Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.5.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-04115-7 - Quisling: A Study in Treachery Hans Fredrik Dahl Index More information

Index

Aadahl, Thorvald, 70, 76, 85, 92 America, see also United States of Aall, Herman Harris, 70, 104, 117, 126, America, 14, 37±8, 55, 63, 73, 143, 138, 139, 140, 147, 148, 168, 194, 200, 145, 188, 221, 225, 236, 296, 323 201, 356 Amsterdam, 114 Abwehr, 260 Andresen, Johan N., 146 Act of State, 232±8, 247±50, 253, 255, anti-Semitism, see also Jews, 36, 117±19, 272, 273, 292, 298, 376, 377, 382 120, 136 `acting ministers', 249 Antonescu, Ilion, 301, 308 actors, 246±7 Arabia, 55 Administrative Council, 183±5, 188, Arbeiderbladet (`The Worker's Paper'), 190±2, 204, 249, 259, 407 55±8, 74, 79 Adresseavisen, 179 Arbeideren (`The Worker'), 66 Africa, 114, 115, 168, 290 Arbeiderpartiet see Labour Party Aftenposten (`The Evening Post'), 42, 79, arbeidervern see Labour Protective Force 96±9, 181, 302, 304, 375 Archangel, 30±1, 37, 62 Agrarian government, 76, 100, 252, 355, Arctic Ocean, 322 402 Ardennes, 350 Agrarian League, 105, 179 Arendal, 40, 108 Agrarian Party (Bondepartiet), 70, 75±6, Armenia, 4, 59, 60±2, 67±8 88, 92, 94±5, 100±1, 105, 191 Armenia Commission, 61 Aker, 178, 349 Arntzen, Sven, 371±3 Akershus, 1, 7, 84, 100, 104±5, 122, Asker, 260, 330, 357, 367 127±8, 180±1, 238, 244, 247, 291, Aslaksen, Edvard, 368 298, 373, 383, 397, 409, 415 Association of Norwegian Industries, Aktietrykkeri; becomes NS Press, 213 325 Aktion Polarkreis, 314 AT see Labour Service Alcibiades, 196 Atlantic, 152, 267, 299 Aleppo, 67 Aufsichtsverwaltung, 201, 207 Allied operations in Norway, 179, 188, Auschwitz, 288, 391, 410 313, 317 Austad, Ragnar, 332 Allied propaganda, 63, 150, 229±30, Austria, 78, 97, 104, 111, 135, 137, 139, 329 182 Allies, 163, 176, 292, 306, 310, 323, AuswaÈrtiges Amt, 290, 317 343±5, 348, 350, 360, 389, 392 Axis powers, 236, 252, 265, 302 Alm, Selmer, 364±5 Azerbaijan, 59, 294 Altmark, 162±4, 172, 196, 205, 206 aluminium, 269 Badoglio, Pietro, 309 Ameln, Henrik, 135 Bakka family, 13

434

Index 435

Baku, 269 Blom, Maggen, 21, 113, 140 Balfour, A. J., 118 BluÈcher, 170±1 Balkans, 4, 53, 364 Blueshirts, 111 Baltic, 36, 37, 83, 167, 287, 293, 295, BluÈmenp¯uÈcken, 356 297, 343 Blut und Bloten, 408 Bamler, Rudolf, 343±4 Boehm, Hermann, 196±7, 205, 233±4, Bang, Jùrgen, 16 300 BBC, 186, 229, 230±1, 241±2, 257±8, Bohemia, 231 266, 283, 287±8, 322, 324, 342 BoÈhme, Franz, 349, 361, 365 Belgium, 111, 196, 204, 285, 307, 345, Bohr, Niels, 8 363 Bojer, Johan, 85 Berg concentration camp, 284, 285, 286, Bolsheviks, 7, 29, 31±6, 42, 44, 52, 58, 322 141, 181, 231, 294, 328, 338 Berg, Paal, 178, 181±2, 184±5, 238, Bolshevism, 11, 27, 55, 68, 73, 137, 227, 247±8, 284, 286, 322, 372, 407, 410, 242, 252, 292, 295, 363±3, 399 412 Boris, King of Bulgaria, 301 Bergen, 98, 170, 236, 316, 318, 333, 349 Bormann, Martin, 202, 251, 269, 294, Berger, Gottlob, 219, 293, 319, 339, 340, 303, 341, 349, 351 342, 346, 350, 358 Boston, 129, 328 Berggrav, Bishop Eivind, 143, 146, 178, Braadland, Birger, 82 181±2, 184, 245±8, 252, 258±60, 268, BraÈuer, Curt, 145±6, 148±9, 164, 170±3, 372, 390, 413±14 175±8, 181, 183±5, 187±90, 199, 202, Bergh, Henrik, 375±6, 378, 383±5, 388, 249, 258±9 392±4, 397, 399±402, 406±7, 412±13, Brazil, 202, 249, 258, 259 415 Bredtvedt prison camp, 260, 318, 322 Berghof, 300±1, 303 Bretton Woods, 323 Berlin, 2, 4, 26, 28, 96, 112±14, 116, British actions in Norway, 162, 169, 179, 124±6, 138±40, 142±3, 145, 147±9, 188, 196, 234, 277, 283, 310, 312 151, 154, 158±60, 163±8, 172, 175±8, British ambassador, Moscow, 12 180±1, 183±4, 188±9, 194, 197±9, British Legation, Oslo, 57 201±2, 205, 214±15, 217±19, 224, 226, British Military AttacheÂ, Moscow, 31 241, 246, 248, 250, 252±3, 260±2, 265, British National Movement, 22; see also 267, 288, 293, 295±6, 300, 302, 316, Mosley, Oswald 319, 330, 339±40, 345±6, 349±52, 355, British propaganda, 150, 163, 186 359±62, 361±2, 379, 381±2, 385, Broch, Olaf, 27±8, 63 387±9, 391±2, 400, 403 Brooklyn, 129, 131 Berlinger Tageblatt, 112 Bruch, 174 Bernadotte, Count Folke, 358±9 BruÈckner, 154 Berntsen, Bredo, 81 Buddha, 9 Best, Werner, 290, 359 Bulgaria, 53, 54, 265, 301, 307 bishops, 231, 246, 249, 257±60, 413 Bulletinen (underground newspaper), Bjùrgen, KaÊre, 266 342 Bjùrnson, Bjùrnstjerne, 279 BuÈlow, Bernhard von, 117 black market activities under Burma, 309 occupation, 254, 309 business opposition to NS, 212 Black Sea, 245 Byelorussia, 28, 33, 41±2, 141, 307 Blindern, 245 Bygdefolkets Krisehjelp, see Rural Crisis Blom, Cecilie (neÂe Dahl), 21, 40, 130, Aid, 97 132 Bygdùy, 227, 242, 301, 334, 366 Blom, Christopher, 21 Bù (Telemark), 88, 99

