Roberts Bank Archaeological Overview Assessment and Archaeological Impact Assessment Permit 2004-100

Prepared for: Vancouver Port Authority 2700 Granville Square, 200 Granville Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2P9

In partial fulfilment of: Permit 2004-100

By:

Millennia Research Limited 510 Alpha Street Victoria, BC V8Z 1B2 (250) 360-0919

November 13, 2004

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Millennia Research Limited was contracted by Vancouver Port Authority (VPA) to conduct an Archaeological Overview and Archaeological Impact Assessment for the Roberts Bank Deltaport Third Berth Expansion. The goal of this review is to provide the Roberts Bank Environmental Assessment Team with archaeological, historical, and traditional use information that will be instrumental in preparing the overall CEAA/BCEAA Environmental Assessment report for the project. This heritage review fulfils the requirements of a provincial Archaeological Overview Assessment and an Archaeological Impact Assessment as outlined in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (British Columbia Archaeology Branch 1998). Three archaeological sites have been recorded in the vicinity of the proposed development area: DgRs-2, DgRs-9, and DgRs-11. None are in conflict. On the tidal flats crossed by the Roberts Bank causeway there is a high potential for the remains of very large sturgeon fish traps. These would take the form of rows of wooden stakes several hundred metres long. Ethnographic information suggests these traps were far out on the tidal flats. However, it is unlikely that these traps were as far out as the dredging and landfill comprising the Deltaport Third Berth. On land, there is potential for archaeological remains of campsites associated with fishing, travel, cranberry harvesting, water fowl harvesting, and game hunting; duck net poles and facilities, and fish traps and other forms of wet sites in the former slough and stream channels. Areas where the proposed rail expansion crosses former slough and stream channels have the highest potential. Areas with the potential for archaeological conflicts had an Archaeological Inventory and Impact Assessment (AIA) conducted under Provincial Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) Section 14 Permit 2004-100. No archaeological remains were found in the uplands portion of the development and only one area, the former Cohilukthan Slough, retains sufficient potential to require archaeological monitoring should development proceed here. Otherwise, no further archaeological work is recommended for the uplands.

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The developments proposed for the intertidal flats appear to be so far from shore that there is almost no chance of impacting any archaeological remains of sturgeon weirs. The area closer to shore along the causeway retains the potential for these remains, but any remains are probably deeply buried by recent silt deposition, and there are no plans for further development here. No further archaeological work is recommended for the current intertidal and subtidal project areas.

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CREDITS

Authors and GIS Morley Eldridge, MA, RPCA Armando Anaya-Hernandez, PhD

Research Assistant Ivan Casselman, BA

Field Crew Fraeser Bak and Logan Forgo Tsawwassen First Nation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... ii

CREDITS...... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v

LIST OF PLATES ...... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 SCOPE AND REPORT ORGANIZATION ...... 1

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT ...... 2

2.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES ...... 2 2.2 PROPOSED PROJECT...... 2 Marine Works ...... 3 Road and Rail Infrastructure...... 3 2.3 GENERAL STUDY AREA ...... 3 2.4 PALAEOENVIRONMENT...... 4 2.4.1 Sea Level and Shoreline Changes...... 6 2.5 THE CENTRAL COAST SALISH ...... 8 2.5.1 Social Organization ...... 8 2.5.2 Settlement Patterns and Subsistence Activities ...... 9 2.5.3 The Tsawwassen of Point Roberts Area...... 10 2.5.4 Musqueam Use of the Area...... 11 2.6 HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY ...... 11 2.6.1 Previous Archaeological Research...... 17 2.7 KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ...... 18 2.8 POTENTIAL FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES...... 19 Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project v Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

2.9 UNDERWATER AND INTERTIDAL POTENTIAL, VICINITY OF CAUSEWAY ...... 19 2.10 SHORELINE POTENTIAL ...... 20 2.11 INLAND POTENTIAL ...... 22 2.12 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 25 2.12.1 Terminal Dredging and Landfill...... 25 2.12.2 Habitat Compensation Features ...... 28 2.12.3 Causeway...... 28 2.12.4 Railway ...... 28 2.13 ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 31

3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 32

3.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES ...... 32 3.2 METHODOLOGY...... 33 3.3 RESULTS...... 36 3.4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 43 3.5 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 44 3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 44

4 REFERENCES CITED...... 45

APPENDIX I ...... 51

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Auger testing inside south ditch...... 35 Plate 2. Saturated dark grey sand...... 40 Plate 3. “Sapropelic” black silty sand with shell fragments...... 40 Plate 4. General view of tidal flats looking south-east from the causeway...... 41 Plate 5. General view of tidal flats looking north-west from the dyke road north of the causeway...... 41

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Study area and nearby geographical features...... 5 Figure 2. Spit development at Tsawwassen, DgRs-2...... 21 Figure 3. Archaeological potential in the Gulf Siding area...... 25 Figure 4. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth dredging and terminal landfill areas. .... 27 Figure 5. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding West Portion...... 29 Figure 6. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding Central Portion...... 30 Figure 7. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding East Portion...... 31 Figure 8. Waypoints plotted on archaeological potential map...... 36 Figure 9. Location of Arcas' backhoe tests and Millennia's auger tests west section...... 37 Figure 10. Location of Arcas' backhoe tests and Millennia's auger tests central section...... 38 Figure 11. Location of Millennia's auger tests east section...... 39 Figure 12. Tidal flats survey tracks...... 42

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1 INTRODUCTION Millennia Research Limited was contracted by Vancouver Port Authority (VPA) to conduct an Archaeological Overview and Archaeological Impact Assessment for the Deltaport Third Berth Expansion Project. Deltaport Third Berth archaeological impacts can both be predicted (through the Archaeological Overview Assessment) and assessed (through an Archaeological Impact Assessment). Deltaport Third Berth involves an extension of existing facilities, both enlarging shipping channels and berthage, and expanding the landfill for an enlarged container handling area. No roadwork is required and approximately 23,000 feet (7,000 meters) of additional rail is required. The additional rail will be built on the existing causeway and within the existing rail right of way on the uplands. The causeway itself does not need to be enlarged. This report will be part of an overall Environmental Assessment Application submission to the BC Environmental Assessment Office. The reports are to meet the requirements of both the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the BC Environmental Assessment Act. This heritage review and Impact Assessment Report fulfils the requirements of a provincial Archaeological Overview Assessment as outlined in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (British Columbia Archaeology Branch 1998).

1.1 SCOPE AND REPORT ORGANIZATION The work was done in two primary phases. The first was an Archaeological Overview Assessment conducted primarily from a review of existing sources. The second phase was an Archaeological Impact Assessment, in which fieldwork was conducted using methods recommended by the Overview. The report reflects these two phases by being divided into major sections. The following section presents the results of the Overview Assessment; then a new section offers the results of the Impact Assessment. Background sections of a normal Archaeological Impact Assessment report are omitted, since these are presented in the Overview.

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2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

2.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the AOA is to provide the Roberts Bank Environmental Assessment Team with archaeological, historical, and traditional use information that may assist in environmental impact management. This study partially fulfils the requirements of a provincial Archaeological Overview Assessment as outlined in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment (British Columbia Archaeology Branch 1998). Research was primarily limited to literature and map sources which were readily available. Archaeological overview assessments are intended to: …identify and assess archaeological resource potential or sensitivity within a proposed study area. Recommendations concerning the appropriate methodology and scope of work for subsequent inventory and/or impact assessment studies are also expected (British Columbia Archaeology Branch 1998:8).

Overviews typically entail library and literary searches and consultation for archaeological, ethnographic, and historical data, searches of previously recorded archaeological site location and types, and an examination of proposed impacts. An overview precedes an impact assessment and guides the impact assessment process by indicating areas of increased potential to find archaeological sites and recommending how to assess these areas in light of the proposed development.

2.2 PROPOSED PROJECT The Vancouver Port Authority (VPA) proposes to construct the Deltaport Third Berth Project at the existing Roberts Bank Port facility located in Delta, B.C. The Deltaport Third Berth Project includes the construction of approximately 20 hectares of fill for newly constructed land for container operations and storage, construction of a wharf to accommodate an additional berth, a tug moorage area, extension of the ship channel, an additional truck exit gate, additional rail support track, some limited road improvements and operation of the facility. Widening of the

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Roberts Bank causeway will not be undertaken. The relevant works for archaeological purposes have been summarised from the VPA Deltaport Third Berth Project Scoping Document, and are presented below:

Marine Works The existing ship’s berth will be extended northwards, with attendant expansion of the ship channel and creation of a tug basin. The new land area will be created by placing dredged material and landfill operations, with soil densification works required along the perimeter berm and under most new structures. Preliminary estimations indicate an approximate 2 million cubic meters of material that is required to create the ship channel for the third berth and to construct the terminal area. The shoreline protection works for the northern shoreline of the container yard will consist of rock armoured slopes.

Road and Rail Infrastructure Road and rail analysis indicated that approximately 7000 metres (23,000ft) of additional rail track would be required for the Deltaport Third Berth project. Construction will take place along the arrival/departure rail tracks at the Gulf Siding (south of Deltaport Way in Delta) and on the Roberts Bank causeway. The existing Gulf Siding is located south of Deltaport Way between 41B Street and 57B Street; construction will involve extending the arrival/departure tracks east of 57B Street to 64th Street, Delta. All work will be done by BC Rail within BC Rail’s property on the Roberts Bank causeway and within their existing right-of-way through Delta. No new road infrastructure along the causeway or on Deltaport Way will be required.

