Assessing the Record and Causes of Late Triassic Extinctions
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Cross-References ASTEROID IMPACT Definition and Introduction History of Impact Cratering Studies
18 ASTEROID IMPACT Tedesco, E. F., Noah, P. V., Noah, M., and Price, S. D., 2002. The identification and confirmation of impact structures on supplemental IRAS minor planet survey. The Astronomical Earth were developed: (a) crater morphology, (b) geo- 123 – Journal, , 1056 1085. physical anomalies, (c) evidence for shock metamor- Tholen, D. J., and Barucci, M. A., 1989. Asteroid taxonomy. In Binzel, R. P., Gehrels, T., and Matthews, M. S. (eds.), phism, and (d) the presence of meteorites or geochemical Asteroids II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 298–315. evidence for traces of the meteoritic projectile – of which Yeomans, D., and Baalke, R., 2009. Near Earth Object Program. only (c) and (d) can provide confirming evidence. Remote Available from World Wide Web: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ sensing, including morphological observations, as well programs. as geophysical studies, cannot provide confirming evi- dence – which requires the study of actual rock samples. Cross-references Impacts influenced the geological and biological evolu- tion of our own planet; the best known example is the link Albedo between the 200-km-diameter Chicxulub impact structure Asteroid Impact Asteroid Impact Mitigation in Mexico and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Under- Asteroid Impact Prediction standing impact structures, their formation processes, Torino Scale and their consequences should be of interest not only to Earth and planetary scientists, but also to society in general. ASTEROID IMPACT History of impact cratering studies In the geological sciences, it has only recently been recog- Christian Koeberl nized how important the process of impact cratering is on Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria a planetary scale. -
Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy Of
Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy of the <JF C7 JL / Culpfeper and B arbour sville Basins, VirginiaC7 and Maryland/ ll.S. PAPER Triassic-Jurassic Stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville Basins, Virginia and Maryland By K.Y. LEE and AJ. FROELICH U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1472 A clarification of the Triassic--Jurassic stratigraphic sequences, sedimentation, and depositional environments UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lee, K.Y. Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville basins, Virginia and Maryland. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1472) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16:1472 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Triassic. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Jurassic. 3. Geology Culpeper Basin (Va. and Md.) 4. Geology Virginia Barboursville Basin. I. Froelich, A.J. (Albert Joseph), 1929- II. Title. III. Series. QE676.L44 1989 551.7'62'09755 87-600318 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.......................................................................................................... 1 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction... .......................................................................................... -
Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) Lockdown on Mental Health and Well-Being in the United Arab Emirates
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633230 Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) Lockdown on Mental Health and Well-Being in the United Arab Emirates Leila Cheikh Ismail 1,2,3, Maysm N. Mohamad 4, Mo’ath F. Bataineh 5, Abir Ajab 1,3, Amina M. Al-Marzouqi 3,6, Amjad H. Jarrar 4, Dima O. Abu Jamous 3, Habiba I. Ali 4, Haleama Al Sabbah 7, Hayder Hasan 1,3, Lily Stojanovska 4,8, Mona Hashim 1,3, Reyad R. Shaker Obaid 1,3, Sheima T. Saleh 1,3, Tareq M. Osaili 1,3,9 and Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri 4* 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 2 Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3 Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 4 Department of Edited by: Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Daniel Bressington, Emirates, 5 Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, The Hashemite University, Charles Darwin University, Australia Zarqa, Jordan, 6 Department of Health Services Administration, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical 7 Reviewed by: and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 8 Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Gianluca Serafini, 9 Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, San Martino Hospital (IRCCS), Italy Irbid, Jordan Andrea Aguglia, University of Genoa, Italy Andrea Amerio, United Arab Emirates (UAE) has taken unprecedented precautionary measures including University of Genoa, Italy complete lockdowns against COVID-19 to control its spread and ensure the well-being *Correspondence: Ayesha S. -
The MBL Model and Stochastic Paleontology