Index436

Bù, Anne Matina (Nini), 40, 45 Communist Party, Soviet, 5 BaÊstad, 266 Communists, 57±8, 76±7, 87 Bñrum, 105, 277, 366 Communists, Norwegian, 11, 85, 99, 232, 317, 369 CafeÂ Engebret, 168 Confucius, 9 Caucasus, 45, 59, 60, 267, 269, 307 Conservative Party (Hùyre), 20, 89, 91, CAUR (Comitati d'Azione per la 93, 97, 98, 100, 119, 198, 213, 215 UniversalitaÁ di Roma), 110±11, Constantinople, 53 113±15, 125, 187 Constitution, 5, 10, 114±15, 120, 134, censorship, 73, 207, 210±11, 225, 241, 135, 151, 177, 181±2, 188, 192, 322, 386 237±8, 246, 249, 276, 283, 308, 313, Chamberlain, Neville, 142±3, 382 314, 339, 358, 363, 376, 380, 383, 405; China, 28, 55 anti-Semitic clause in 1814 Christensen, Ingolf, 181±2, 184, 192 Constitution, 120, 224; Constitution Christian, King of Denmark, 303 Day 17 May, 96, 97 Christian People's Party (Kristelig Copenhagen, 39, 139, 145, 165±8, 363, Folkeparti), 100 385, 387, 398, 401, 403 Christiania (1624±1925 name of Oslo), Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius, 196 see also Oslo, 14, 30, 37, 38, 42, 46, 52 Corporations, 212, 274 Christiania Academy of Arts and Crafts, Cossacks, 29 40 coup in Norway, see Quisling, coup of Christiania Workers' Union, 37 April 1940 Christie, Wilhelm Koren, 180, 325 courts martial, 191, 228, 232 Christie's, 132 Crimea, 29, 46, 48, 267, 294, 307 Church, opposition to Quisling, 245±6, Croatia, 236, 263, 301 249, 257±9, 263, 265, 268, 287; see Cromwell, Oliver, 404 also Berggrav, Eivind Cultural Assembly (Kulturting), 275, Churchill, 163, 189, 195, 251; coins the 277, 325 term `quisling', 186 Cultural Chamber, 275, 333 Ciliax, Admiral Otto, 300 Czechoslovakia, 134, 137, 139, 144, 298, Civil Aeronautic Administration, 281 391 civil disobedience, 212, 258, 262, 327, 342±3, 362; see also resistance Dagbladet (`The Daily'), 79, 80, 91, 92, Civil Service, Norwegian, 175, 178, 181, 107, 133, 135, 170, 289, 322, 393 207, 213, 214, 244, 247, 283, 309, 321, Dagens Nyheter (Swedish newspaper), 324, 328, 338, 378 322 Clausen, Frits, 112, 138, 140, 145, 156, Dagestan, 60 166±8, 170, 187, 300, 308, 405 Dahl School, Grimstad, 16 Clausewitz, Carl von, 293 Dahl, Thorleif, 258 collectivisation, 67±9, 292 Dahm, Paul, 219 Coliseum cinema, 125, 221, 230, 232, Danish police, 167, 359, 404 241, 359 Dean of Trondheim, 260 Comintern, 11, 35, 45, 55, 78, 87 death penalty, 229, 309, 312±13, 393, Commissarial Council, 230, 232, 235, 386 396±401, 406, 413, 414 commissarial government, 204, 210, Degrelle, Leon, 363±4 215, 217, 233, 400 Denkschrift uÈber die russische Frage, see Communism, 27, 58, 80, 108, 141, 227, Quisling, writings 362, 408 Denmark, 78, 111, 138, 145, 156, 163, Communist International, 34±8, 58±9, 165, 187, 191, 195, 196, 246, 285, 287, 85; Fourth, 122 290, 298, 300, 303, 306, 359, 361