2.3 GENERAL STUDY AREA The general area at Roberts Bank lies at the physiographic boundary between the Fraser River delta and the Tsawwassen Upland (Figure 1). In terms of the present day environment, the study area crosses from subtidal, to deltaic mudflats incised with dendritic channels, to uplands that are a mix of intensive farming and

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transportation corridors. The current environment is very different from that found in the early contact period, but it has always been subject to massive, ongoing changes. The Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd’ volumes on the Tsawwassen site, a few kilometres south of the present study area, contain an excellent summary of the environmental record of the study area and provide details of environmental history not available elsewhere (Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. 1991a, Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. 1991b, Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. 1999).

2.4 PALAEOENVIRONMENT Palaeoenvironmental conditions played a decisive role in human occupation and land-use patterns, as well as on the preservation of the physical remains product of human occupation. Conditions such as the presence of ice-sheets, availability of natural resources and climate are of critical importance to the establishment of resource procurement strategies. The most recent glacial period, the Fraser Glaciation, began some 29,000 years ago and climaxed at 15,000 years ago. Over several millennia during this glacial period the temperate vegetation was replaced with alpine species and finally tundra vegetation. At this time, the entire coast of British Columbia was covered by ice. At about 14,000 years ago the climate began to warm up. By the end of the Pleistocene glaciers retreated to near modern elevations. Palaeoenvironmental data of southern British Columbia indicate that although minor regional changes persisted, relatively modern environmental conditions were established between 4500 and 3000 years Before the Present (henceforth BP) (Hebda 1995:77, Mathewes 1973a, Mathewes 1973b, Mathewes 1976, Mathewes 1985:418-419).

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Figure 1. Study area and nearby geographical features. Base orthophoto supplied by client.

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2.4.1 Sea Level and Shoreline Changes During late Pleistocene deglaciation (12,000 – 10,000 years ago), sea levels ranged between 75m to 175m above present levels (Clague, et al. 1981) and the study area would have been deeply submerged. As glacial ice melted, the earth, freed of the ice’s weight, rebounded causing sea levels to fall to several meters below today’s level. (Williams and Roberts 1989) has constructed a detailed sea level curve for the Fraser River delta during the Holocene period: Year Before Present Sea level (metres relative to present) 9000-8000 -12 8000-6200 -12 to –4 6200-5800 Stillstand at –4 5800-4500 -4 to –2 4500-2250 -2 to 0 2250 – present Stillstand at 0

Exploitation of shoreline resources would follow the rise and fall of sea levels. Late Pleistocene sites are expected at elevated shorelines, and sites dating to the rebound period (ca. 9000 BP) are expected to be lower than present sea levels. More than 5000 years ago the Tsawwassen Upland was an island (Roberts Island) offshore from the advancing Fraser River delta. About 5000 years ago tidal flats connected the island to the mainland and subsequently between 2500 and 3000 years ago Roberts Island was joined to the mainland with land above high tide, becoming a peninsula (Ryder 1999). This provides a calendar date for Tsawwassen oral history, which states the first ancestor of the Tsawwassen came down from clouds in the mountains near Agassiz. He saw an island (Point Roberts) where he then went to stay, while it was still an island (Joe 1925 quoted in Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:110). Jenness (referenced in Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:168) recorded another story, regarding the Transformers (hero figures in Salishan oral history who corrected errors and imbalances, and made the world what it is today). In the course of battling greedy

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people and giant octopus, they anchored the island of Tsawwassen to the bottom of the sea, saying “In the years to come this island shall grow in size and join the mainland”. At the northern end of the Tsawwassen Upland, just south of the current study area, a series of beaches and spits developed in sequence during the latter part of the Holocene (Preckel, et al. 1991, Ryder 1999). These spits formed from material carried by longshore currents north and initially also east from the bluffs of Tsawwassen uplands. The three spits on which archaeological site DgRs 2 occur commenced and completed formation from: Spit 1: ca 4000 to later than 2280; Spit 2: Later than 2280 to ca 2000; Spit 3: ca 2000 to ca 900. Beach and spit progradation combined with delta progradation to eventually merge Roberts Island with the mainland and form a peninsula between 3000 and 2500 years ago (Ryder 1999). This halted the west-to-east migration of sediments along the north shore of Roberts Island . The areas to the north of these spits (including the current study area) evolved from a shallow channel, to tidal flats or salt marsh, to a mix of wetter and dryer upland sites cut through by sloughs in the later Holocene (Ryder 1999:12). While active, beach ridges would have been largely unvegetated, while the swales between would be salt marsh or tidal flats. Delta flats slightly above high tide would mostly be grasslands, with stands of crabapple and deciduous shrubs (Ryder 1999:12). Once inactive, higher, drier sites would be forested with Douglas-fir; moist sites would be treed in mixed coniferous and deciduous forest, dominated by cottonwoods; and depressions not affected by high tides would become shrub carrs or cedar swamps (North, et al. 1979, Ryder 1999:12). A series of tidal and riverine sloughs dissected the delta, providing canoe transportation to most of the area and sheltered passages to access the Fraser River and Boundary Bay. Some of these sloughs were in the vicinity of the current project. These are discussed in more detail below.

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2.5 THE CENTRAL COAST SALISH The study area is close to the Tsawwassen First Nation (TFN) village, but other First Nations, including the Musqueam, also claim an interest in the study area. Musqueam IR 4 is located a short distance to the north of the Roberts Bank Terminal. All are speakers of Halkomelem, and are part of the large linguistic and cultural body known as the Central Coast Salish. A general discussion of Central Coast Salish ethnography follows. The Central Coast Salish are comprised of five different language groups: Squamish, Halkomelem, Nooksack, Northern Straits and Clallam. The Tsawwassen, who inhabited the delta south of the mouth of the Fraser River, are part of the Halkomelem language group. The Tsawwassen people speaks Stalo, which is the dialect of the Fraser River peoples up to Hope. The other neighbouring Halkomelem speakers are the Musqueam, that occupied the North Arm of the Fraser and on Burrard Inlet; the Saleelwat located on Indian Arm; the Kwantlen on the Fraser from the upper end of the delta and upstream perhaps as far as the Pitt River; the Coquitlam, located on the Coquitlam River; the Nicomekl, which occupied a territory that extended from the Fraser south to Boundary Bay by way of the Salmon and Nicomekl Rivers; and the Katzie, located along the Pitt River (Suttles 1990:453-455). Elemndorf’s 1960 work showed that during the mid nineteenth century a complex network of intervillage ceremonial and intermarriage activity existed between the elites of the Southern Coast Salish, and the Central Coast Salish, extending the social network into the Strait of Georgia (cited in Suttles 1990:13). These marriage alliances and resource exchange took place with the adjacent groups both within their own region and beyond, where differences in language or customs were not considered a deterrent. Likewise, hostile relations broke both within the region and outside of it, but as a general rule hostilities tended to not occur between close neighbours (Suttles 1990: 456-457).

2.5.1 Social Organization The Central Coast Salish recognized bilateral kinship. Both matrilateral and patrilateral relatives were designated using the same kinship terminology. Marriage was prescribed outside

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the kin group and it extended up to fourth cousins, although in practice distant cousins did marry. The family, household, named local group, and the winter village constituted the residential groups in order of complexity. The family group consisted of the basic nuclear family consisting of husband, wife and their offspring, who occupied a section of the winter house where it had their own hearth. In some cases the family group could extend to include co-wives, although these often had their own hearths (Suttles 1990: 463-464). The household was composed of several families related either by the female or male line who cooperated economically and socially. Some households developed a more complex internal stratification, with the core of blood relatives who were the direct descendants of a notable ancestor, having the control of the house’s resources and ritual paraphernalia. The named local group consisted mainly of a household of an established kin group and its dependent households. Although kinship does not constitute the binding link between members of a named local group, its members share a sense of identity and a common origin myth of descent from a “first man”. The size of the local groups varied; some local groups had their own winter villages, while others had adjacent houses in the same winter village (Suttles 1990:464). Several houses representing kin and local groups formed the winter village. The village, however, was not a homogeneous entity, and in occasions different language groups composed segments of the village. Nevertheless although individual households enjoyed social and political independence, households within the village cooperated in some economic and ritual activities as well as in defence. Furthermore, although no formal inter-village organization existed, under the leadership of notable chiefs, villages cooperated in mutual defence (Suttles 1990:464).

2.5.2 Settlement Patterns and Subsistence Activities As with other Northwest Coast groups fishing was the most important subsistence activity for the Central Coast Salish. All five species of salmon were harvested at different places during different times of the year. Chinooks and cohoes were caught by trolling from late winter through spring, but only along the coast. Sockeye and pink salmon is generally available

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along the Strait of Juan de Fuca at about mid-July following a route around the southern shore of Vancouver Island, to the San Juan and Southern Gulf Island, and entering into the mainland through Point Roberts and the Fraser River. Chinooks were available during the spring in some of the smaller rivers, and chinook and cohoes runs were present during the summer. Likewise, many rivers and streams had fall runs of chums, and some had runs of steelhead during the winter (Suttles 1990:457). Other important fish species for the Central Coast Salish were halibut, which was caught from late spring through summer in nearly every coastal village, sturgeon, which was harpooned, netted, or trapped in bays around the mouth of the Fraser and in the river and its sloughs, and flounders, herring, and eulachon (Suttles 1990:457; Millennia Research Ltd. 1998: 7). Apart from fishing, hunting and gathering constituted complementary economic activities. Sea hunters took sea lions, hair seal, and porpoise; seals were harpooned, clubbed or caught with net. These two sea mammals were the most important source of oil. On land deer was hunted using several different hunting techniques that included pit drives, stake drives, water drives, snares and bow and arrow. Elk, mountain goats and black bear were also hunted with the use of bow and arrow. Bears were taken with deadfalls or pitfalls or smoked out of their winter dens and clubbed or speared. Smaller species such as beavers were shot, speared or clubbed. Various species of waterfowl hunted with bow and arrow, spears or nets (Suttles 1990: 458-459). Starchy roots and tubers along with berries and nuts constituted an important dietary complement. Shellfish was extremely important to the diet and a variety of shellfish such as butter clams, horse clams, littleneck clams, cockles and mussels, barnacles, crabs and sea urchins were extensively gathered (Suttles 1990: 459).

