées pour 14 des 20 espèces de poissons permettant des études détaillées de leur croissance. De nombreux Découvrir la revue horizons au sein de la Formation d’Escuminac sont inter-prétés soit comme des Konservat– ou Konzentrat–Lagerstätten. Citer cet article Cloutier, R. (2013). Great Canadian Lagerstätten 4. The Devonian Miguasha Biota (Québec): UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Time Capsule in the Early History of Vertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
    A short story Leathem Mehaffey, III, Fall 201993 The First Chordates (Phylum Chordata) • Chordates (our phylum) first appeared in the Cambrian, 525MYA. 94 Invertebrates, Chordates and Vertebrates • Invertebrates are all animals not chordates • Generally invertebrates, if they have hearts, have dorsal hearts; if they have a nervous system it is usually ventral. • All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates. • Chordates: • Dorsal notochord • Dorsal nerve chord • Ventral heart • Post-anal tail • Vertebrates: Amphioxus: archetypal chordate • Dorsal spinal column (articulated) and skeleton 95 Origin of the Chordates 96 Haikouichthys Myllokunmingia Note the rounded extension to Possibly the oldest the head bearing sensory vertebrate: showed gill organs bars and primitive vertebral elements Early and primitive agnathan vertebrates of the Early Cambrian (530MYA) Pikaia Note: these organisms were less Primitive chordate, than an inch long. similar to Amphioxus 97 The Cambrian/Ordovician Extinction • Somewhere around 488 million years ago something happened to cause a change in the fauna of the earth, heralding the beginning of the Ordovician Period. • Rather than one catastrophe, the late-Cambrian extinction seems to be a series of smaller extinction events. • Historically the change in fauna (mostly trilobites as the index species) was thought to be due to excessive warmth and low oxygen. • But some current findings point to an oxygen spike due perhaps to continental drift into the tropics, driving rapid speciation and consequent replacement of old with new organisms. 98 Welcome to the Ordovician YOU ARE HERE 99 The Ordovician Sea, 488 million years 100 ago The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, from 489 to 444 MYA.
    [Show full text]
  • Hughes and Shelton: the Fathers of Fish Respiration
    © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014) 217, 3191-3192 doi:10.1242/jeb.095513 CLASSICS Hughes and Shelton: the oxygen carried in the blood is usually 1984) and studies of gas exchange in far greater than that in an equivalent elasmobranchs and birds also owe much fathers of fish respiration volume of water. Hughes and Shelton to the analysis by Hughes and Shelton. concluded, therefore, that water flow As fish gas exchange systems became over the gills must be much higher than better understood and described, blood flow through the gills to deliver mammalian terms such as V (ventilation), the required rate of oxygen transfer for Q (blood flow) and the V/Q ratio were metabolism. Hughes and Shelton adopted to facilitate comparison between introduced the term ‘capacity rate ratio’ different gas exchange systems so that (ratio of flow × oxygen content of blood the terms ‘capacity rate ratio’, and and water) and analyzed the effects of ‘effectiveness of transfer’ have largely this on oxygen transfer. They also disappeared from discussions of gas introduced the term ‘effectiveness of exchange. transfer’, defined as the actual rate of Fish Respiration oxygen transfer in relation to the At the time of the review, knowledge David Randall discusses George Hughes maximum possible rate of transfer. There of the blood circulation in fish was and Graham Shelton’s classic paper ‘Respiratory mechanisms and their were insufficient data for a detailed limited. Fish had been placed in sealed nervous control in fish’, published in analysis, but what they pointed out was chambers and the extent to which Advances in Comparative Physiology and that effectiveness depended on the oxygen could be removed from the Biochemistry in 1962.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fourth Forum of the Regional Network of Local Governments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management
    PEMSEA/WP/2005/18 GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia Proceedings of the Fourth Forum of the Regional Network of Local Governments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management Building Better Coastal Governance through Stronger Local Alliance Bali, Indonesia 26-28 April 2005 PEMSEA/WP/2005/18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH FORUM OF THE REGIONAL NETWORK OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT Building Better Coastal Governance through Stronger Local Alliance GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) RAS/98/G33/A/IG/19 Bali, Indonesia 26-28 April 2005 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH FORUM OF THE REGIONAL NETWORK OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT Building Better Coastal Governance through Stronger Local Alliance September 2005 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the Regional Programme Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale, any commercial purpose or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia Printed in Quezon City, Philippines PEMSEA.