Index 437

Der StuÈrmer, 118 Faeroe Islands, 156 Detroit, 133 Falk, Erling, 93±4 Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen, 234 Falkenhorst, Nikolaus von, 163±4, 177, Die Presse, 322 182, 205, 260, 266, 290, 338±9, 349 Dnieper line, 294 Fallingbostel, 250 DNSAP (Danish National Socialist Falsen, Magnus, 363 Workers' Party), 111, 300 Falstad, 261 Dokka, 88 Far East, 53, 145, 268, 290 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 182 fascism, 5, 75, 79±80, 110±14, 117 Donau, 286±8, 382 Fatherland League (Fedrelandslaget), 58, DoÈnitz, Admiral Karl, 300, 361 72, 74±5, 85, 89, 96, 100, 103, 159, Dorten, Dr Hans Adam, 182 177, 191, 192, 213 Drammen, 18±19, 208, 209, 401 Federation of Employers Dresden, 21, 139, 147, 161 (Arbeidsgiverforening), 206, 370, Drùbak Sound, 171 372 Il Duce, see Mussolini Fermann, Olaf, 116±17, 139 Dumbarton Oaks, 323 Festung Norwegen, 359±61 Dvina, 30, 174 the `®nal solution', 285, 288, 289 Dybdùl, 138 Finland, 4, 39, 73±4, 78, 83, 136, 142, 145, 146, 152, 160±2, 169, 177, 228, Eagle's Nest (érneredet), 330, 367, 396 236, 252, 265, 307, 323, 335, 338, 343, Eastern Europe, 28, 36, 53, 136, 144, 347; joins anti-Comintern pact, 265; 196 negotiations with Soviet Union, 323; Eastern front, 138, 227, 237, 250, 288, Norwegian volunteers in, 228, 236, 319, 334, 339, 345 252; war with Soviet Union, 146, 152, Eastern Ministry, German 160±2, 169, 228, 338, 343 (Ostministerium), 253 Finnmark, 307 Egeberg, Adof, 120 First World War, 26, 33, 41, 59, 104, Eidsivating lagmannsrett, see High 117, 138, 242, 393 Court Fjell, Kai, 109 Eidsvoll, 363 Fjordane, 282 Eilifsen, Gunnar, 311±15, 344, 371±2, Fleischer, Carl Gustav, 76 376±7, 381, 392, 403, 405 Flensburg, 36, 364, 370, 392 Einsatzstab, 214±15, 266, 279, 301, 322 Flood, Ingeborg, 10 Einstein, Albert, 8 Floriet, 132 Eitinger, Leo, 391, 410 Folketing (Danish parliament), 300 Ekaterinburg, 29 Fùrer, see Quisling El Alamein, 290 Fùrer Council, 262, 273, 275±6 Eleverum, 174±7, 226, 389 Fùrer±FuÈhrer controversy, 241 Engelbrecht, Erwin, 182 Fùrer Guard, 313, 334, 355, 368±9 England, 25, 39, 88, 173, 188, 221±2, Fùrer meetings 342, 345, 363 230, 234, 304, 382, 389 fùrer principle, 75, 101, 208, 240, 245, English Channel, 274 249, 330, 386 Entente, 25, 36 Fùrer school, 337 Entente de Fascisme Universel, 112 Fùrer seminar, 120 Espeseth, Karo, 113 Fornebu airport, 199, 200, 274, 349, Ethiopia, 115, 118 364 European pact, 346, 350 Fosen, 179 European union, 143, 272±3 Foss, Bjùrn, 366±72 Edye, Sam, 242 France, 33, 41, 49±50, 61, 63, 111, 144,

Index438

France (cont.) German capitulation to the Allies, 366, 157, 188, 192, 196, 204, 259, 264, 285, 382±3; Stalingrad, 292 298, 301, 303, 307, 327, 389 German Foreign Ministry, 149, 155, 161, Le Francisme, 111 164, 182, 187, 196, 294, 317 Frankfurt-am-Main, 22±4, 253, 299 German invasion of Norway, 170±1 Frederick the Great, 195, 328, 330 German language replacing English in Freemasons, 137±8, 198, 281, 381, 383 Norwegian schools, 222 French Revolution, 27, 209, 244 German merchant ships, 169 Fretheim, Thorstein, 209 German naval bases in Norway, 150±2, Frick, E. A., 251 155, 197, 251, 268, 389 Friheten (`Freedom'), 393 German navy, 150, 152, 158, 164±5, Friis, Jacob, 39, 55±7, 77, 391 196±7, 205, 217, 229, 234, 251, 299, Frisinnede Folkepartiet, see Independent 300, 341, 403 Liberal Party German occupation of Norway, see Fritt Folk (`Free People', NS newspaper), occupation 122±4, 126±8, 132, 142, 159, 160±1, German plundering of royal palace, 267 165±6, 169, 181, 187, 190, 191, 198, German prize courts, 248 213, 227, 228, 230, 248, 253, 266, 281, German propaganda, 117, 124, 137, 192, 304 195, 202, 230, 261, 294 Front Noir, 111 German scorched earth policy in Fuglesang, Rolf Jùrgen, 97, 129, 170, northern Norway, 348±9 172, 180, 207, 217, 235, 248, 250±1, German security police, 213, 230, 239, 258, 274, 276, 291, 298, 315, 319, 321, 245, 260, 274, 277, 284, 311, 322, 337, 325, 336±7, 340, 341, 358±9, 361, 359 364±5, 366, 367, 392, 414 Germaneren (`The Teuton'), 281 FuÈhrer, see Hitler Germanic union, 140, 155±7, 218±22, FuÈhrerschule, 117 226±35, 239, 242, 251, 278±9, 346, FuÈrst, Walter, 96, 99, 104, 191, 240 351, 358, 382, 386, 405 Furst, Lilienfeld and Brandt, 131±3 Germany, state of war with Norway, Furubotn, Peder, 57, 84 234, 258, 263, 303, 310, 347, 379 Fyresdal, 13±14, 17, 22, 47, 51, 126, 187, Gestapo, 195, 228, 232, 277, 282, 284, 268, 321, 330, 331±2, 381, 401 286, 391, 398, 406 Gimle, 242±3, 248, 266±7, 314, 330, Gasko, Kurt, 206 331, 332, 343, 357, 359, 361, 366±72, Geelmuyden, Knut, 102 378, 396, 412 General Staff (Norwegian), 7, 27, 28, 31, Gjelsvik, Nikolaus, 125 33, 38, 42, 47, 50±1, 57, 68, 70, 86, Gjerpen, 19, 22, 26, 51, 331 173±4, 392, 394±5, 404 Gjùvik, 121, 270 General Staff (Swedish), 86 Gneisenau, 251 Geneva, 4, 42±3, 49, 53, 60±1, 111, Goebbels, Joseph, 124, 137, 175, 194, 195, 115 202, 203, 250, 251, 261±2, 263, 293, George VI, King, 146 294, 298, 306, 319, 346, 350, 352, 390 George, St, 107 Goltz, RuÈdiger von der, 177 Georgia, 59, 294 GoÈring, Hermann, 140, 141, 197, 252, Gerhardsen, Einar, 414 294, 303, 346, 378 German agents, 83 Gorvin, John, 41, 42 German attack on Soviet Union, 203, GoÈteborgs Handels och SjoÈfartstidning, 222±3, 226, 228 322 German attacks on Jews, 223, 280, government in exile in England, see 283±4, 287±9, 382; see also Jews Nygaardsvold government