2.5.3 The Tsawwassen of Point Roberts Area As noted by Bouchard and Kennedy (1991) the extent of the Tsawwassen traditional territory is unclear. Boas’ 1887 ethnological map of the region delineates the Tsawwassen territory to include Westham Island, Canoe Passage, the south arm of the Fraser extending upriver to an area just past of Ladner, and the area on the south shore of the Fraser’s South Arm, including all of Points Roberts and the western two-thirds of Boundary Bay (Bouchard and

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Kennedy 1991: 104). The latter as it was mentioned above include areas that have been recognized as the traditional lands of the Kwantlen and Nicomekl, respectively. Bouchard and Kennedy concluded that sometime prior to 1857 the Tsawwassen and the Kwantlen were closely related. Since the mid 1800’s the Tsawwassen territory included the area of Tsawwassen Indian Reserve, as well as Westham Island, Canoe Passage, and much of the South Arm, including much of Point Roberts (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:109). The Tsawwassen Reserve has been a village site for over 4000 years. Although the archaeological evidence (site DgRs-2) indicates a great antiquity for the village, a series of abandonment and resettlement episodes were caused by smallpox epidemics during the 1770’s and early to mid 1800’s (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991: 115-117).

2.5.4 Musqueam Use of the Area No information specific to the Musqueam use of the area was received. However, the Musqueam have a reserve just north of the Roberts Bank causeway and near Canoe Pass, Musqueam IR # 4 (Figure 1). The Musqueam IR # 4 was an area given to the Musqueam by the government as part of the compensation package for the Vancouver Airport Expansion in the 1970’s (Darrel Desjardin personal communication to A.Anaya October 2004). It is presumed that the general Central Coast Salish/Halkomelem pattern holds for Musqueam use of the area.

2.6 HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY The region has been subject to relatively intensive archaeological research; the southern Strait of Georgia is perhaps the most excavated area of the Canadian portion of the Northwest Coast culture area. Early archaeological work was conducted by Smith (e.g., Smith 1897a, Smith 1897b, Smith 1907, Smith and Fowke 1901) and Hill-Tout (Hill-Tout 1895, Hill-Tout 1948, Hill-Tout 1978). Beginning in the 1940s, Charles Borden conducted a series of excavations that introduced more scientific methods (Borden 1950, Borden 1951, Borden 1968, Borden 1970, Borden 1976). Borden’s students and others went on to found university, college, museum, and government archaeological faculties and programs. From this research a widely accepted chronological sequence has emerged (e.g., Borden 1968, Burley 1980, Carlson 1983, Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 11 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

Carlson 1990, Carlson 1991, Croes 1995, Fladmark 1982, Ham, et al. 1984, Matson 1976, Matson 1989, Matson and Coupland 1995, Mitchell 1971, Mitchell 1982, Mitchell 1990). This sequence is composed of five archaeological phases: Old Cordilleran (8500-5500 BP); Charles (5500-3000+ BP); Locarno (3000+-2500 BP); Marpole (2500-1000); and Strait of Georgia (1000-to European Contact). Evidence for even older human occupation has also been found, in the form of projectile points similar to those used by Plains palaeoIndian big game hunters, but not in well-dated contexts (Eldridge and McLaren 1998, McLaren, et al. 1997). The Charles Culture Type (5500-3000+ BP) is characterized by riverine and maritime adapted cultures strongly reliant on salmon exploitation, although shellfish, and sea and land mammals were also utilized. It has been argued that this phase represents the development of towards ethnographic cultural patterns (Ham 1982). Although some authorities maintain that social complexity, particularly in the form of inherited high status, did not begin until the much later Marpole period (Matson and Coupland 1995), evidence from Tsawwassen indicates that inherited high status was present in the Charles period. This evidence is from pre-adult burials accompanied by massive amounts of wealth objects: in one instance, a ca. 12-14 year old boy was buried with over 50,000 ground slate beads (Curtin 1999:56) And Ham et al. (1984)argue that differential amounts of wealth items in houses represent a hierarchy of status at the St Mungo site just upstream from Ladner. On the Gulf Islands, Carlson (1993) suggests that the potlatch and other aspects of Coast Salish social and spiritual life had developed by the Charles period. In Charles Culture assemblages, chipped stone artifacts predominate. They tend to be manufactured from locally available basalt although quartzite and chert are also used in some quantity. The chipped stone artifacts are largely expedient to manufacture and are characteristically unshaped flake tools and various forms of pebble tools dominant (Pratt 1992:292). Along with the continuing presence of chipped stone tools such as bifaces, bipolar cores, pebble tools, and abrasive stones, woodworking tools crafted out of ground stone, shell and antler begin to appear. At the local level, the St. Mungo Phase is characterized by the introduction of microliths, slate and siltstone objects with incised motifs, unilaterally and Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 12 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

bilaterally barbed harpoon points, perforated bone pendants as well as clam and shell disc beads, T-shaped labrets, flexed burials and cyst burials (Preckel 1991:88, 94). Living floors, post holes and hearths are common to most sites dated to the Charles Culture. Matson (1994:7) states that there is no evidence for the large plank structures known in later periods, however, Ham et al (1984:85) state quite clearly that “All three excavations projects at St. Mungo have encountered large post-molds between 26 and 80 cm in diameter suggesting that permanent house frames were maintained at the site through the Charles Culture occupation”. The size of the houses in Charles and Locarno phases is unclear, and they may have been much smaller than the huge houses of later periods. The origin of the Locarno Culture remains a matter of debate. Pratt (1992) suggests that the Locarno Beach culture evolved from the earlier St. Mungo (Charles) phase and Carlson (1975: cited in Burley 1980:9) notes similarities between the Locarno and Mayne (Charles) phase assemblages. Some have proposed that the recognizable differences between the mainland and Island components may indicate that the Locarno culture first developed on the islands (Matson and Coupland 1995:165). Finally, some theories continue to view the peoples of the Locarno Culture Type as immigrants to the area. For example, Cressman (1977 in Burley 1980:32) suggested that the Locarno population were Penutian speaking peoples who came from the Great Basin via the Columbia River and then northward. Recent analyses of artifact types, such as those by Pratt (1992)and Matson (1989), reaffirm that the Locarno Culture developed in situ. Nowadays it is widely accepted that the Locarno Culture Type (3000+-2500 BP) represents a continuation of the preceding maritime adaptation, with reliance on various coastal resources as well as in land mammals. The widespread presence of fire-cracked rock suggests that cooking may have been done by pit roasting or steaming. The presence of exotic objects made out of soapstone, coal and bone suggests that during this phase social differentiation began to take place, albeit the fact that settlements tend to be smaller and cranial deformation is rare (Preckel et al. 1991:95). While no specific population estimates can be suggested, the relative lack of large-scale house features in investigations to date suggests that settlement size may have Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 13 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

been smaller than those of succeeding phases (Mitchell 1971:59, 1990:344). The large permanent winter villages and extended family households which are characteristic of later periods may not be so for the Locarno. During the Marpole Culture Type (2500-1000 BP) subsistence practices continue to centre on coastal resources, with a growing emphasis on salmon. Burley (1980) attempts to reconstruct the economic and socio-political organization during the Marpole period on the basis of the archaeological data and ethnographic analogy (primarily Barnett 1955, Duff 1952, Suttles 1951). Both Burley (1980) and Mitchell (1971) noted the association of Marpole site distribution and the Fraser River. Mitchell (1971:52) states the large salmon runs in the river were probably “a mainstay of the economy.” Although few analyses had been completed at the time Burley wrote his monograph (1980:55), on the basis of faunal analysis it was suggested that “at least in types of resources being procured, Marpole peoples differed little from their historic counterparts.” In addition to salmon, herring, eulachen, rock fish and sturgeon were caught (Boucher 1976, Casteel 1976). Settlements become more elaborate, with the presence of coastal villages composed by large rectangular structures built with heavy timbers (Preckel 1991:95). House platforms and post molds are recorded archaeologically during the Marpole period. Drawing the analogy from similar kinds of structures known after contact, these features suggest that large multifamily winter households were maintained during this period Burley (1980) suggests that part-time specialists and a sexual division of labour similar to those known from ethnographic records existed during the Marpole period. Suttles (1951:491) recorded that in late prehistory men were involved in the manufacture of items from wood, stone, and bone, dressed skins and made nets; and women made baskets, mats, blankets, sewed skins and worked with bark. Burley (1980:58) proposes that individuals may have specialized in woodworking, canoe-making, stone sculpture, and possibly in prestigious subsistence pursuits. The artifact assemblage reflects a continuation from the previous period; however, these become much more elaborate. Pit roasting and steaming cooking is well documented by the pervasive presence of fire-cracked rock and roasting pit features. Social differentiation becomes much more evident during this period reflected by the differential treatment of the deceased Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 14 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