216 Chapter seven ised exciting new avenues for research, that insights from biology and ecology could more profi tably be applied to paleontology, and that the future lay in assembling large databases as a foundation for analysis of broad-scale patterns of evolution over geological history. But in compar- ison to other expanding young disciplines—like theoretical ecology— paleobiology lacked a cohesive theoretical and methodological agenda. However, over the next ten years this would change dramatically. Chapter Seven One particular ecological/evolutionary issue emerged as the central unifying problem for paleobiology: the study and modeling of the his- “Towards a Nomothetic tory of diversity over time. This, in turn, motivated a methodological question: how reliable is the fossil record, and how can that reliability be Paleontology”: The MBL Model tested? These problems became the core of analytical paleobiology, and and Stochastic Paleontology represented a continuation and a consolidation of the themes we have examined thus far in the history of paleobiology. Ultimately, this focus led paleobiologists to groundbreaking quantitative studies of the inter- The Roots of Nomotheticism play of rates of origination and extinction of taxa through time, the role of background and mass extinctions in the history of life, the survivor- y the early 1970s, the paleobiology movement had begun to acquire ship of individual taxa, and the modeling of historical patterns of diver- Bconsiderable momentum. A number of paleobiologists began ac- sity. These questions became the central components of an emerging pa- tively building programs of paleobiological research and teaching at ma- leobiological theory of macroevolution, and by the mid 1980s formed the jor universities—Stephen Jay Gould at Harvard, Tom Schopf at the Uni- basis for paleobiologists’ claim to a seat at the “high table” of evolution- versity of Chicago, David Raup at the University of Rochester, James ary theory. -
Early Triassic (Induan) Radiolaria and Carbon-Isotope Ratios of a Deep-Sea Sequence from Waiheke Island, North Island, New Zealand Rie S
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Palaeoworld 20 (2011) 166–178 Early Triassic (Induan) Radiolaria and carbon-isotope ratios of a deep-sea sequence from Waiheke Island, North Island, New Zealand Rie S. Hori a,∗, Satoshi Yamakita b, Minoru Ikehara c, Kazuto Kodama c, Yoshiaki Aita d, Toyosaburo Sakai d, Atsushi Takemura e, Yoshihito Kamata f, Noritoshi Suzuki g, Satoshi Takahashi g , K. Bernhard Spörli h, Jack A. Grant-Mackie h a Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University 790-8577, Japan b Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Culture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan c Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University 783-8502, Japan d Department of Geology, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan e Geosciences Institute, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Hyogo 673-1494, Japan f Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan g Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan h Geology, School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Received 23 June 2010; received in revised form 25 November 2010; accepted 10 February 2011 Available online 23 February 2011 Abstract This study examines a Triassic deep-sea sequence consisting of rhythmically bedded radiolarian cherts and shales and its implications for early Induan radiolarian fossils. The sequence, obtained from the Waipapa terrane, Waiheke Island, New Zealand, is composed of six lithologic Units (A–F) and, based on conodont biostratigraphy, spans at least the interval from the lowest Induan to the Anisian. -
North American Coral Recovery After the End-Triassic Mass Extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA
North American coral recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA Montana S. Hodges* and George D. Stanley Jr., University of INTRODUCTION Montana Paleontology Center, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Mass extinction events punctuate the evolution of marine envi- Montana 59812, USA ronments, and recovery biotas paved the way for major biotic changes. Understanding the responses of marine organisms in the ABSTRACT post-extinction recovery phase is paramount to gaining insight A Triassic-Jurassic (T/J) mass extinction boundary is well repre- into the dynamics of these changes, many of which brought sented stratigraphically in west-central Nevada, USA, near New sweeping biotic reorganizations. One of the five biggest mass York Canyon, where the Gabbs and Sunrise Formations contain a extinctions was that of the end-Triassic, which was quickly continuous depositional section from the Luning Embayment. followed by phases of recovery in the Early Jurassic. The earliest The well-exposed marine sediments at the T/J section have been Jurassic witnessed the loss of conodonts, severe reductions in extensively studied and reveal a sedimentological and paleonto- ammonoids, and reductions in brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, logical record of intense environmental change and biotic turn- and foraminifers. Reef ecosystems nearly collapsed with a reduc- over, which has been compared globally. Unlike the former Tethys tion in deposition of CaCO3. Extensive volcanism in the Central region, Early Jurassic scleractinian corals surviving the end- Atlantic Magmatic Province and release of gas hydrates and other Triassic mass extinction are not well-represented in the Americas. greenhouse gases escalated CO2 and led to ocean acidification of Here we illustrate corals of Early Sinemurian age from Nevada the end-Triassic (Hautmann et al., 2008). -
Chordates (Phylum Chordata)
