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Annales Aequatoria 2000.Pdf ANNALES AEQUATORIA Annales quatoria 21(2000) TABLE DES MATIÈRES EDITORIAL: quatoria Bibliothèque de Base On-Line (ABBOL) 5-7 HISTOIRE Roger KAMANDA Kola, A propos de la « bantouisation » culturelle en R. D. du Congo 9-18 Stanislas LUFUNGULA Lewono, Le Foyer social de Mbandaka (Coquilhatville) 19-32 Honoré VINCK, Etat de la recherche sur les bonobos de l’Equateur (R.D.Congo). 33-40 Rosemarie M. K. EGGERT, Le rôle joué par la monnaie précoloniale, coloniale et moderne dans les transactions matrimoniales chez les Mongo de la région équatoriale de la R.D.Congo 41-51 Jozef ROOSEN, Les catéchismes du diocèse de Matadi 53-67 LINGUISTIQUE John JACOBS, Classes nominales et radicaux verbaux en lombole (Katako-Kombe) 69-82 Oscar LOWENGA La Wemboloke, Quelques chants liés aux chenilles, insectes et bestioles en otetela 83-89 MOTINGEA Mangulu, La langue des Bongando septentrionaux (Bantou C 63) 91-158 Honoré VINCK, Nsong’a Lianja. Textes Non-Mongo 159-176 Roger KAMANDA Kola, Voyelles initiales des noms mono 177-212 BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHIE John Weeks, missionnaire BMS à l’Equateur du Congo 213-223 ARCHIVALIA Les manuels scolaires coloniaux aux Archives de la BMS à Oxford 225-228 CHRONIQUE 229-269 RECENSIONS 271-279 INDEX des Annales quatoria 1980-1999 281-468 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA des Annales quatoria 1980-1999: 469-490 Editorial La Bibliothèque Æquatoria Online Aequatoria est née dans le contexte colonial de la première moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Elle a trouvé un nouveau souffle dans l’éclosion d’une élite intellectuelle locale des années quatre-vingt. Aujourd’hui des circonstances apparemment contrariantes l’ont orientée vers de nouvelles initiatives. C’est parce que Aequatoria a une vision assez profonde de sa vocation qu’elle peut résister à toute adversité (« against all odds », voir p 254-256) et qu’elle est capable de s’adapter à une multitude de changements circonstanciels. Le concept de la Bibliothèque Æquatoria On-line est à rattacher à un des buts principaux du Centre Æquatoria. Depuis sa fondation le Centre a stimulé l’étude des peuples du bassin central du Congo et des peuples d’Afrique Subsaharienne en général. Dans ce but la Bibliothèque Aequatoria a été transformée en un instrument de travail pour étudiants et professeurs de toute la région. Le Centre est effectivement convaincu que l’ouverture du matériel intellectuel qu’autrement resterait inaccessible pour cette région désavantagée, constitue une contribution à un développement non inféodé par une coopération intéressée. Par sa nouvelle initiative ABBOL, le Centre Æquatoria – en collaboration directe avec les Rozenberg Publishing Services souhaite étendre le but de son projet initial et d’offrir aux chercheurs des régions désavantagés de l’ Afrique Subsaharienne un moyen pour compenser leur manque d’accès aux publications scientifiques. Il se propose d’y remédier en créant un site web d’où des textes variés en différentes branches des sciences peuvent être cueillis gratuitement. ABBOL est bien conscient qu’en ce moment de son démarrage, l’accès à la toile est encore aléatoire et très limité pour des larges parts de la communauté scientifique africaine. Mais nous avons opté pour le futur. Normalement le nombre d’usagers de la toile croîtra sensiblement dans les années à venir. Son action est basée sur la conviction que quelque chose doit être faite pour remédier à cette absence de publications de base et récentes en Afrique et que la toile est pour le moment la seule piste disponible sur une large échelle. Nous pensons qu’il est mieux de nous adresser provisoirement à un petit groupe que n’atteindre personne ; Le site ABBOL.com offrira le texte complet d’une sélection de livres, revues, et autres publications semblables, dans le domaine de l’ africanistique mais aussi dans tous les domaines de la science (sociologie, linguistique, anthropologie, biologie, physique etc.) En outre le site aura une section de «oeuvres fondamentales» qui donnera des textes non africanistes considérées comme indispensables ou de signification historique pour une branche de la science. Toutes ces publications seront gratuitement disponibles sur le site en Afrique Subsaharienne Un système d’accès contrôlé identifiera la provenance de la demande .En plus de cette liste de pays « ayant droit » le site aura une section aux connections semblables qui ont des publications gratuites disponibles. La rédaction, le 4 avril 2000 (En anglais aux pages 233-234) Annales Æquatoria 21(2000)9-18 ROGER KAMANDA KOLA A PROPOS DE LA « BANTOUISATION » CULTURELLE EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO En 1997, Ndaywel è Nziem, éminent historien congolais, publiait son ouvrage intitulé : Histoire du Zaïre. De l’héritage ancien à l’âge contemporain. Une année plus tard, paraissait une nouvelle édition de l’ouvrage sous le titre de : Histoire générale du Congo. De l’héritage ancien