Index 439

GPU (Russian secret police), 66 Hansson, Halvor, 70, 394, 413 Great Britain, 39, 69, 73, 80, 111, 115, Hansteen, Viggo, 228±32, 314, 381±2, 136, 142, 143, 144, 150, 151, 155±8, 398, 403, 405 164, 172, 203, 205, 229, 251, 263, 283, Harald Finehair, 17, 104, 259, 331 307, 323, 325, 352, 356, 362 HardraÊde, Harald, 104 great powers, 28, 59, 68, 80, 115, 136, Harlem (Netherlands), 133 137, 142, 143, 162, 239, 310, 367, 377 health sector, 212, 257, 325±6 Greater Nordic Association Hedmark, 142, 309 (Stornordiske Fredssamband), 144, Heegaard, Poul, 126 218±19, 222 Hegel, G. W. F., 8 Greece, 111 Heidegger, Martin, 8 Greenland, 78, 156 Heil Hitler!, 177 Greve, Gottfred, 94 Heil og súl!, 103, 104, 240, 247 Grieg, Edvard, 247 Heimwehr, 111 Grimstad, 16 Helsinki, 38±40, 41, 45, 55, 57, 63, 338, Grini prison camp, 240, 245, 261, 314, 394 322 Herùya, 310, 313 Guderian, Hans, 346 Heydrich, Reinhardt, 231 guilds, 127, 257, 274 High Court (Eidsivating lagmannsrett), GuÈnther, Hans Friedrich, 113, 116, 140 1, 83, 381±412 GuÈnther, Maggen, see Blom, Maggen Hildisch, Dietrich, 177, 330 Gustavus Adolphus, 344 Himmler, Heinrich, 196, 223, 225, 231, Gutterer, Leopold, 304 248, 251, 260, 293±6, 302±3, 319, gypsies, 325±6 337, 339±44, 350, 352, 358; visits Haakon VII, King of Norway, 6, 33, 80, Norway, 220±5, 226; offers to 146, 171, 173, 176±7, 188, 190, 198, capitulate to Allies, 360±1 201, 221, 231, 250, 306, 320, 393, 407, Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von, 140 413, 414 Hippodrome, 220 Haakonsen, King Haakon, 354 Hird, 105, 108, 121±2, 127±8, 169, 190, Habicht, Theodor, 182±3, 188±90, 199 199, 208, 213, 216±17, 220, 222, 224, Hafrsfjord, 104; battle of, 17, 265, 266 226, 238, 243, 247, 267, 278±9, 282, Hagelin, Albert Wiljam, 139±40, 147, 284±6, 290, 306, 313, 333±5, 344±5, 148±61, 163±75, 181±4, 190, 193±4, 356±7, 363; ¯ying corps, 280±1; Girls' 197, 199, 201, 208; Minister of Hird, 267; Little Hird, 267; Youth Supplies, 214, 217±18, 225, 237, Hird, 267 250±1, 255; nominated Minister of Hirdmannen (Hird newspaper), 226, the Interior, 250, 264, 276, 278, 284, 278 301, 310±11, 315; proposed head of Hirsch, Ariel, 391 government, 341, 348, 379, 385, 387, Hitler, Adolf, 11, 137, 282, 290±1, 293, 388±9, 391±2, 398, 414 297, 299, 314±19, 326, 338, 349±53, Hagemann, Ernst, 301±2 377±9, 380±2, 385, 387±9, 391, 403, The Hague, 61 405, 408, 411; and Act of State, 273; Hals, Frans, 12, 131±4 appoints Terboven Reichskommissar, Hamar, 171, 172, 174, 262, 309, 378, 389 Norway, 188±9, 193; assassination Hambro, Carl H., 86, 93, 94, 98, 119, attempt on, 307; Belgian offensive, 142±3, 222, 289 345; charisma, 202; declares war on Hamburg, 117, 139, 234, 359 USA, 235; favours legal Hammerfest, 309 accommodation in Norway, 165, 176, Hamsun, Knut, 93, 210, 279 203; Hitler±Stalin pact, 141, 145, 146, Hamsun, Tore, 198, 210 161; Hitler Youth, 256; invasion of

Index440

Hitler, Adolf (cont.) Hotel Continental, 161, 166, 170±2, 182, Poland, 142; last diplomatic 184 appointment, 346; meeting with Hotel d'Angleterre, 166 Hagelin, 182, 300±4; meetings with Hotel Frankfurter Hof, 223 Quisling, 2, 150±6, 199±200, 214, Hotel Kaiserhof, 194, 302 236, 251, 309, 340±5, 345±6, 349; Hùyre, see Conservative Party Mein Kampf, 36, 272; and Mussolini, Hufudstadsbladet, 338 114; and NS coup, 175; and Hundseid, Jens, 84, 91±5, 98, 402 occupation of Denmark, 174; and Hungary, 236, 301, 307 peace settlement with Norway, 304, Husserl, Edmund, 8 310; plans for invasion of Norway, Hustad, Anne-Margrethe, 103 157, 163±72; rejection of Quisling's Hustad, Tormod, 179, 194, 225 plans for conscription, 295; rejection Hvide family, 331 of Quisling's ultimatum, 270, 272; Hvoslef, Ragnvald, 70, 153±4, 169, 179, removal of Quisling from of®ce, 176, 180, 356 183±6, 227; suicide, 360; view of Quisling, 156±7, 205±35; war with Ibsen, Henrik, 22, 279, 354 Russia, 226±7, 237, 263, 267±72, Iceland, 186, 279, 304 290±4, 297, 300 IGFarben, 117 Hjort, Johan B., 70, 74, 89±90, 95, 97, Independent Liberal Party (Frisinnede 101, 103, 105, 122, 124, 177, 181, Folkeparti), 93 191±2, 197±8; arrested by SS, 240; independent ministers in Commissarial demand for shake-up in NS Council, 209 leadership, 128; feud with Quisling, Independent People's Party, 100 128, 177, 198; head of Hird, 105; and Industrial Protective Force, 345 Jewish question, 121; Hjort±Mogens± Inner Mission (Indre Misjon), 14 Jacobsen circle, 177, 181, 191±2; intelligence, British, 166; Danish, 166; negotiation with Terboven, 198 French, 166; German, 145, 165±6 Hodann, Max, 119 Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft, 125 Hodder and Stoughton, 130 Irgens, Kjeld Stub, 208±9 Hohenstein, Prince von, 140, 147 Iron Guard, 111 Holdtfodt, General, 71 Istvestija, 322 Holland, 73, 111, 114, 133, 156, 187, Italy, 55, 80, 110, 114, 115, 116, 236, 196, 200, 203, 207, 219, 242, 246, 285, 252, 265, 301, 302, 306, 309, 315±17 298, 308, 361, 382 Holst, Anna, 89 Jacobsen, Hans S., 102, 114, 118, 159, Holst, Johan Throne, 74, 75, 89 177, 189, 191, 197, 240, 291, 414 Home Front, 206, 244±5, 357, 363±72, Jahr, Per, 341 380, 391, 407, 413; see also resistance Japan, 187, 235±6, 252, 265, 290, 309 homosexuality, 119 Jessheim, 337 Homvatn, 332 Jewish refugees in Norway, 119 Hùnefoss, 88, 122 Jews in Norway: and anti-Semitism, Hoover, Herbert Clark, 44 118±19, 343; arrests of, 283±4; in Hordaland, 316 Berg, 284; and the Constitution, 120; Horthy, Miklos, 301, 308, 316 deportations of, 287±8, 289, 382; Hotel Adlon, 25, 302 executions of, 328, 386, 405; Hotel Astoria, 168 expropriation of property of, 223±4, Hotel Bellevue, 302 286; identity cards, 283; marriage laws Hotel Bristol, 143, 188 concerning, 224, 284; Nuremberg Hotel Britannia, 179 laws, 206; registration of, 283;

