Wagner Dos Santos Dornelles O Que Se Cala

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Wagner Dos Santos Dornelles O Que Se Cala WAGNER DOS SANTOS DORNELLES O QUE SE CALA: PANORAMA DA REPRESENTAÇÃO NEGRA NAS ANIMAÇÕES MAINSTREAM Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal Fluminense, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social, área de concentração em Mídia, Cultura e Produção de Sentido, para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Ariane Diniz Holzbach Niterói – Rio de Janeiro 2019 WAGNER DOS SANTOS DORNELLES O QUE SE CALA: PANORAMA DA REPRESENTAÇÃO NEGRA NAS ANIMAÇÕES MAINSTREAM Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal Fluminense, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social, área de concentração em Mídia, Cultura e Produção de Sentido, para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Ariane Diniz Holzbach BANCA EXAMINADORA _________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Ariane Diniz Holzbach Orientadora __________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Carlos Messias Santos Franco (PPGCOM/UFF) _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Thiago Pereira Falcão (UFMA) Niterói – Rio de Janeiro 2019 Ficha catalográfica automática - SDC/BCG Gerada com informações fornecidas pelo autor D713q Dornelles, Wagner dos Santos O que se cala : panorama da representação negra nas animações mainstream / Wagner dos Santos Dornelles ; Ariane Holzbach, orientadora. Niterói, 2019. 118 f. : il. Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/PPGCOM.2019.m.11577656709 1. Raça negra. 2. Representação de grupo. 3. Silêncio. 4. Desenho animado. 5. Produção intelectual. I. Holzbach, Ariane, orientadora. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Arte e Comunicação Social. III. Título. CDD - Bibliotecária responsável: Thiago Santos de Assis - CRB7/6164 À minha velha mais velha, Francisca Alves dos Santos, que se mantém viva em nossos corações. AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, destaco minha imensa gratidão à minha orientadora, Ariane Diniz Holzbach, tanto por sua disponibilidade quanto por seus apontamentos, que me permitiram aprimorar meu perfil crítico nesses últimos dois anos. A humanidade na orientação e a aposta na temática foram fundamentais para o processo de crescimento neste período Aos professores e discentes do PPGCOM, pela generosidade e disponibilidade em debater as temáticas propostas e por apresentarem apontamentos. À banca da qualificação, composta por José Carlos Messias Santos Franco e Renata Tomaz, que fizeram apontamentos valiosos e possibilitaram o amadurecimento da temática. Aos colegas de orientação, em especial Daniela Torres de Araújo, que dividiu comigo a responsabilidade de conduzir a minha primeira turma na graduação. À minha afilhada, Maria Victória que foi uma das principais inspirações para o presente estudo. Aos exemplos de perseverança representados nas figuras das minhas avós, Francisca Alves dos Santos e Nelma Dornelles Pires; da minha mãe, Dinilza dos Santos; do meu pai, Fábio Dornelles e do meu padrasto Valter Genovez. Aos meus irmãos, Juliane Genovez, Ludmilla Dornelles, Vinícius Genovez e Rômulo Dormelles, Aos familiares, em especial Ana Paula Rosa, Tamirez Dornelles, Gisele Dornelles e Aparecida dos Santos. Aos amigos, em especial Thaís Costa, Carla Freitas, Angelo Lopes, Renata Silva, Paulo César Junior, Erika Tambke, Laís Mariano, Rafael Cornélio, Davi Anjos, Amárilis Porto, Paulo Rodrigo, Rodrigo Paulo, Bruno Purcino, Allan Carlos, Luana Bulcão, Juliana Crespo e Anna Cecilia. RESUMO DORNELLES, Wagner dos S. O que se cala: panorama da representação negra nas animações mainstream. Orientadora: Ariane Diniz Holzbach. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 2019. O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar a representação negra em desenhos animados mainstream, com base na constituição do debate racial brasileiro. A partir de análises acerca das ideias de memória e preconceito, o trabalho propõe o debate sobre as apropriações desse imaginário de disputas por espaços simbólicos, algo que se constitui desde o contexto pós-abolicionista até os dias de hoje, tendo em vista os movimentos empresariais em torno da temática. O texto propõe a construção de um mosaico que possibilite o entendimento da abordagem racial em diferentes momentos históricos. A pesquisa foi feita em etapas compostas por análises da filmografia de diferentes estúdios, como Disney, DreamWorks e Warner Bros, à luz de autores como Agnes Heller, Angela Davis, Derek Kompare e Carol Stabile, em três blocos temporais diferentes: 1930/1959, 1960/1989 e 1990/2018. Palavras-Chave: Raça, Silêncio, Representação, Desenho animado. ABSTRACT DORNELLES, Wagner dos S. That which we don’t talk about: an overview of black people representation in mainstream animated cartoons Orientadora: Ariane Diniz Holzbach. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 2019. This masters dissertation proposes to analysis the black people representation in mainstream animated cartoons, based on constitution of the Brazilian racial debate. Based on analyses of the ideas of memory and prejudice, this work purposes the debate on appropriation of this imaginary of disputes for symbolic spaces, something that is constituted from the post-abolitionist context until nowadays, bearing in mind the business movements around the theme. The paper proposes the construction of a mosaic that allows the understanding of the racial approach in different historical moments. The research was done in stages composing the analysis of the filmography of different studios, such as Disney, DreamWorks and Warner Bros, highlighting authors as Agnes Heller, Angela Davis, Derek Kompare and Carol Stabile, in three different time blocks: 1930/1959, 1960/1989 and 1990/2018. Keywords: Race, silence, representation, cartoon LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. George Leuzinger. Fazenda do Quititi, c. 1865. Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro. Acervo IMS ................................................................................................................ 26 Figura 2. Cartaz do Menestrel Show. ........................................................................... 29 Figura 3. Epidascópio (Lanterna Mágica). ................................................................... 43 Figura 4. Andy Serkis na captura de movimento de Cesar, protagonista da trilogia de prelúdios do filme O Planeta dos Macacos. ................................................................. 44 Figura 5. Esta mesma técnica também permitia misturar a animação com imagens reais, recurso este que foi muito usado na época pelos Estúdios Bray em personagens como O Palhaço Koko na versão de Branca de Neve (1927), que apresentava Betty Boop como protagonista. ............................................................................................................... 45 Figura 6. Exemplo de Squash e Strech. ....................................................................... 46 Figura 7. fotograma do curta Kaiser, de 1917, dirigido por Álvaro Martins. ................ 48 Figura 8. No desenho brasileiro Macaco Feio, Macaco Bonito (1929) observa-se no frame a apresentação do negro trabalhador entre outros elementos, como a palmeira e a folha de bananeira. ................................................................................................................... 49 Figura 9. Ainda muito influenciada pela imagem dos menestréis, a representação negra estabelece relações com o blackface. ........................................................................... 53 Figura 10. Cena de Music Land. .................................................................................. 54 Figura 11. Bonecos representando negros na animação Broken Toys (1935). Assim como nos demais exemplos dos curtas, estes personagens reproduzem uma série de estereótipos associados aos negros. neste caso, há asssociação com as ideias de servidão e vício. ... 55 Figura 12. A representação da empregada negra se repete em outras animações, como é o caso de More Kittens (1936), em que a empregada (destituída de face e identidade durante a sequência) mantém a prosódia característica do Black English. .................... 56 Figura 13. Comparativo disponível da versão de cinema e a disponível para homevideo. ................................................................................................................................... 57 Figura 14. Representação de trabalhadores braçais. O sistema de animação, com poucos detalhes, sem rosto, mas com uma característica marcante: são todos negros. .............. 59 Figura 15. Sequência de Dumbo considerada racista ................................................... 61 Figura 16. Frame do longa-metragem disponível no Youtube ...................................... 62 Figura 17. Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land (1931), um dos filmes que fazem parte dos .............................................................................................................................. 63 Figura 18. Sunday Go to Meetin' Time apresenta movimentos cartunescos e exagerados, que usam muito da técnica de squash & strech, apresentada no primeiro capítulo. Este fato cria o sentimento apresentado no código Hays como violência fantasiosa. ............ 65 Figura 19. Negritude à primitividade. .......................................................................... 66 Figura 20. De forma geral, as animações protegem a imagem do senhor da casa grande, já que representam os negros como figuras da própria sorte ou vítimas de uma vilania individual
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