individuals and the unequivocal presence of cranial deformation. Some individuals were interred with large amount of grave goods, while others had no associated artifacts. The recovery of large quantities of wealth items such as large stone carvings, copper, disc beads, and dentalia from some burials of the period, including those of women and children, suggests social stratification was firmly in place during Marpole. At present the accepted archaeological understanding is that “a stratified society, similar to that of the historic period, was in existence during the Marpole”(as in Burley 1980:60-61). The differential distribution of grave goods suggests the presence of both noble and commoner classes, and Burley suggested that it is likely a slave class also existed, although archaeological support for the latter was lacking at the time of his report (Burley 1980:60-63). Since this time, some evidence for possible slave ‘burials’ has been unearthed at Tsawwassen (Arcas 1991 III: 106-109, 176-181). As noted above, copper and dentalia are believed to have been wealth items that could only be amassed in any quantity by the nobility through trade with neighbouring groups. These items do not naturally occur in the Gulf of Georgia area - dentalia are found on the west coast of Vancouver Island, and the copper may have come from the Copper River in Alaska. Other extra- local materials recovered from Marpole components include obsidian from Oregon, and nephrite and soapstone from the Fraser Canyon. It is most likely that these items were obtained through trade. Burley (1980:63-64) suggests that intra-regional trade was important because of unequal access to resources. This trade would have involved the exchange of subsistence goods, lithic materials, and manufactured utilitarian items and valuables. The recovery of seated human figure bowls, scallop shell rattles, graphite, and ochre provides hints of the spiritual world in the Marpole period. Burley notes that Duff’s (1956:56- 59) informants associated figurine bowls with water, spirit power and shamanism. One bowl was found atop a burial cairn and several from the interior are from grave contexts (Hill-Tout 1948, Stryd 1976). In general however, the bowls lack recorded provenience. Scallop shell rattles have been recovered from the False Narrows (Burley 1979) and Beach Grove sites (Abbott 1961).

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Ochre and graphite are common materials recovered in Marpole components. When ground and mixed with a medium such as oil or water they may have been used as paints in ceremonial activity. Finally, Burley (1980:66-67) suggests that the potlatch as it is known from the ethnographic record was not present in the Marpole, although feasts with exchange of goods may have been customary. This contrasts with the evidence from Charles period suggesting that funeary potlatching was present in Charles times (Carlson and Hobler 1993). The transition to the Gulf of Georgia Culture Type, representing the Coast Salish people in the centuries before contact (A.D. 1000-European contact) has proven to be difficult to tie down. Until recently, a gap of 400 to 500 years in the archaeological record of radiocarbon dates existed between the demise of the Marpole Culture and the appearance of the Gulf of Georgia Culture. The emergence of this culture was attributed to various causes, which ranged from the pervasive immigration explanation of people with a different technology arriving in the region (e.g., Borden 1950, Borden 1970, Carlson 1970), a local response to changing climatic conditions, or the diffusion of different resource procurement techniques. Nevertheless, despite some differences Mitchell (1971:72) argued that there was a consistent continuity between the Marpole and Gulf of Georgia assemblages, stating that although differences between these two cultures existed, these were too subtle to be taken as evidence of external development. Nowadays it is generally accepted that the Gulf of Georgia Culture represents a direct development from the earlier Marpole Culture. Settlement patterns during this phase were similar to those known from the ethnographic record characterized by large winter villages and some large summer villages, with smaller spring, summer, and fall camps with a seasonal round identical to that known ethnographically. Settlement patterns during this period included the presence of fortified sites with palisade walls and ditches; often without a source of fresh water and shallow shell middens indicating a temporal residence (e.g., Keddie 1984). A heavy reliance on coastal resources, with particular emphasis on salmon, characterizes this phase. Accordingly, the artefact assemblage reflects this reliance on coastal resources with a noticeable variety and complexity of fishing paraphernalia that includes herring rakes, fish gorges, leister spear points, toggling harpoons, trolling hooks, unilaterally barbed points, net or Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 16 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

line weights, net gauges, reef net gear, and fish weirs. Noticeably, the artefact assemblage is characterized by an extensive use of bone with a considerable reduction of chipped stone artifacts (Preckel, et al. 1991). The social organization from this phase is inferred from the ethnographic record with ethnographic analogy. Social hierarchy was full-fledged by this time; status differences within individuals were based on the acquisition of ancestral names and personal wealth. Cranial deformation, tattooing and body piercing may also be indicative of hierarchical differentiation. Likewise, treatment of the deceased may also reflect difference in status, with mortuary practices such as midden burials, and above ground burials such as mortuary houses, tree and cave burials. The presence of grave goods is rare, possibly because these were fashioned of perishable materials.

2.6.1 Previous Archaeological Research Three archaeological sites have been recorded in the immediate vicinity of Roberts Bank: DgRs-2, DgRs-9, and DgRs-11. Site DgRs-2 is situated on the Tsawwassen Indian Reserve, about 3.5km southeast of the Gulf Siding at 41B Street. The site consists of a very large shell midden measuring about 425m north-south by 630m east-west. Smith first reported the site in 1921 and American archaeologist Frederica de Laguna visited in 1935. It was formally recorded as DgRs-2 by Don Abbott in 1961 with further recordings by Kautz and Routley in 1974, Kenny in 1975, and Broderick and Gindl in 1978 (Stryd 1991). From 1988 to 1990 Arcas Consulting Archeologists conducted archaeological monitoring and impact assessment as part of the BC Ferry terminal infrastructure development works (Stryd 1991). These archaeological works along with ethnographic research undertaken as part of the study has amassed considerable knowledge regarding the nature and antiquity of DgRs-2. Archaeologically, DgRs-2 contains shell middens that exceed the 5m in depth, and dates to the last four millennia. According to ethnographic accounts during the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries, longhouses were present at the site (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991). Additional ethnographic observations were

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collated by Bouchard and Kennedy as part of the Arcas study that relate directly to the Roberts Bank study area. These are discussed in detail below where relevant to the current project. Site DgRs-9 occupies most of the English Bluff area, 4.3km to the south of the Gulf Siding. This site consists of shell midden deposits of approximately 20x20m in extent. A radiocarbon date of ca. 1200 BP was obtained from the site. Along with several artefacts, various human remains were encountered at the site. The presence of a burial showing frontal occipital cranial deformation suggests that the site predates ca. 900 BP. Furthermore, the absence of flaked stone artefacts also suggests that the site may also post date ca. 1200 BP. Barely 50m to the northeast of DgRs-9, and 4km south of the Gulf Siding site DgRs-11 is located. This site consists for its most part of severely disturbed shell midden deposits. No human remains or radiocarbon dates have been recovered from the site. Nevertheless based on some differences noted on the artefact assemblage of site DgRs-11, it has been assigned to the Marpole Phase (Sutherland 1969 siteform).

In 1995, Arcas conducted an Archaeological Impact Assessment on the Deltaport Way Extension (Arcas Consulting Archaeologists Ltd. 1995), excavating a total of 39 backhoe tests that reached a depth of 2m below the surface. The results of these excavations provide a detailed account of the deltaic sediments of the study area (Arcas 1995:12-14). The results of this field program have a direct bearing on the potential assessment of this project. Further details on the Arcas study are presented in the “Impact Assessment” section of this report.

2.7 KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES No sites are currently recorded at the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch within the development area (via the on-line Remote Access to Archaeological Data or RAAD database, May 31, 2004). The three recorded in the vicinity are all well-removed from the development area.

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2.8 POTENTIAL FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Delta progradation rates would suggest that any sites found within the study area would probably date to the last thousand years or so. This, in itself, limits archaeological potential somewhat compared with elevated areas (such as the nearby Tsawwassen uplands), which have a potential for sites dating to over 10 millennia, and thus, ten times more time for archaeological materials to accumulate.

2.9 UNDERWATER AND INTERTIDAL POTENTIAL, VICINITY OF CAUSEWAY Sea levels were 14 m below current level 6200 years ago, meaning that any presently submerged land less than -14 m elevation was entirely exposed at this time (Williams and Roberts 1989). We believe that all sediments in the study area that fall within this elevation range are deltaic, and therefore are too young to have been present and exposed at this early time. However, if older sediments (such as glacial tills) are found in the study area higher than – 14m elevation, then their surface may have archaeological potential. Ethnographic information suggests that aboriginal fish weir remains are likely present at or near the study area on the tidal flats. To quote from Bouchard and Kennedy: As the tide receded, the sturgeon were drawn between two converging stake fences into a small circular pond…Although Barnett did not say exactly where there sturgeon traps were used at Tsawwassen, he did note that it was “quite a ways from shore”. Presumably it was these sturgeon traps that Harry Joe and others were referring to when they told the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs that the “water frontage” of the Tsawwassen Reserve was where their ancestors “used to set their fish trap & get fish for their support” Joe Splockton noted there were four or five sturgeon traps “in front of the village”: The sturgeon trap was called tqep…they were fenced triangles about 200 yards across…. Julius Charles at Lummi told Suttles (1949a) that the remains of the Tsawwassen sturgeon traps were still visible in the early 1900s and that these traps were “owned by Chief Harry [Joe].”… RW was told by his uncle that traps were formerly used in channels off the mouth of Canoe Passage to catch sturgeon. As far as RW knew, these traps were in the vicinity of what is now a man-made peninsula extending out to the Roberts Bank coal-loading facility. Old Joe Splockton said that the Tsawwassen people also caught sturgeon in nets and by gaff- hooking “off the mouth of Canoe Passage”. (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:150-151, emphasis added).

The remains of these sturgeon traps should be present in the form of rows of wood stake nubs protruding from the tidal flats, in places where silt deposition has not deeply buried them or

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where dredging and construction has not destroyed them. The oral history referenced above suggests that the traps were in ruins but recognisable at least until the early 20th century. Stakes buried in mud can preserve indefinitely. Wood stake weirs as old as 4,000 years (Eldridge and Acheson 1992), and undated stakes in a half dozen other sites have been found on the Fraser delta (Eldridge and Mackie 1993).