Index 441

revocation of professional licences, KuÈrser-Larsen, Hjalmar, 229 285; see also Quisling and the Jews Kuusinen, Otto Wille, 186 Jews in Soviet Russia, 36, 288 Jodl, General Alfred, 155, 157±8, 343, L'AbbeÂe Lund, Lars, 370±3 346, 378, 385, 387 l'Action francËaise, 5 Johnson, T. F., 41 Labour government, 122, 165, 174±5, Jonsborg, 22, 26, 108, 269, 331±2, 369 178, 185, 231, 241, 289, 322, 323, 360, Judaism, 118±19, 123, 223, 299 397; and Trotsky, 122±3 Juritzen, Arve, 48±9 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet), 11, 37, Jutland, 14, 138, 167 38, 56, 72, 76, 77, 79, 91, 99, 100, 123, Jùssinger, 278 210, 213, 215, 391; newspaper, Arbeiderbladet, 37, 64, 73, 77±9, 82, Kant, Immanuel, 8 84, 108, 213 Kaplan, Dora, 32 Labour Protective Force (Arbeidervern), Karelia, 294, 343 103 Kattegat, 170 Labour Youth Organisation Keitel, Wilhelm, 251, 378, 385, 387 (Arbeiderpartiets ungomsfylkning), Keller, Dr Hans, 125±6 55, 84 Kerensky, Alexander, 32 Labour Service (AT), 208, 217, 278, 282, Keyser, Rudolf, 22 319, 326, 327, 339, 340, 341±3, 344, Kharkov, 42, 45±8, 51, 267 406 Kherson, 253 Lammers, G. A., 14 Kielland, Axel, 80 Lammers, H.-H. 159, 174, 202, 219, Kierkegaard, Sùren, 8 234±5, 241, 250±1, 262±3, 265, Kiev, 253 269±70, 303, 341, 346, 349±52 Kirke og Kultur (`Church and Culture'), Landstormen, 78 413 Langaard, Conrad, 20 Kirkenes, 261 Langaard, Konken (neÂe Quisling), 20, Kirov, Sergeij, 123 330 Kleen, Wilhelm, 83 Langfeldt, Gabriel, 10 Klessheim, 301±2, 305, 316, 340 de Laport, Walther, 140, 165 Klingenberg cinema, 247, 292, 298, 299, Latin America, 145 316 Lausanne, 111 Knudsen, Harald Franklin, 170 Laval, Pierre, 187, 301, 303 Koch, Hans Reinhard, 359 laws: `Concerning Actions to Maintain Koht, Halvdan, 16, 62, 142, 146, 168±71 Calm and Order in Time of War', Kola, 30, 35, 294±5 312±13; concerning activities against Kolding, 138±40 the people and state, 254; concerning Kollontay, Alexandra, 52, 64, 88 Organisations and Associations, 274; Kolstad, Peder, 76, 84 protection against attacks on state KoÈningsberg, 341 and party, 255; on sterilisation, 326 Kremlin, 141, 299 Lawyers' Association, 240 Krigsskolen, see War College Le Parisien, 322 Kristelig Folkeparti, see Christian League of Nations, 4, 41, 45, 53, 59, 60, People's Party 67, 115, 135; Armenian Refugee Kristiania Arbeidersamfund, see Settlement Commission, 60±1 Christiania Workers' Union Leangkollen, 330 Kristiansand, 170, 230 legation, British, Oslo, 57 kulaks, 69 legation, German, Oslo, 116, 124, 125, Kullmann, Olaf, 90±4 142±59, 171±4, 177, 181, 194