A short story Leathem Mehaffey, III, Fall 201993 The First Chordates (Phylum Chordata) • Chordates (our phylum) first appeared in the Cambrian, 525MYA. 94 Invertebrates, Chordates and Vertebrates • Invertebrates are all animals not chordates • Generally invertebrates, if they have hearts, have dorsal hearts; if they have a nervous system it is usually ventral. • All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates. • Chordates: • Dorsal notochord • Dorsal nerve chord • Ventral heart • Post-anal tail • Vertebrates: Amphioxus: archetypal chordate • Dorsal spinal column (articulated) and skeleton 95 Origin of the Chordates 96 Haikouichthys Myllokunmingia Note the rounded extension to Possibly the oldest the head bearing sensory vertebrate: showed gill organs bars and primitive vertebral elements Early and primitive agnathan vertebrates of the Early Cambrian (530MYA) Pikaia Note: these organisms were less Primitive chordate, than an inch long. similar to Amphioxus 97 The Cambrian/Ordovician Extinction • Somewhere around 488 million years ago something happened to cause a change in the fauna of the earth, heralding the beginning of the Ordovician Period. • Rather than one catastrophe, the late-Cambrian extinction seems to be a series of smaller extinction events. • Historically the change in fauna (mostly trilobites as the index species) was thought to be due to excessive warmth and low oxygen. • But some current findings point to an oxygen spike due perhaps to continental drift into the tropics, driving rapid speciation and consequent replacement of old with new organisms. 98 Welcome to the Ordovician YOU ARE HERE 99 The Ordovician Sea, 488 million years 100 ago The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years, from 489 to 444 MYA. -
Reappraisal of the Genus Dicroidium Gothan from the Triassic Sediments of India
The Palaeobotanist 63(2014): 137–155 0031–0174/2014 Reappraisal of the genus Dicroidium Gothan from the Triassic sediments of India PANKAJ K. PAL1*, AMIT K. GHOSH2, RATAN KAR2, R.S. SINGH2, MANOBIKA SARKAR1 AND RESHMI CHATTERJEE2 1Department of Botany, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, University of Burdwan, Burdwan–713 104, West Bengal, India. 2Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India. *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received 28 August, 2014; revised version accepted 25 September, 2014) ABSTRACT Pal PK, Ghosh AK, Kar R, Singh RS, Sarkar M & Chatterjee R 2014. Reappraisal of the genus Dicroidium Gothan from the Triassic sediments of India. The Palaeobotanist 63(2): 137–155. The genus Dicroidium Gothan, belonging to Corystospermaceae, is characterised by pinnately compound leaves with proximally forked primary rachis. The genus was earlier included under the genus Thinnfeldia Ettingshausen. Dicroidium is the most consistent macrofloral element in the Triassic strata of Southern Hemisphere. The present reassessment deals with the morphotaxonomy and stratigraphic significance of the species of Dicroidium in India. A critical review of the literature reveals that the specimens of Dicroidium described so far from India require reassessment, because same morphotypes have often been placed under different species names and sometimes dissimilar elements have been assigned to the same species. In view of this, a thorough analysis of Indian Dicroidium was undertaken based on fresh collections along with the species described earlier by previous workers. The present reappraisal reveals that the genus in the Triassic of Peninsular India is represented by eight species. These are D. hughesii (Feistmantel) Lele, D. -
Species Extinctions
http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7695/Multiple-ocean-stresses- threaten-globally-significant-marine-extinction Multiple ocean stresses threaten “globally significant” marine extinction 20 June 2011 | News story An international panel of experts warns in a report released today that marine species are at risk of entering a phase of extinction unprecedented in human history. The preliminary report arises from a ‘State of the Oceans’ workshop co-hosted by IUCN in April, the first ever to consider the cumulative impact of all pressures on the oceans. Considering the latest research across all areas of marine science, the workshop examined the combined effects of pollution, acidification, ocean warming, over-fishing and hypoxia (deoxygenation). The scientific panel concluded that the combination of stresses on the ocean is creating the conditions associated with every previous major extinction of species in Earth’s history. And the speed and rate of degeneration in the ocean is far greater than anyone has predicted. The panel concluded that many of the negative impacts previously identified are greater than the worst predictions. As a result, although difficult to assess, the first steps to globally significant extinction may have begun with a rise in the extinction threat to marine species such as reef- forming corals. “The world’s leading experts on oceans are surprised by the rate and magnitude of changes we are seeing,” says Dan Laffoley, Marine Chair of IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas, Senior Advisor on Marine Science and Conservation for IUCN and co-author of the report. “The challenges for the future of the ocean are vast, but unlike previous generations, we know what now needs to happen. -
The Late Jurassic Tithonian, a Greenhouse Phase in the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous ‘Cool’ Mode: Evidence from the Cyclic Adriatic Platform, Croatia