2.10 SHORELINE POTENTIAL Figure 2 shows a series of spits that developed from longshore drift at the Tsawwassen site DgRs-2. The youngest spit (#4) shown in the figure, extends northwards parallel to the modern beach, and is the principal landform on which many of the houses and facilities of the TFN are built. Ryder (1999:12) states that this is a relatively young landform that was probably active until the 20th century. This spit does not extend northwards as far as the present study area and, because the source of the spit’s sand is the bluffs south of the ferry causeway, spits are unlikely to be a factor influencing archaeological potential as far north as the Roberts Bank causeway. The delta itself (including the tidal flats) is formed of finer sediments carried by the Fraser River. However, other littoral features, including duning and riverine levees, could have created slightly raised landforms with high archaeological potential within the study area, near the modern shoreline and inland.

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Figure 2. Spit development at Tsawwassen, DgRs-2. The southern causeway is BC Ferries’; the northern is the Roberts Bank.

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2.11 INLAND POTENTIAL The inland part of the Deltaport Third Berth project is defined by railyard development along Deltaport Way in the existing rail right of way. Specific ethnographic information, combined with general Coast Salish ethnography and regional archaeology, suggests certain site types could be present. A major slough once crossed from a mouth just south of the Roberts Bank causeway to the Fraser River at Ladner Landing. Bouchard and Kennedy (1991:163) compile and discuss the ethnographic information regarding the slough: The name for Cohilukthan Slough, which runs from the north end of the Tsawwassen Indian Reserve up to Ladner and connects the Strait of Georgia with the Fraser river, was given by Joe w Splockton as “ č i č ilə x q ə n” Suttles 1949a). This same term, sts’élexwken (anglicized as “Cohilukthan”), was recognized as the name for Cohilukthan Slough by SJ, RJ, RW, and MG. SJ translated this term as ‘slough’. In former times it was possible to paddle a canoe through this slough (Suttles 1949a; MG; RW), especially when going to New Westminster (RJ). Kew (1970) provided the transcription “stselexwken” and identified this as a camping site at Ladner. Rozen (1979) also transcribed this term as sts’élexwken which he translated as ‘going upriver to the top end,’ and also stated that this was the name of the Ladner area.[Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:163].

This slough has been reproduced in several maps, such as Ham (1998) and North et al. (1979). For the purposes of this project, the slough was digitized from a rectified 1870s legal survey plan, (on which the slough appears as a detailed feature), to determine the precise location in which to direct fieldwork. This map appears accurate in relation to the legal lot boundaries, which were used as control points for rectification. However, modifications were made where the orthophoto shows the original slough channel clearly. In some cases, legal lot boundaries follow the late 19th century margin. The slough channel is a good fit with that shown by Ham after rectification. Stream and minor slough channels were digitized from Ham, with additional features interpreted from colour orthophotos provided by the client and historical airphotos obtained from the Air Photo Library of LandData BC. The latter were georeferenced and rectified prior to digitizing. Cohilukthan Slough was an important transportation route accessing the Fraser River through the study area. In addition to its use as a transportation route, resources would have been extracted along it. Upland game, especially elk and deer, and waterfowl would have been Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 22 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

hunted. Hunting camps, butchering sites, or drying rack processing sites may be related to this hunting. Major facilities for catching large numbers of waterfowl were built in precontact times. These took the form of very large open mesh nets (made from nettle or Indian hemp) that were suspended between high poles along flyways at dusk. The poles, or the postholes if rotted, would most likely be located on the margins of channels and streams. There could also be camps or resource processing facilities associated with this hunting. The Tsawwassen people were particularly well known amongst aboriginal people and newcomers for harvesting and trading huge numbers of waterfowl, producing both meat and down for weaving (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:154). Although not specifically mentioned by the ethnography, wood stake fish weirs for both salmon and sturgeon can be expected within the main and subsidiary channels of the slough. Such sites often also accumulate a wet site midden of preserved organic cultural debris, such as cast-off or lost clothing and worn out baskets. The banks of the slough at such places could be expected to contain lithic debris, small shell middens, and other sites associated with construction, maintenance, and operation of the facilities. Berry crops, especially bog blueberries and bog cranberries, were important vegetable crops for the Tsawwassen and other First Nation groups in the area (Bouchard and Kennedy 1991:157-158). Ridges and troughs in the Ladner Trunk Road bog may be the result of cultivation of wild cranberries by aboriginal people (North and Teversham 1984). It is unknown if any highly productive areas for these crops occurred in the study area. North et al. (1979) show the area crossed by the rail facilities to be in the 1850s a mix of grasslands, flood plain forest (adjacent to Choilukthan Slough) and crabapple thicket. Bog vegetation that supported these berries probably occurred in pockets throughout these zones, and the landforms and vegetation would have undergone transformations as the delta prograded westwards and built in elevation. The ridges and swales of berry cultivation described by North are the most obvious archaeological correlate with berry production. Such features are likely only still visible in areas where intensive plow agriculture has not taken place, and the area of the rail facility expansion has all undergone such plowing. Small campsites with lithics or small shell middens might also Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 23 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

be associated with cranberry or other resource extraction and would be more likely to survive to the present. It seems likely that any facilities for harvesting or processing berry crops would occur near sloughs or streams, where canoe transport was easiest. Ham (1998) has previously taken into account previous slough and stream locations and the ethnographic record and compiled potential maps for the general area. Ham provides a wide buffer on the streams and sloughs both to indicate potential within a short distance from the waterways, and to account for mapping inaccuracies and channel migration through time. We were unclear on our copy of Ham’s map whether he intended to exclude the areas of ‘floodplain forest’ from his areas of potential – other areas clearly inside include grassland, shrubland, salt marsh, and brackish marsh. We have left the floodplain forest out of the accompanying figure (Figure 3). Using his polygons, about half of the eastern half of the Gulf Siding, approximately from 46A Street to 53 Street (Arthur Drive) has moderate potential. If the full slough is included within higher potential (and at least the channel would need to be, in order to include potential for fish traps built in the slough), then about three-quarters of the route lies within moderate potential. More detailed maps are presented below in “Impact Assessment”. Millennia Research buffered the approximate centreline of the slough channel by 80 m (to include the channel and the banks) and the creeks by 30 m in order to identify the highest potential for archaeological remains. These are shown intersected with the rail corridor on Figure 3. The area is much smaller, but when combined with the Ham polygons, it would suggest that the majority of the corridor has at least some potential for archaeological remains. Some archaeological sites may be relatively easy to find – such as lithic or shell midden scatters remaining from resource procurement or processing sites. Others, such as wood stake fish weirs or other wet sites, are likely to be relatively deeply buried, at the base of old slough or stream channels now in filled. The soils of such sites are likely to be unsuitable for construction which needs to carry heavy loads, so they are likely to be stripped away during construction. Paradoxically, such sites are likely to be the most scientifically important due to their wealth of preserved organic artifacts and palaeoenvironmental data.

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Figure 3. Archaeological potential in the Gulf Siding area.

2.12 IMPACT ASSESSMENT Impact assessment for an Overview is preliminary and based on likely scenarios given known information. It can either be used to select alternative development plans, or to guide fieldwork for an Archaeological Impact Assessment. The latter is the purpose in this report. Potential impacts are discussed by project area.

2.12.1 Terminal Dredging and Landfill The existing ship’s berth will be extended northwards, along with expansion of the ship channel and creation of a tug basin (Figure 4). Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 25 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

The dredging for the ship channel will deepen a previously dredged area, with no archaeological impact expected. The tug basin extends from a previously dredged area into an apparently undisturbed tidal flat (existing elevation 0 to 1 m chart datum). The tug basin will be dredged to an elevation of -6.5 m (chart datum). Ethnographic information, discussed above, suggests that the Tsawwassen in the 19th century maintained large wood stake sturgeon fish traps “quite a ways” from shore in tidal channels crossing the flats in the immediate vicinity of the Roberts Bank causeway. It seems likely that any fish trap remains would have been impacted by construction of the original causeway and terminals, but the reported large size of the traps – converging lines of stakes several hundred metres long each – also suggests that previous impacts would be unlikely to totally destroy such as site. Fish trap remains can therefore be expected to the sides of the existing facilities. There is a chance that remains of these traps occur in the tug basin dredging area, although it seems unlikely the traps were this far from shore, close to the delta edge. Excavation will take place in the whole Third Berth extension area, cutting into existing sediments (current elevation ranges from +3.3 m to + 1 m chart datum) (Figure 4). The construction of 20 ha of new land to create the land base for the terminal will also fill over tidal flats. This area, too, has potential for impacting fish trap remains, with similar levels of impact as the tug basin development.

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Figure 4. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth dredging and terminal landfill areas.

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2.12.2 Habitat Compensation Features Preliminary estimates indicate dredging of approximately 1.6 million cubic metres of material is required to create the ship channel and an additional 2 million cubic metres will need to be dredged for reclamation of the third berth and terminal area. Up to 2.3 million cubic metres of the total dredge volume will be unsuitable for site fill. The VPA will use the waste silt material where possible for beneficial use as habitat compensation features, however the VPA will also apply to re-activate the nearby Roberts Bank ocean disposal location for waste silt and excess. The exact location and extent of the habitat compensation features is yet to be determined through discussions with Fisheries and Oceans Canada. However, preliminary discussions indicate that it will be located between the Deltaport turning basin and the BC Ferries terminal and consist of building up subtidal elevations to lower intertidal elevations (M. Lachmann, personal communication to M. Eldridge June 2004). The potential for impacts in this area is similar to the potential for impacts associated with the tug basin terminal development. That is, there is a chance that remains of the fish traps will occur in the compensation area, although it seems unlikely that the traps were this far from the shore, close to the delta edge.