Index442

legation, Italian, Oslo, 115, 116, 125±6 Marthinsen, Karl, 284, 286, 314, 318, legation, Norwegian, Petrograd, 333, 356, 381, 405 Moscow, 28±31, 31±4, 37, 38, 63, Marx, Karl, 102, 227 66±7, 69 Marxists, 102, 229, 331; see also Quisling legation, Soviet, London, 64 on Marxism legation, Soviet, Oslo, 63 Masonic Lodge, Oslo, 281 LeÂgion Nationale, 111 Masurien, 138 Lehmkuhl, Joakim, 72, 96 Maud, Queen, 6 Leidang, 78±9 Mediterranean, 144, 145, 289, 338 Leikvam, Jon, 374±5, 395, 397, 403, Mellbye, Johan, 126 407 Mende, Gerhard von, 113 Lenin, 27, 32±4, 39, 45, 68, 123 Mensheviks, 36 Leningrad, 10, 123, 147, 269, 295, 297 Menstad, `battle of', 76±8, 84, 87 Ley, Robert, 251 Metropol, 162 Liberal Party (Venstre), 11, 76, 79, 87, Meyer, Henrik, 372 94, 100, 215 Middle East, 59 Lie, Jonas, 109, 169, 179±80, 189, Midttun, Olav, 174 191±4, 208, 225±6, 258±9, 260±1, Military Academy (Den militñre 278, 286, 291, 312±13, 314, 315, 326, Hùyskole), 7, 30, 70 341, 347±8, 358, 362±3, 366±7 Military Association, 38, 58 Lie, Trygve, 348 `milk strike', 231±2 Lied, Jonas, 64 Milorg, 370±3 Ligue Nationale Corporative, 111 mines, 167, 169, 173, 196 Lillehammer, 349 Minister President, see Quisling Lippestad, Johan, 326, 348, 367, 370±2 Ministries: Agriculture, 209; Church and Lithuania, 111 Education, 208, 222, 256, 330±1; Lofthus, Johan, 374, 395, 407 Culture and Public Information, 208; London, 4, 39, 63, 132, 143, 163, 219, Defence, 50, 76±8, 80±94, 167, 174; 229, 230, 231, 241, 242, 248, 322, Finance, 209, 225, 276, 286; Foreign 323±4, 327, 328, 332, 347, 357, 364, Affairs, 10, 31, 171, 218; Interior, 208, 365, 368, 398, 407 212, 213, 235, 252, 274, 320±1; LuÈbeck, 139±40 Justice, 119, 208, 238, 254, 313; Luftwaffe, 157, 274 Shipping, 209; Social Affairs, 229, 326, Lunde, Guldbrand, 120, 168, 175, 179, 343, 364; Supplies, 209; Trade and 208±10, 213, 220, 247, 291, 325; death Industry, 209 of, 281±2; Minister of Culture and Mjùen, Jon Alfred, 36, 87 Public Information, 208 Mogens, Victor, 159, 177, 191±2, Lunden, 22, 331 197±8 Lykke, Ivar, 64 Moland, 17±18, 268±9, 330 Mùllergaten 19 (police headquarters), MacDonald, Ramsey, 69 366, 370, 373, 409 Machiavelli, 68 Monrad-Krohn, Professor G. H., 329, McIntosh, Michael, 61 395±7 Madagascar, 137, 289 Montreux, 111±13 Madsen, Alfred, 56, 77 Moravia, 231 Maginot Line, 195 Morgenbladet (`The Morning Paper'), Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 330, 338 20, 79, 163, 181, 289 Mark Brandenburg, 214 Morgenposten (`The Morning Post'), 131 Marsinach, Count de 110 Moscow, 4, 11, 12, 27, 29, 31±3, 38±9, Martha, Crown Princess, 80 41±5, 47, 52±3, 58, 60±3, 65, 66±79,

Index 443

84±5, 87, 113, 123, 141±2, 144, 147, NEP (New Economic Policy), 62, 66, 235, 237, 293, 323, 342±3, 347±8, 67 362, 369, 392, 394 Neuhaus, Hans Joachim von, 143±4 Moseid, Gabriel, 85 Neumann, Hans-Hendrik, 159, 279, Mosley, Oswald, 304, 380 298, 301±2, 340, 343, 349 Mosquitoes, 277 New Guinea, 137 Mot Dag (periodical), 93 `new order' see Quisling, `new order' Mowinckel, Johan Ludvig, 76, 86, 93, New York, 131, 225 100, 103, 142 New York Sun, 133 MuÈller, Georg Wilhelm, 192 New York Times, 132 Munch, Edvard, 318 New York Herald Tribune, 133 Munch, P. A., 22 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 8 Munich, 302 Noack, Ulrich, 145±50, 192 Munich Agreement, 1938, 136 Nobel Institute, 125 Munich putsch, 193 Noel-Baker, Philip, 41 municipalities, 129, 209, 212, 337 Non-Aggression Pact, see Hitler, Munthe, Adolf, 70, 82, 106, 120, 356 Hitler±Stalin pact Murmansk, 136 Nordic Association (Nordische Musset, Alfred, 156, 187, 203, 242, 273, Geselschaft), 139 291, 308 Nordic Folk-Rising, 70, 74±6, 79±80, Mussolini, Benito, 80, 82, 110±11, 114, 89±90, 96 301, 306, 307, 308±9, 315±16 Nordic racial superiority, see Quisling, on race Nansen, Fridtjof, 4, 27, 41±7, 49±53, 54, Nordland regiment, see SS, Norway SS 58, 59±62, 67±8, 72, 104, 116, 143, Norges Kommunistblad (Norwegian 239, 394, 399, 401±2; awarded Nobel Communist paper), 56±8 Prize, 47; death of, 71; Russia and Norsk Aktion, 5, 239 Peace,51±2 Norsk Film, 238 Napoleon, 147, 231, 293±4, 316, 330 Norsk Folkeblad, 159 Narvik, 167, 223, 236, 295 Norsk Hydro, 76; see also Menstad Nasjonal Samling (National Union), see Norske Selskab, 74 NS Northcliffe, Lord, 42 National Assembly, 94, 104±5, 127, 257, North Norway, 287, 309, 347±8 273±7 North Sea, 382 national bloc, 95, 101, 191 North Varanger, 310 National Government, see Quisling, Norway: ¯ight of King and government National Government to England, 190; see also National Socialism, 2, 73, 79, 102, 110, Nygaardsvold government, in exile in 111, 112, 117, 136, 140±1, 159, 182, London; recognition of Soviet Union, 224, 243, 245, 281, 295, 302, 347, 360, 52; rejection of German ultimatum, 410±11 170±1; state of war with Germany, National Union, see NS 234, 258, 263, 303, 310, 347, 379; state National Work Effort, 298±9, 327, of war with the Allies, 269, 313 342±3 Norway SS, see SS, Norway SS National Work Effort, Germany, 298 Norwegian Academy, 184 Nationen (`The Nation'), 70, 76, 82, 83, Norwegian exodus into Sweden, 289, 85, 88, 92, 94, 96 336, 339, 340 Nazism, 80, 125±6, 138, 222, 278, 282, Norwegian±German Society, 304 289, 322, 386, 393; see also National Norwegian Legion, 227±8, 247, 250, Socialism 282, 334±5