à la République Démocratique du Congo. Comme on peut le constater, il suffit de remplacer Zaïre par Congo1 et de signaler dans le sous titre que le pays vient encore d’être rebaptisé pour en avoir le cœur net. Beaucoup de gens, malheureusement, pensent de la sorte dans ce pays. Mais, ce qui est étonnant est que notre historien ne se prononce plus sur la manière unilatérale de rebaptiser ce pays. N’est-ce pas là une façon curieuse de rompre avec un passé récent «très négativement» chargé? Dans la deuxième édition de l’ouvrage, des corrections heureuses, mais de façade ont été apportées. Quelques images y ont aussi fait leur apparition ainsi que quelques allusions faites au nouveau maître des lieux. Toutefois, le fond de l’ouvrage est resté à notre avis le même. Nous pensons qu’une troisième édition s’imposera. Nul ne peut douter de l’objectif visé par la publication précoce de la deuxième édition de cet ouvrage. On aurait cru avoir à faire à une chronique des événements politiques du Congo (RD), s’il n’y avait pas de chapitres consacrés au passé colonial et précolonial de ce pays. Un recul suffisant aurait gagné davantage en intérêt, même si l’œuvre de Ndaywel est une première du genre dans le contexte congolais. L’auteur présente une synthèse de connaissances générales sur 1 Pour la suite de l’exposé, lire : “Congo” au lieu de “Zaïre”; “Congolais” au lieu de “Zaïrois”. Ce texte se fonde sur la première édition de l’ouvrage. 9 l’histoire du Congo dont le volume, 918 pages (1ère édition), est à l’image des dimensions du pays. Une histoire zaïroise du Zaïre, dit-il, qui entend être une lecture du « dedans », rigoureuse mais édifiante, des faits et des événements dont cet espace a été le théâtre (Ndaywel, 1997 : 21). Cette histoire « nationale », a une visée nationaliste et entend rendre compte surtout des éléments convergents qui sous-tendent la nation congolaise. L’auteur opte d’emblée pour la notion de «peuple congolais», celle-ci ne retenant, dit-il, « des populations zaïroises » que leur aspect des « fondements » de la réalité contemporaine qu’est le Zaïre » (Ibidem : 22). C’est donc volontairement que l’auteur écarte de son ouvrage les données qu’il juge non compatibles avec son objectif. Son intention est de construire une synthèse dynamique de l’histoire nationale du Congo. Il s’agit de saisir « l’histoire des Zaïrois » ou plus exactement la « mémoire des peuples du Zaïre » pour en faire le matériau de l’élaboration du futur de ces peuples : « (…) apprivoiser [la] superstructure [qui coiffe les populations zaïroises], l’arracher à l’extraversion qui l’a sécrétée, lui donner un contour qui corresponde aux données réelles du terrain, en faire un instrument de promotion (…) » (Ibidem : 30). Le but poursuivi est louable et peut représenter une entreprise intéressante pour une jeune nation, dont l’identité est encore fragile. Le raisonnement utilisé pour assurer cette entreprise offre pourtant un aspect surprenant et n’est pas à l’abri des critiques. Nous n’avons pas l’intention de porter un jugement de valeur sur l’œuvre de Ndaywel, qui vaut ce qu’elle vaut. Mais, nous estimons qu’une œuvre d’une ampleur comparable à celle de l’auteur doit être correctement lue. Ainsi, nous avons le devoir de permettre au lecteur de bien lire cet ouvrage. C’est l’unique moyen d’évacuer la confusion que certains scientifiques ont semée et continuent de semer dans l’esprit des gens autour du terme « bantu ». Notre propos sera principalement axé sur un point que nous estimons capital dans l’ouvrage de Ndaywel : l’unité nationale du Congo. Selon cet auteur, deux événements majeurs ont concouru à l’émergence d’une « nation congolaise » : l’avènement de l’état colonial et la « bantouisation » démographique et culturelle de l’espace congolais. Le point de vue de l’auteur concernant la « bantouisation » culturelle du Congo n’a, à notre avis, ni objectivité descriptive ni fondement scientifique. 1.1. Arrivée des Bantous 10 En ce qui concerne le premier, l’auteur estime que l’arrivée des populations dites bantoues sur l’espace congolais a eu comme conséquence la «bantouisation» démographique et culturelle de la région. Le contact des Bantous avec la couche autochtone constituée de Pygmées d’abord et ensuite, celui des Bantous avec des populations soudanaises et nilotiques venues des régions de Darfur et de Kordofan pour les premières ainsi que des plateaux d’Ethiopie pour les secondes, créèrent des brassages et des métissages qui seraient, selon Ndaywel, à l’origine de groupes «soudanais bantouisés» (Ngbandi, Ngbaka, Zande, Mangbetu, etc.) et «nilotiques bantouisés» (Alur). Il conclut donc qu’: «(…) avec l’arrivée des Bantu, il faut le constater, la trame culturelle du pays s’est trouvée esquissée de manière décisive; une part du destin du pays était du même coup déterminée. (…) après avoir perçu d’abord le peuplement comme un phénomène géographique et démographique, de la considérer à nouveau en tant que phénomène culturel dynamique» (Ibidem : 50).
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