2.12.3 Causeway The Preliminary Project Description states that upgrading of the causeway itself is not needed. Any remains of fish traps adjacent to the causeway will not be impacted, except by environmental mitigation/compensation features as discussed above.

2.12.4 Railway The Preliminary Project Description describes a need for an additional 23,000 feet (7,000 m) of railway tracks. This additional track requirement will include additional track on the causeway and additional arrival/departure tracks on the upland. The additional trackage on the causeway will not impact any archaeological remains, as it will be built entirely on existing man-made landforms. The additional arrival/departure tracks will be constructed at the Gulf Siding, which will extend the existing arrival/departure tracks east of 57B Street to 64th Street. Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 28 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

The Gulf Siding work has the greatest potential to impact archaeological remains. Work will be confined to existing right-of-way, but presumably parts of this right-of-way are previously undisturbed, or minimally disturbed. As discussed above, this project has identified historical slough and stream locations from a number of sources and defined high archaeological potential/potential impact areas on the basis of an intersection of buffers of the track expansion and the waterways. These are presented in Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7.

Figure 5. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding West Portion.

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Figure 6. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding Central Portion.

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Figure 7. Potential impact area, Deltaport Third Berth Gulf Siding East Portion.

2.13 ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS Based on results from the AOA, an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) was recommended to determine the presence of archaeological remains within the project area and, if there are any, to determine their significance, assess the impact of the project, and make recommendations for avoidance, mitigation, or compensation. Fieldwork should be undertaken in all areas of tidal flats that may be disturbed or buried by fill, including any biological compensation features constructed in the intertidal. This fieldwork should take place during low

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tides, and with appropriate measures and equipment to allow work in the intertidal to proceed safely. Fieldwork in this area should emphasise the search for wood stake fish trap remains. The area of development at Gulf Siding should be subject to field inspection, including subsurface testing. For the purposes of the archaeological impact assessment, the study area should include the entire length of the Gulf Siding (existing and proposed) from 41B Street to 64th Street. The existing siding should be included in the study area to address any potential use of this area for temporary works during construction. Much of the route has at least moderate archaeological potential, and those areas in the immediate vicinity of ancient slough or stream channels have higher potential. Subsurface testing should augment examination of surface exposures to find archaeological remains. Fire-cracked rock can be expected to be plentiful at any habitation site (and therefore easily found) and many resource extraction sites. Lithic artifacts and shell midden may also be identified both from surface and subsurface exposure. Wet site remains, including fish traps, are expected where anaerobic conditions combine with precontact or historic aboriginal activity – generally, within the channels of former sloughs and streams. 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT On the basis of the Archaeological Overview recommendations an Archaeological Impact Assessment was carried out from August 11 to 13, 2004 on the areas defined for the Deltaport Third Berth expansion. Field personnel consisted of Morley Eldridge, MA RCPA (Project Director), Armando Anaya-Hernández, PhD (Senior Research Assistant), and Fraeser Bak and Logan Forgo, (Field Assistants), both from the Tsawwassen First Nation.

3.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES Archaeological impact assessments are initiated in response to development proposals, which will potentially disturb or alter the landscape thereby endangering archaeological sites. An impact assessment will focus on areas identified in the overview stage and will determine the extent and significance of archaeological materials through survey and subsurface testing. The goal of the AIA is to provide the Roberts Bank Environmental Assessment Team with

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archaeological information that may assist in managing impacts through the following objectives: (a) Identify and evaluate archaeological resources within the project area; (b) Identify and evaluate all impacts on archaeological resources which might result from the proposed developments; and (c) Recommend viable alternatives for managing adverse impacts including a preliminary program for; (i) implementing and scheduling impact management actions and, where necessary (ii) conducting surveillance and/or monitoring (British Columbia Archaeology Branch 1998:10).

3.2 METHODOLOGY No sites are currently recorded at the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch within the development area (via the on-line Remote Access to Archaeological Data or RAAD database, November 5th, 2003). Furthermore, an initial assessment of the area’s late Holocene geomorphology suggests that any archaeological sites in the area would date to less than about 1000 years due to the recent age of most of the deltaic sediments. However, potential for archaeological remains were noted in the intertidal area crossed by the causeway, where wooden stake sturgeon traps were used by Tsawwassen people and where the remains of these traps could still be seen at least until the early 20th century. Archaeological potential was also identified at and near slough and stream crossings along the Gulf Siding area. Arcas’s 1995 Archaeological Impact Assessment on the Deltaport Way Extension (Arcas’ 1995 AIA) backhoe tests reached a depth of 2m below the surface providing detailed information on the stratigraphy of the study area. These observations were summarised as follows (Arcas 1995:15):

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A high degree of stratigraphic homogeneity was observed throughout the right-of-way; a veneer of topsoil overlies a more or less thick stratum of clay rich overbank sediments containing occasional preserved plant remains, iron-staining, and localized salt staining, and this in turn overlies a thick stratum of water saturated fine deltaic sand.

On the basis of these observations and the results derived from our AOA, auger testing was considered as the most fitting method as it would provide us with a deep stratigraphic column necessary to assess and establish the presence of wetsite deposits in the most cost- effective way. Subsurface testing consisted of a series of auger tests 8cm in diameter taken down in 20cm levels and reaching an average depth of 2.20m below the surface (in some cases auger tests reached a depth of 3.10m) (Plate 1). Subsurface testing was done on both sides of the rail tracks along the service road and in the ditches that run along the right-of way, which ranged between 1-1.6m below the original ground surface, and thus taking our probes to greater depths.

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Plate 1. Auger testing inside south ditch.

Prior to the fieldwork a series of points were plotted and entered as waypoints on hand- held GPS units in order to facilitate its location on the ground (Figure 8). Auger tests were set along the archaeological potential areas identified during the AOA GIS-based modelling. In addition, the rail track was tested at intervals of approximately 100m between waypoints. The physical attributes of the deposits recovered in the auger tests were recorded, and all sediments were screened through ¼ inch mesh. Finally waypoints were marked at each test location, and distances and bearings to fixed landmarks were taken with the use of a laser range finder and compass. The fields adjacent to the right-of way were surveyed where possible, particularly in and around the Cohilukthan Slough, to search for archaeological evidence. Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 35 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

Figure 8. Waypoints plotted on archaeological potential map.

Likewise, the tidal flats area was surveyed during low tide, where accessible, in search of remnants of fish traps or any other archaeological evidence. Survey tracks were recorded by means of hand-held GPS and a photographic record was kept (see Figure 12).

3.3 RESULTS A total of 51 auger probes were carried out during the impact assessment and their locations along with Arcas’ backhoe tests are plotted in Figure 9 to 11. Appendix I summarises the details of each of these probes. No archaeological remains were identified in the process; however, six of the auger tests yielded organic materials at their lowest levels. Two of these are Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 36 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

located in the vicinity of the infilled channel of Cohilukthan Slough, which has been assessed as an area with potential to contain terrestrial middens or wetsite deposits (Arcas 1995).

Figure 9. Location of Arcas' backhoe tests and Millennia's auger tests west section.

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Figure 10. Location of Arcas' backhoe tests and Millennia's auger tests central section.

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Figure 11. Location of Millennia's auger tests east section.

The stratigraphic sequence remained virtually unchanged throughout the study area, which is in accordance to Arcas’ 1995 AIA. Subsurface testing was carried out both at the service road on the south side of the tracks and at the bottom of the ditches located at the north and south ends of the rail tracks. Augers reached an average depth of 2.20 m below the surface, and as some of these were placed at the bottom of the ditches, they effectively reached down to 3.75 m below the original surface. Thus in this sense, the ditch probes were at least 1m deeper than Arcas’ 1995 Deltaport Way AIA adding to the information on the stratigraphy of the study area.

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In general terms the stratigraphic sequence at the service road level can be described as follows. From 0-.50m BS a brown loam overlaying a grey silty B horizon clay containing oxidized iron mottles that extend to 1.6m below the surface. The ferrous mottles were particularly prevalent in the upper levels of this stratum, which according to French (cited in Arcas 1995) is an indication that this layer was wet only on a seasonal basis. From 1.6 to 2.0m blue/grey fine sand that increases in moisture with depth. From 2.0-3.0m BS saturated dark grey sand that corresponds to the “sapropelic” black silty sand described by Arcas (1995) for the old Cohilukthan Slough infilled channel (Plates 2 and 3).

Plate 2. Saturated dark grey sand. Plate 3. “Sapropelic” black silty sand with shell fragments.

The results from the subsurface probes confirm a high degree of sedimentary homogeneity, and corroborate Arcas, 1995 results. However, in this case, all the organic materials recovered came from the lowest dark grey saturated sandy stratum, which represents a notable difference from Arcas 1995 results where preserved plant remains were recovered from the clay rich middle stratum. The presence of what it is likely driftwood in auger tests 20 and 21, Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 40 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

and shell fragments in probes 9 and 19 indicate that these areas were subject to tidal activity, however, the nature of these overbank sediments suggest that apart from possible isolated finds, the area has low potential of containing archaeological deposits. Visual inspection of the surrounding fields failed to yield any substantial evidence that may suggest the presence of these. As noted at the outset the existing ship’s berth will be extended northwards, with attendant expansion of the ship channel and creation of a tug pool. The new land area will be created by placing dredged material and landfill operations, with soil densification works required along the perimeter berm and under most new structures. The tidal flats were surveyed for remains of fish traps. As mentioned above according to the ethnographic accounts, fish traps could reach an extent of several hundred meters along the tidal channels, described by informants as “quite a ways” from shore (see above p. 26). The tidal flats were briefly inspected during low tide and no remains were observed. However, it is clear that sedimentation is ongoing and would have buried such remains (Plates 4 & 5, and Figure 11). In addition, it is unlikely that these traps were as far out as the dredging and landfill comprising Deltaport Third Berth.