Index444

Norwegian neutrality, 135±6, 141, and Norway SS, 226, 278, 284, 286, 150±2, 158, 160, 163±4, 169, 173, 336, 358; NS Presse Ltd, 124; and the 196, 219, 360 occupation, 278, 301, 307, 348±50; Norwegian police, 2, 76, 78, 81±3, 86, opposition to, see resistance; party 87, 99, 109, 121±2, 123, 134, 178, 191, song, symbols, uniforms, 104, 105, 193, 201, 208, 211, 216, 229±30, 232, 122, 190; planned takeover of power, 239, 242, 257, 260, 261, 263, 277, 153±5, 163, 165, 169, 172, 202, 282±4, 306, 311±15, 321±2, 332±3, 224±5; preparations for German 334, 336, 337, 340, 343, 356, 357, 364, invasion, 158, 198; propaganda, 190, 366, 369±70, 371±4, 377±8, 382, 390; 230, 317; renegades, 159±81, 189, 191; state police, 228, 269, 286 reprisals against, 323, 333; Norwegian prisoners in Germany, 390, schoolchildren, 216, 246; Statistics 392, 404, 407 Bureau, 283; students, 317±19; trials Norwegian public opinion, 52, 84, 89, of members, 367±8 (see also Quisling, 93, 109, 119, 182, 186, 197, 230±1, trial of); volunteers for Finland and 242, 256, 287, 292, 300, 309, 314, 376, Spain, 161; Youth Organisation, 216, 393 250, 255±6, 345 Norwegian Teachers' Corporation NSDAP, 22, 80, 89, 112, 118, 133, 148, (Norges Lñrersamband), see teachers 157±8, 191, 193, 197, 214, 216, 240, NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting 278 Corporation), 167±73, 185, 192, 210, NTB (Norsk TelegrambyraÊ), 211, 302, 230, 238, 291, 361±2, 364±5, 368, 304, 322 376, 404, 407 Nuremberg laws, 137, 206 NS (Nasjonal Samling, National Union Nygaardsvold government, 122, 153, Party), 1933 election, 97±9; 1936 165, 173±5, 178, 185, 188, 192, 198, election, 121±2, 126±8; 1936 election 228, 231; in exile in London, 241, 289, (municipal), 129; Act of State, 253±4; 322±3, 342, 345, 347±8, 356, 360, and Administrative Council, 192, 198; 363±5, 379, 397 annual meetings, 104, 125; and anti- Nygaardsvold, Johan, 77, 86, 94, 122, Semitism, 118±21, 123, 283±8 (see 172±3 also Jews); appointment of party professors, 245; arming of, 352±7; Obersalzberg, 302 `Battle Organisation' occupation, 151±2, 165, 170±1, 176±7, (Kamporganisajonen), 180; British 182, 190, 204±5, 215, 216, 219, 225, arrests of members, 283; Christian 230, 232±3, 239, 249, 253, 259, 264, wing, 246; and civil service, 214, 283; 270, 278, 283, 286, 292, 298, 301, 308, conferences on Bygdùy 1941, 227, in 310, 312, 314, 322, 325, 340, 346±7, Oslo 1942, 273±8; and conscription, 349, 355, 363, 370, 379, 386, 391, 395, 172; constitution, 135, 151, 181; 398, 400, 404±5 decreed only legal party in Norway, Oder, 345 206±7; defection from, 109, 180; Odin, 332 ®nancing of, 97 (see also Quisling, and Olav, Crown Prince, 6, 372 German subsidies); founding of, 70, Olav Haraldsson (St Olav), 2, 103, 104, 89, 94±7; and front-line service, 335; 259, 404, 410, 411; St Olav's cross, 96, government, see Quisling, 250, 355 government; image problems, 204; Olav Tryggvasson, 104 and Labour Service, 208; manifesto, onanism, 119 95, 151, 209, 257, 274; membership Onega Wood, 62±6 numbers, 109, 125, 214±15, 234±5, one-part state, 255, 276±7 282, 336; newspaper, see Fritt Folk; Operation Barbarossa, 203