Sedimentology (2007) 54, 317–337 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00837.x The Late Jurassic Tithonian, a greenhouse phase in the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous ‘cool’ mode: evidence from the cyclic Adriatic Platform, Croatia ANTUN HUSINEC* and J. FRED READ *Croatian Geological Survey, Sachsova 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Well-exposed Mesozoic sections of the Bahama-like Adriatic Platform along the Dalmatian coast (southern Croatia) reveal the detailed stacking patterns of cyclic facies within the rapidly subsiding Late Jurassic (Tithonian) shallow platform-interior (over 750 m thick, ca 5–6 Myr duration). Facies within parasequences include dasyclad-oncoid mudstone-wackestone-floatstone and skeletal-peloid wackestone-packstone (shallow lagoon), intraclast-peloid packstone and grainstone (shoal), radial-ooid grainstone (hypersaline shallow subtidal/intertidal shoals and ponds), lime mudstone (restricted lagoon), fenestral carbonates and microbial laminites (tidal flat). Parasequences in the overall transgressive Lower Tithonian sections are 1– 4Æ5 m thick, and dominated by subtidal facies, some of which are capped by very shallow-water grainstone-packstone or restricted lime mudstone; laminated tidal caps become common only towards the interior of the platform. Parasequences in the regressive Upper Tithonian are dominated by peritidal facies with distinctive basal oolite units and well-developed laminate caps. Maximum water depths of facies within parasequences (estimated from stratigraphic distance of the facies to the base of the tidal flat units capping parasequences) were generally <4 m, and facies show strongly overlapping depth ranges suggesting facies mosaics. Parasequences were formed by precessional (20 kyr) orbital forcing and form parasequence sets of 100 and 400 kyr eccentricity bundles. -
Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships
438 Article 438 by Saswati Bandyopadhyay1* and Sanghamitra Ray2 Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships 1Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India; email: [email protected] 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; email: [email protected] *Corresponding author (Received : 23/12/2018; Revised accepted : 11/09/2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028 The twelve Gondwanan stratigraphic horizons of many extant lineages, producing highly diverse terrestrial vertebrates India have yielded varied vertebrate fossils. The oldest in the vacant niches created throughout the world due to the end- Permian extinction event. Diapsids diversified rapidly by the Middle fossil record is the Endothiodon-dominated multitaxic Triassic in to many communities of continental tetrapods, whereas Kundaram fauna, which correlates the Kundaram the non-mammalian synapsids became a minor components for the Formation with several other coeval Late Permian remainder of the Mesozoic Era. The Gondwana basins of peninsular horizons of South Africa, Zambia, Tanzania, India (Fig. 1A) aptly exemplify the diverse vertebrate faunas found Mozambique, Malawi, Madagascar and Brazil. The from the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. During the last few decades much emphasis was given on explorations and excavations of Permian-Triassic transition in India is marked by vertebrate fossils in these basins which have yielded many new fossil distinct taxonomic shift and faunal characteristics and vertebrates, significant both in numbers and diversity of genera, and represented by small-sized holdover fauna of the providing information on their taphonomy, taxonomy, phylogeny, Early Triassic Panchet and Kamthi fauna. -
Late Permian to Middle Triassic Palaeogeographic Differentiation of Key Ammonoid Groups: Evidence from the Former USSR Yuri D
Late Permian to Middle Triassic palaeogeographic differentiation of key ammonoid groups: evidence from the former USSR Yuri D. Zakharov1, Alexander M. Popov1 & Alexander S. Biakov2 1 Far-Eastern Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Far Eastern Branch), Stoletija Prospect 159, Vladivostok, RU-690022, Russia 2 North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Far Eastern Branch), Portovaja 16, Magadan, RU-685000, Russia Keywords Abstract Ammonoids; palaeobiogeography; palaeoclimatology; Permian; Triassic. Palaeontological characteristics of the Upper Permian and upper Olenekian to lowermost Anisian sequences in the Tethys and the Boreal realm are reviewed Correspondence in the context of global correlation. Data from key Wuchiapingian and Chang- Yuri D. Zakharov, Far-Eastern Geological hsingian sections in Transcaucasia, Lower and Middle Triassic sections in the Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Far Verkhoyansk area, Arctic Siberia, the southern Far East (South Primorye and Eastern Branch), Vladivostok, RU-690022, Kitakami) and Mangyshlak (Kazakhstan) are examined. Dominant groups of Russia. E-mail: [email protected] ammonoids are shown for these different regions. Through correlation, it is doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00079.x suggested that significant thermal maxima (recognized using geochemical, palaeozoogeographical and palaeoecological data) existed during the late Kun- gurian, early Wuchiapingian, latest Changhsingian, middle Olenekian and earliest Anisian periods. Successive expansions and reductions of the warm– temperate climatic zones into middle and high latitudes during the Late Permian and the Early and Middle Triassic are a result of strong climatic fluctuations. Prime Middle–Upper Permian, Lower and Middle Triassic Bajarunas (1936) (Mangyshlak and Kazakhstan), Popov sections in the former USSR and adjacent territories are (1939, 1958) (Russian northern Far East and Verkhoy- currently located in Transcaucasia (Ševyrev 1968; Kotljar ansk area) and Kiparisova (in Voinova et al.