Plate 4. General view of tidal flats looking Plate 5. General view of tidal flats looking south-east from the causeway. north-west from the dyke road north of the causeway.

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Figure 12. Tidal flats survey tracks.

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The results of the Deltaport Third Berth Project Archaeological Impact Assessment can be summarised as follows: 1. The archaeological overview assessed that the locations near the channels of ancient streams and the infilled Cohilukthan Slough channel had potential for containing archaeological remains. These locations were targeted for sub-surface testing. The tidal flats were surveyed for remains of fish traps. 2. A total of 51 auger tests were done along the 4.6 km of extent of the rail track right-of-way. Almost all of the auger tests reached a depth of at least 2.2m, below the water table. Additionally approximately 6km of survey tracks were done along and adjacent to the tidal flats. 3. The auger tests revealed a virtually identical stratigraphy throughout the right-of- way, characterised by a veneer of rich brown loam, followed by a layer of grey clay with ferrous inclusions, fine blue/grey sand, and saturated dark grey sand. In only six of the 51 probes organic materials were observed at the deepest level. Two of these were in the infilled channel of Cohilukthan Slough, and we believe this area retains archaeological potential. 4. No archaeological deposits were encountered in any of the 51 auger tests or observed during the tidal flats survey. Thus the likelihood of finding substantial archaeological deposits is low, except in the vicinity of Cohilukthan Slough. Nevertheless, the possibility of recovering isolated discarded artefacts should not be discounted.

3.4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT No archaeological remains were found either along the rail track right-of-way or the Deltaport tidal flats. Probes were taken down to a depth that would have made the presence of wetsite deposits apparent and although shell fragments and other organic materials were recovered from six of the auger tests, none of them warranted further testing. Arcas 1995 impact assessment along the Deltaport Way mirror these results, therefore we concur with their

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conclusion that apart from isolated finds, the probability that archaeological remains will be encountered during the upland Deltaport Third Berth Expansion project components is low. For the habitat compensation features, the impact to potential fish traps remains varies with the scale and location of the features, however, the proposed location of such constructed habitat compensation indicates that there is little chance of impacting any potential fish trap remains, due to its great distance from shore. The Cohilukthan Slough crossing retains some archaeological potential; however there are no current plans for development in this area.

3.5 MITIGATION MEASURES On the basis of the AOA and AIA results no mitigation measures are anticipated at the time being. However, should the need of such measures arise, these are presented in the Recommendations section below.

3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS The lack of archaeological remains in the study area suggests that apart from the possibility of coming across isolated finds, there is little chance of encountering considerable archaeological deposits corresponding to habitation or burial grounds. However, this does not preclude the fact that the study area may have been used by First Nations people for their subsistence activities, and water transportation, particularly in and around the area of the tidal flats and the infilled channel of Cohilukthan Slough. For the tidal flats, the ethnographic information reveals that large fish traps were constructed far out on the tidal flats, but probably still a long distance inshore from the current developments. Since the probability that archaeological remains will be encountered during the overall Deltaport Third Berth Expansion project development is low, no specific safeguards are required. However, if any archaeological sites are discovered during the proposed site construction activities, all work that could impact archaeological remains should be stopped and the finds

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should be reported to the Archaeology Branch and Tsawwassen First Nation. Further direction will then be provided. It is recommended that project construction crews attend an Archaeological Awareness Training (ATT) program; Millennia Research Ltd. offers such program, this is intended to heighten awareness and recognition of archaeology and archaeological materials during ground alerting activity and minimize or eliminate unintentional impacts to previously unidentified archaeological deposits. For Cohilukthan Slough, the stratigraphic information recovered suggests some potential for the presence of archaeological remains. Current plans do not include development in this area. However, if development occurs within the Cohilukthan Slough crossing area, an archaeological monitoring program should be developed and implemented.

4 REFERENCES CITED

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1990 Cultural Antecedents. In Northwest Coast, edited by W. Suttles, pp. 60-69. Handbook of North American Indians. vol. 7, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

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Duff, W. 1952 The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoir No. 1. B.C. Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C.

— 1956 Unique Stone Artifacts from the Gulf Islands. Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology Report. Report on file with the Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology.

Eldridge, M. and S. Acheson 1992 The Antiquity of Fish Weirs on the Southern Coast: A Response to Moss, Erlandson and Stuckenrath. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 16:112-116.

Eldridge, M. and A. Mackie 1993 Fraser River Intertidal Wet Site Survey. Report on file at the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch.

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Fladmark, K. 1982 An Introduction to the Prehistory of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 6: 250-254.

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— 1998 Archaeological Site Potential, Roberts Bank Backup Lands. Prepared by Len Ham for the Tsawwassen First Nation.

Ham, L., A. Yip and L. Kullar 1984 A Charles Culture Salmon Fishing Village. The 1982/1983 Archaeological Excavations at the St. Mungo Site (DgRr-2), North Delta, British Columbia. Report on file at the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch.

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Keddie, G. 1984 Fortified Defensive Sites and Burial Cairns of the Songhees Indians. The Midden XVI(No.4):7-9.

Mathewes, R. W. 1973a Paleoecology of Postglacial Sediments in the Fraser Lowland Region of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

— 1973b A Palynological Study of Postglacial Vegetation Changes in the University Research Forest, Southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 51:303-320.

— 1976 Pollen analysis at Glenrose. In The Glenrose Cannery Site, edited by R. G. Matson, pp. 98-103. Mercury Series, Archaeogical Survey of Canada Paper. vol. 52. National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ont.

— 1985 Palaeobotanical Evidence for Climatic Change in Southern British Columbia During Late-glacial And Holocene Time. In Climate Change in Canada 5: Critical Periods in the Quaternary Climatic History of Northwestern North America, edited by C. R. Harrington, pp. 397-422. Syllogeus 55.

Matson, R. G. (editor) 1976 The Glenrose Cannery Site. Mercury Series, Archaeogical Survey of Canada Papers 52. National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ont.

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1989 The Locarno Beach Phase and the Origins of the Northwest Coast Pattern. Paper presented at the Paper presented at the Circum-Pacific Prehistory Conference, Pullman, WA.

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Matson, R. G. and G. Coupland 1995 The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego,.

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Ryder, J. 1999 Geomorphology and environmental history of DgRs 2. In Archaeological investigationsd at Tsawwassen, BC, edited by A. C. A. Ltd., pp. 7-14. vol. IV. IV vols. Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. Prepared for Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 49 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

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Stryd, A. 1976 Prehistoric Mobile Art From the Mid-Fraser and Thompson River Areas of Interior B.C. Paper presented at the Paper presented at the Northwest Coast Anthropological Studies Conference, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

— 1991 The Tsawwassen site (DgRs 2). In Archaeological Investigations at Tsawwassen, BC, pp. 7-24. vol. I. Arcas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. Prepared for Construction Branch, South Coast Region, Ministry of Transportation and Highways, Burnaby BC. Conducted in accordance with permits 1989-41 and 1990-2 issued persuant to the Heritage Conservation Act., Coquitlam, BC.

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APPENDIX I General description of stratigraphic sequence in auger tests Auger test Depth BS Stratigraphy Comments 1 1.20m 0-. 20m BS light brown loam. Probe placed on service road on the south .20-.60m BS mixed silty brown loam side of rail tracks. Presence of asphalt and greyish clay with orange mottles, indicate recent disturbance. fragments of asphalt begin to occur. .60-1.20m BS grey hard packed silty clay with orange ferrous mottling. 2 2.20m 0-.40m BS silty brown loam, sediment Probe placed on service road on the south begins to turns into a more compact mix side of rail tracks, which seems to be the of loam and clay at ca. 25cm BS. original surface level. .40-1.20m BS grey silty clay with orange ferrous mottles. 1.20-2.20m BS grey sand, moisture increases at about 1.80m BS. 3 2.20m 0-.40m BS brown silty loam, mix of Probe placed on service road on the south loam and clay begin ca. 30cm BS. side of rail tracks, which seems to be the 40-1.20m BS grey silty clay with orange original surface level. Taller vegetation in mottles. and around indicative of higher soil 1.20-2.20m BS grey sand, moisture moisture. increases at about 1.80m BS. 4 2.20m 0-. 34m BS brown silty loam last 10cm Probe on service road. mix of loam and grey clay. .34-1.20m BS grey hard-packed clay with orange mottles. 1.20-2.20m BS grey sand, moisture increases at about 1.80m BS. 5 1.20m 0-. 40m BS brown loam last 10cm mix Probe on service road. of silty loam and clay. .40-1.20 BS grey clay with ferrous mottles. 6 2.20m 0-. 10m BS brown loam. Probe set in ditch , ca. 1m below service .10-.70m BS grey silty clay with orange road surface. Water table reached at about ferrous mottles. 1.20m BS. .70-1.20 grey sand 1.20-2.20 dark grey saturated sand 7 2.20m 0-.50m BS dark brown silty loam Probe set ca. 3m east of old stream channel .50-1.10m BS grey silty clay with on south portion of right of way. Upper orange mottles. layers are moister than in previous probes. 1.10-1.80m BS grey moist sand 1.8-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand. 8 2.20m 0-. 20m BS dark brown organic Probe set in ditch north of rail tracks at ca. sediment. 1.4m below original ground surface. .20-. 80m BS grey mottled silty clay. .80-1.20 BS moist grey sand