    [Show full text]
  • Coelacanth Discoveries in Madagascar, with AUTHORS: Andrew Cooke1 Recommendations on Research and Conservation Michael N
    Coelacanth discoveries in Madagascar, with AUTHORS: Andrew Cooke1 recommendations on research and conservation Michael N. Bruton2 Minosoa Ravololoharinjara3 The presence of populations of the Western Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in AFFILIATIONS: 1Resolve sarl, Ivandry Business Madagascar is not surprising considering the vast range of habitats which the ancient island offers. Center, Antananarivo, Madagascar The discovery of a substantial population of coelacanths through handline fishing on the steep volcanic 2Honorary Research Associate, South African Institute for Aquatic slopes of Comoros archipelago initially provided an important source of museum specimens and was Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa the main focus of coelacanth research for almost 40 years. The advent of deep-set gillnets, or jarifa, for 3Resolve sarl, Ivandry Business catching sharks, driven by the demand for shark fins and oil from China in the mid- to late 1980s, resulted Center, Antananarivo, Madagascar in an explosion of coelacanth captures in Madagascar and other countries in the Western Indian Ocean. CORRESPONDENCE TO: We review coelacanth catches in Madagascar and present evidence for the existence of one or more Andrew Cooke populations of L. chalumnae distributed along about 1000 km of the southern and western coasts of the island. We also hypothesise that coelacanths are likely to occur around the whole continental margin EMAIL: [email protected] of Madagascar, making it the epicentre of coelacanth distribution in the Western Indian Ocean and the likely progenitor of the younger Comoros coelacanth population. Finally, we discuss the importance and DATES: vulnerability of the population of coelacanths inhabiting the submarine slopes of the Onilahy canyon in Received: 23 June 2020 Revised: 02 Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Molecular Evidences for a Living Mammalian Fossil
    Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil Dorothe´ e Huchon†‡, Pascale Chevret§¶, Ursula Jordanʈ, C. William Kilpatrick††, Vincent Ranwez§, Paulina D. Jenkins‡‡, Ju¨ rgen Brosiusʈ, and Ju¨ rgen Schmitz‡ʈ †Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; §Department of Paleontology, Phylogeny, and Paleobiology, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, cc064, Universite´Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; ʈInstitute of Experimental Pathology, University of Mu¨nster, D-48149 Mu¨nster, Germany; ††Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0086; and ‡‡Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Edited by Francisco J. Ayala, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved March 18, 2007 (received for review February 11, 2007) Laonastes aenigmamus is an enigmatic rodent first described in their classification as a diatomyid suggests that Laonastes is a 2005. Molecular and morphological data suggested that it is the living fossil and a ‘‘Lazarus taxon.’’ sole representative of a new mammalian family, the Laonastidae, The two research teams also disagreed on the taxonomic and a member of the Hystricognathi. However, the validity of this position of Laonastes. According to Jenkins et al. (2), Laonastes family is controversial because fossil-based phylogenetic analyses is either the most basal group of the hystricognaths (Fig. 2A)or suggest that Laonastes is a surviving member of the Diatomyidae, nested within the hystricognaths (Fig. 2B). According to Dawson a family considered to have been extinct for 11 million years. et al. (3), Laonastes and the other Diatomyidae are the sister According to these data, Laonastes and Diatomyidae are the sister clade of the family Ctenodactylidae (i.e., gundies), a family that clade of extant Ctenodactylidae (i.e., gundies) and do not belong does not belong to the Hystricognathi, but to which it is to the Hystricognathi.