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1.20-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 9 2.20m 0-. 20m BS dark brown organic loam. Probe located in ditch south of service .20-1.0m BS grey silty mottled clay. road, ca. 1m below surrounding surface. 1.0-1.8m BS blue-grey moist sand. 1.8-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand, shell fragments appeared at ca. 2.m BS 10 2.20m 0-.50m BS dark brown silty loam Probe located service road ca. 110m from .50-1.10m BS grey clay with orange overpass. mottles. 1.10-1.80m BS grey moist sand 1.8-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand. 11 2.20m 0-. 20m BS dark brown organic loam. Probe located in ditch south of service road .20-1.0m BS grey silty mottled clay. 1m below field surface. 1.0-1.20m BS blue-grey moist sand. 1.20-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 12 2.20m 0-. 20m BS dark brown organic loam. Probe set on service road. .20-1.40m BS grey silty mottled clay. 1.40-1.80m BS blue-grey moist sand. 1.80-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 13 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe located at bottom of ditch south of .20-.80m BS grey mottled clay service road ca. 1.40m below field surface. .80-1.20m BS grey sand 1.20-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 14 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe at bottom of south ditch ca. 1.40m .20-1.0m BS grey mottled silty clay below field. 1.0-1.60m BS blue-grey sand 1.60-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 15 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown organic loam Probe located on service road, did not .20-.50m BS brown silty loam reach saturated sand level. .50-1.7m BS grey clay with ferrous mottles. 1.7-2.20m blue-grey sand 16 2.20m 0-.30m BS brown silty loam Probe located on service road. .30-1.2m BS grey silty clay with ferrous mottles. 1.2-2.20m blue-grey sand 17 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe located in ditch south of service .20-1.30m BS grey mottled silty clay road. 1.30-1.60m BS blue-grey sand 1.60-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 18 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe in ditch south of service road, ca. .20-.50m BS grey silty mottled clay 1.25m below road surface .50-1.60m BS blue-grey sand 1.60-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 19 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe located in ditch south of service road .20-1.0m BS grey mottled clay ca. 1.20m below service road level 1.0-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand and shell fragments 20 2.20m 0-1.0m BS brown loam Probe in ditch north of rail tracks.

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1.0-1.80m BS grey silty clay with ferrous mottles. 1.80-2.20m blue-grey sand 21 0-.40m BS dark brown loam Probe located in ditch south of service .40-1.20m BS grey mottled silty clay road, ca. 1.00m below road surface. 1.20-1.60m BS blue-grey sand 1.60-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 22 2.20m 0-.50m BS brown loam Probe on north side of rail tracks .50-1.4m BS grey silty clay with ferrous mottles. 1.4-2.20m blue-grey sand 23 2.20m 0-.40m BS dark brown silty loam Probe in south ditch at ca. 1.0m below .40-1.20m BS grey silty mottled clay service road surface. 1.20-2.0m BS blue-grey sand 2.0-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 24 2.75 0-.30m BS dark brown loam Probe located in south ditch ca. 1m below .30-1.0m BS grey mottled clay service road surface. 1-1.20m BS blue grey sand 1.20-2.75m BS saturated dark grey sand 25 2.20m 0-.40m BS dark brown loam Probe located in south ditch ca. 1m below .40-1.15m BS grey silty mottled clay service road surface. 1.15-1.35m BS blue-grey sand 1.35-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 26 2.30m 0-.30m BS dark brown silty loam Probe located in south ditch ca. 1m below .30-1.0m BS grey mottled silty clay service road surface. 1-1.70m BS blue grey sand 1.70-2.30m BS saturated dark grey sand 27 2.75 0-.30m BS dark brown silty loam Probe located in south ditch ca. 1.4m .30-1.20m BS grey mottled silty clay below service road surface. 1.20-1.8m BS blue-grey sand 1.8-2.75m BS saturated dark grey sand 28 2.20m 0-.40m BS brown loam Probe located in ditch north of rail tracks .40-1.80m BS grey silty clay with ca. 1m below service road surface ferrous mottles. 1.20-1.30m blue-grey sand 1.30-2.20 dark grey saturated sand 29 2.20m 0-.30m BS dark brown loam Probe located in ditch north of rail tracks .30-1.20m BS grey mottled clay ca. 1.5m below service road surface 1-2-1.70m BS blue grey sand 1.70-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 30 2.25m 0-.60m BS brown loam Probe located in ditch south of service .60-1m blue/grey clay with ferrous road. mottles 1-1.70m BS fine dark grey sand 1.7-2.25 saturated dark grey sand 31 2.20m 0-.40m BS brown loam Probe located in ditch south of service .40-1.20m blue/grey silty clay with road. ferrous mottles 1.20-1.80m BS fine blue/grey sand

Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 53 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

1.8-2.20 saturated dark grey sand 32 2.20m 0-.40m BS brown loam Probe located in ditch north of rail tracks .40-1.20m blue/grey silty clay with ferrous mottles 1.20-1.80m BS fine blue/grey sand 1.8-2.20 saturated dark grey sand 33 1.35m 0-.40m BS dark brown loam Probe located inside ditch south of service .40-.1m BS grey/blue silty clay with road, ca. 1.6m below surface. Wood, orange mottles probably driftwood, prevented from 1-1.30 blue/grey fine sand continuing probing deeper. Probe was 1.30-1.35 m saturated dark grey sand moved a few cm but wood continued. and wood fragments. Wood fragments did not present evidence of work. 34 2.00 0-.40m BS dark brown silty loam Probe located inside ditch south of service .40-.1m BS grey/blue silty clay with road, ca. 1.6m below surface. Wood orange mottles fragments were also recovered at this 1-1.30 blue/grey fine sand probe, but did not hinder probing. 1.30-1.35 m saturated dark grey sand and wood fragments. 35 2.25m 0-.25m BS dark brown loam Probe located in ditch north of rail tracks .25-1.10m BS grey mottled clay 1.10- 1.90m BS blue/grey sand 1.90-2.25m BS saturated dark grey sand 36 2.25 0-.25 brown loam Probe located in ditch north of rail tracks .25-1.20m BS grey mottled clay 1-2-1.70m BS blue grey sand 1.70-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 37 2.20m 0-.60m BS brown loam Probe located in south ditch ca. 1.6m .60-.1.40m BS grey mottled clay below service road surface. 1.40-2.0m BS blue grey sand 2.0-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 38 2.20m 0-. 80m BS brown/grey silty clay with Probe inside south ditch. iron mottling. .80-2.00m BS blue/grey sand 2.00-2.20 dark grey saturated sand with fragments of organic materials 39 2.20 0-. 20m BS brown silty loam Probe in ditch north of rail tracks .20-. 80m BS silty grey clay with iron mottling. .80-1.20m BS blue/grey sand 1.20-2.20 dark grey saturated sand with fragments of organic materials 40 2.20 0-.40m BS grey silty clay with orange Probe located at bottom of south ditch, ca. mottles 1.60m below service road surface .40-1.40 mixed clay and sand with some mottling. 1.40-2.0m BS blue/grey fine sand 2.00-2.20 saturated dark grey sand 41 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe located inside ditch north of rail .20-1.80m BS brown/grey silty clay with tracks. Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 54 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment

ferrous mottles 1.80-1.95m BS brown/greyish sand 1.95-2.20 grey sand moist but not saturated 42 2.20m 0-.25 brown loam Probe inside south ditch, ca. 1m below .25-1.20m BS grey silty mottled clay service road surface. 1-2-1.70m BS blue grey sand 1.70-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 43 2.20m 0-.25 brown loam Probe located inside ditch north of rail .25-1.20m BS grey silty mottled clay tracks. 1-2-1.70m BS blue grey sand 1.70-2.20m BS saturated dark grey sand 44 1.80m 0-.60 brown silty loam Probe located inside south ditch, ca. 1m .60-1.20m BS grey silty mottled clay below service road surface. 1.20-1.80m BS blue grey moist sand 45 3.10m 0-.15m BS dark brown loam Probe located inside south ditch, ca. 1.5m .15-1.4m BS grey mottled silty clay below service road surface. 1.4-2.0m BS grey fine sand 2.0-3.10m BS saturated dark grey sand 46 2.20m 0-.20m BS brown loam Located inside ditch north of rail tracks. .20-2.10 grey silty mottled clay The saturated sand level was not reached. 2.10-2.20 Grey to dark grey moist sand 47 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark brown loam Probe located inside south ditch, ca. 1.6m .20-1.10m BS grey silty mottled clay BS 1.10m-1.80m BS blue/grey sand 1.80-2.20 saturated dark grey sand 48 2.20m 0-.35m BS brown silty loam Probe located inside ditch north of rail .35-1.80m BS grey silty clay with tracks. orange mottles 1.80-2.20m BS blue/grey sand 49 2.20m 0-.20 brown loam Probe located inside south ditch, ca. 1m .20-.60m BS grey mottled silty clay below service road surface. .60-2.0m BS blue grey moist sand 2.0m BS thin dark layer with some organic material. 50 2.20m 0-.20m BS dark Brown loam Probe located inside ditch, ca. 1.5m BS .20-.60m BS grey silty mottled clay .60-1.30 grey sand 1.30-2.20 saturated dark grey sand 51 2.20m 0-.80m BS grey silty mottled clay Probe located inside south ditch, ca. 1.5m .80-1.0m BS mix of silty clay and sand below service road surface. 1.0-1.40m BS blue/grey sand 1.40-2.20m BS dark grey saturated sand

Roberts Bank Container Expansion Project 55 Millennia Research Ltd. Deltaport Third Berth 2004 Archaeological Overview and Impact Assessment