    [Show full text]
  • New York Ocean Action Plan 2016 – 2026
    NEW YORK OCEAN ACTION PLAN 2016 – 2026 In collaboration with state and federal agencies, municipalities, tribal partners, academic institutions, non- profits, and ocean-based industry and tourism groups. Acknowledgments The preparation of the content within this document was developed by Debra Abercrombie and Karen Chytalo from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and in cooperation and coordination with staff from the New York State Department of State. Funding was provided by the New York State Environmental Protection Fund’s Ocean & Great Lakes Program. Other New York state agencies, federal agencies, estuary programs, the New York Ocean and Great Lakes Coalition, the Shinnecock Indian Nation and ocean-based industry and user groups provided numerous revisions to draft versions of this document which were invaluable. The New York Marine Sciences Consortium provided vital recommendations concerning data and research needs, as well as detailed revisions to earlier drafts. Thank you to all of the members of the public and who participated in the stakeholder focal groups and for also providing comments and revisions. For more information, please contact: Karen Chytalo New York State Department of Environmental Conservation [email protected] 631-444-0430 Cover Page Photo credits, Top row: E. Burke, SBU SoMAS, M. Gove; Bottom row: Wolcott Henry- 2005/Marine Photo Bank, Eleanor Partridge/Marine Photo Bank, Brandon Puckett/Marine Photo Bank. NEW YORK OCEAN ACTION PLAN | 2016 – 2026 i MESSAGE FROM COMMISSIONER AND SECRETARY The ocean and its significant resources have been at the heart of New York’s richness and economic vitality, since our founding in the 17th Century and continues today.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Important Marine Areas Using Ecologically Or Biologically Significant Areas
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by JAMSTEC Repository Identification of important marine areas using ecologically or biologically significant areas (EBSAs) criteria in the East to Southeast Asia region and comparison with existing registered areas for the purpose of conservation Takehisa Yamakitaa,*,‡, Kenji Sudob,* , Yoshie Jintsu-Uchifunea,, Hiroyuki Yamamotoa, Yoshihisa Shirayamaa aJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan bAkkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aikappu 1, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-1113, Japan *These authors contributed equally to this manuscript; order was decided by the correspondence timeline ‡Corresponding author: Takehisa Yamakita Tel.: +81 46 867 9767 E-mail address:[email protected] 22 23 Abstract 24 The biodiversity of East to Southeast (E–SE) Asian waters is rapidly declining because 25 of anthropogenic effects ranging from local environmental pressures to global warming. 26 To improve marine biodiversity, the Aichi Biodiversity Targets were adopted in 2010. 27 The recommendation of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and 28 Technological Advice (SBSTTA), encourages application of the ecologically or 29 biologically significant area (EBSA) process to identify areas for conservation. 30 However, there are few examples of the use of EBSA criteria to evaluate entire oceans. 31 In this article, seven criteria are numerically
    [Show full text]
  • Hans-Peter Schultze, a Great Paleoichthyologist for Whom Work Is Synonymous with Enjoyment
    Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 5 (2002) 5-17 10.11.2002 Hans-Peter Schultze, a great paleoichthyologist for whom work is synonymous with enjoyment Richard Cloutierl With 4 figures and 2 tables In the summer of 1982, Hans-Peter Schultze and above all by his simplicity and friendliness. Two Gloria Arratia were invited to a small museum years later I started my PbD. at The University located on a fossiliferous site of the Devonian of Kansas, under the supervision of Hans-Peter. Escuminac Formation in Miguasha, Quebec, Compared to his long career, these two weeks eastern Canada. Hans-Peter was to work with that Hans-Peter spent in Miguasha represent an Marius Arsenault, the director of the Miguasha extremely short period of time. Some might say Museum, on the skull of the elpistostegalid EZ- that this little anecdote is insignificant when in- pistostege watsoni, a species closely related to ba- troducing a vertebrate paleontologist (Fig. ZA) sal tetrapods. In addition, he went through the who published 132 papers and books (a total of collections to describe and measure numerous 2977 published pages) in addition to more than juvenile specimens of the osteolepiform Eusthe- 80 abstracts, book reviews and obituaries. How- nopteron foordi. As expected, these two projects ever, this brief story is representative of Hans- turned out to be important contributions in low- Peter’s personality and contributions. He is a er vertebrate paleontology and systematics: one great scientist with numerous interests in science, on the origin of tetrapods (1985), and the second art, and history. Hans-Peter enjoys digging for one on growth patterns of a Late Devonian fish fossils, looking at fossils and describing fossils, (1984).
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Existing Certification Systems for Fishery Products
    Fisheries Partnership Agreement FPA 2006/20 FPA 15/IUU/08 ANNEX 2: INFORMATION NOTE ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT MISSION Council Regulation establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Oceanic Développement/Megapesca Lda 1. Introduction DG MARE of the European Commission has recruited consultants Oceanic Développement/Megapesca to undertake a study of the impacts of the new IUU fishing regulation in developing countries. A number of countries which represent different stages of development and fisheries conditions have been selected as candidates for detailed study. As part of this study the consultants will undertake field mission to each of the following countries: Ecuador, Indonesia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Senegal and Thailand. The duration of each field mission will be approximately one week. 2. Objectives of the Field Mission The field mission aims to meet with key governmental, industry and NGO stakeholders in the third country with a view to gathering data to: • Describe what are the national arrangements in place i) to regulate and monitor the fishing fleet flying its own flag, and ii) to ensure traceability of nationally landed and imported fisheries products • Define possible support measures which the Community could undertake, to increase the potential for successful implementation of the regulation in the third country, and to ameliorate any potential negative impacts. • Support the analysis and quantification of the positive and negative impacts of the newly adopted IUU fishing regulation, with particular reference to the certification scheme defined in Chapter III of the Regulation and its further provisions to provide cooperation and exchange of information with third countries in Chapters II, IV, VI and XI 3.
    [Show full text]