Index 445

Operation SeeloÈwe, 203 Preysing, Bishop, 261 Oppland, 97, 266 Prince Eugen, 251 Orient, 144 prize courts, see German prize courts Oscarsborg, 171 Prussia, 235, 293, 300, 328, 341 Oslo, 6, 10, 12±13, 16, 20, 22±6, 34, 39, Prytz, Caroline, 10 61±3, 66±7, 70, 74±5, 77, 83±4, 87, Prytz, Frederik, 10±11, 30±8, 61±6, 90, 93, 96, 100, 102, 104±5, 110, 114, 70±2, 73±6, 79, 81±2, 87, 90, 95, 97, 121±3, 127, 129, 130±1, 133±4, 139, 106, 120, 127, 142±5, 161, 168, 175; 161, 167, 171±4, 177±8, 180±3, and anti-Semitism, 289, 296, 310, 187±9, 194, 197, 201, 204, 213, 216, 315±16, 347, 355; death of, 356, 372; 218, 220, 224, 226±8, 230±1, 233, Minister of Finance, 264, 276, 286, 236, 238, 240, 245, 247, 250, 252±3, 288; opposition to Quisling's coup, 260±1, 264, 267, 282±3, 288, 290, 180, 187, 198, 208, 356 292, 295±6, 306, 311, 314, 316±20, Prytz, Johan, 372 325, 330±2, 342, 349, 355, 359, 361, Putnam, Amy and Anne, 113 363, 365±7, 378, 383, 385, 388±9, 394, 404; see also Christiana Quisling, Andrea, see Langaard, Konken Oslo palace, 250; see also royal palace Quisling, Alexandra (Asja), 45±51, 53±5 Ostpolitik, 294 Quisling, Arne, 18, 20, 38, 46, 129, Oxford Movement, 130 131±4, 225, 369, 402 Quisling, Eli, 20, 330 Palestine, 223 Quisling, Esther, 18, 19, 20, 25, 369 Paris, 4, 13, 26, 30, 49, 51±4, 60, 61, 89, Quisling, Hildur, 330 114, 132, 163, 231, 264, 268, 290, 292, Quisling, Ingerid, 13, 23, 129 321 Quisling, Jùrgen, 23±4, 49, 109, 129±30, Le Parisien, 322 160, 187, 225, 330, 367, 369, 374, 413 Parkbiografen cinema, 259 Quisling, Malene, 187±8 Park Hotel, KoÈningsberg, 341 Quisling, Maria, 11, 13, 24, 47±9, 51, Pasetsjnikova, Maria Vasiljevna, see 53±4, 61, 63, 69, 80±2, 99, 108, 111, Quisling, Maria 114, 129±30, 148, 160, 170, 194±5, Paul, St, 403 225, 242, 267±8, 309, 310, 330, 370, Paulus, General, 292 372±3, 378, 383, 392±3, 412±14 Pavalic, Ante, 301 Quisling, Nils, 20, 23, 54 People's Court, 254±5, 260 Quisling, Rasmus, 16, 20, 23, 54 Pepper Affair, 80±4 Quisling, Signe, 20 Persia, 55 Quisling, Vidkun: accessory to Peter the Great, 129 Hansteen's murder, 381±2, 398, 403, Petrograd, 11, 28±35, 37, 69, 70, 113 405; accused of offering to set up a Petsamo, 203 Red Guard, 56, 391; accusations in Poland, 28, 49, 58, 141, 144, 152, 162, Moscow, 66; and Act of State, 232±8, 195, 288, 289, 298, 363, 382, 389, 391 247±50, 253, 255, 272, 273, 291, 298, Politbureau, 36 376; acknowledged expert on Soviet Porsgrunn, 310 Union, 38, 61, 63, 146, 293; Portugal, 111 alcoholism?, 374±5; anti-Semitism, 2, Post Of®ce Savings Bank, 325 26, 36, 117±20, 132±4, 136±7, 143, Potsdam, 26, 30, 195 145, 150, 152, 210, 221±4, 227, Potter, Paulus, 12 285±99, 344, 410 (see also Quisling, Poussin, 12, 131 and Jews); appeals to Supreme Court, Press Directorate, 211 406±9; arrest, 373; and arrest of pre-trial court (forhùrsretten), 376 `Marxist government', 174; art

Index446

Quisling, Vidkun (cont.) dispatch of delegation to Swedish collection, 10±13, 131±5; border, 364±6; distancing from assassination threats and attempts, Agrarian Party, 94; and Economic 332, 356; award of CBE, 69; Chamber, 275±6; election campaign banishment to Berlin, 193; and battle 1933, 84±100, 102, 107, 110, 131, 153, of Menstad, 76±8, 84, 87; and 214, 354; election campaign 1936, Berggrav, 178, 181, 184, 245±52, 109, 121, 122±7, 153, 214, 380; and 258±60, 268, 372, 390, 413±14 (see `emigrant government', 323, 342, 347, also Berggrav, Bishop Eivind); in 356, 363±5, 379 (see also Berlin 1930, 27±8; bigamist?, 47±8; Nygaardsvold government); and birth of, 17; and Bolshevism, 7, 27, 29, England, 39, 116, 173, 221±2, 230, 32±5, 38, 42, 52, 55, 58, 59, 68, 72, 73, 304, 382; and the English language, 105, 111, 113, 118, 137, 141, 161, 181, 26, 50, 116; `enigma' of, 354, 231, 242, 292, 295, 304, 342, 362±3, 399±401; and European pact, 346, 399; books about, 240; boyhood, 16, 350; execution of, 1±3, 415±16; and 17±22; on Britain, 221; British agent?, exploratory brain tests, 396±7; 66±7; and British interests in Russia, expulsion of members from NS, 128, 63; burning of sensitive documents, 254; fascist? 76, 77±80, 94, 110±12, 369; cadetship, 6, 21, 25, 393; calling 114, 117, 138; and federalism, 272, off of mobilisation 1940, 171, 174±5, 304, 346, 411; and Festung Norwegen, 180, 185; and CAUR, 110±15, 187; his 359, 361; feud with Hjort, 107, 127±8, Chancellery, 296, 315, 320±2, 331, 178, 181, 191±2, 197±8; feud with 369, 406; changing of royal seal, 250, Hundseid, 91±5, 98, 402; ®nance, 325; charges brought against, 376, personal, 54, 130±4, 330; and Finland, 380±2, 390, 403, 410; and clemency, 4, 39, 73, 83, 136, 142, 146, 152, 379, 406; and the clergy, 245±7, 160±1, 228, 252, 265, 323, 338, 343, 257±60, 268; and the Commissarial 347; Frankfurt speech, 222±4, 253, Council, 207±8, 210±12, 217, 230, 299; and Freemasons, 281, 308; and 232, 233, 235, 386, 400; commissarial French Revolution, 209, 244; and government, 207±10, 212, 215±17; Fyresdal, 17±18, 20, 47, 126, 187, 268, and Communism, 58, 100, 141, 227, 321, 330±2, 381; and the General 363, 408 (see also and Bolshevism); Staff, 27±8, 31, 33, 38±9, 42, 47, condemnation of League of Nations, 49±50, 57, 67, 68, 70, 78, 86, 173±4, 115, 135; and conscription, 326±7, 391, 393±4, 402; and German bases in 338±40, 341, 357±8, 386; and the Norway, 150±2, 155, 197, 251, 399; Constitution, 5, 10, 104±5, 120, and German capitulation, 360, 366; 134±5, 151, 153, 181, 188, 192, 201, and German scorched earth policy in 224, 237±8, 249, 276±7, 283, 308, North Norway, 348; and German 313±14, 315, 358, 363, 376, 380, 383, subsidies, 140, 151, 156, 159, 190, 193, 405; in Copenhagen, 139, 145, 165±8, 198, 215, 300, 388; in Geneva, 4, 352, 363, 385, 387, 390, 401, 403; and 42±3, 49, 53, 60±1, 115; his corporatism, 5, 79, 104±5, 144, 181, government, 9 April, 174±5, 184, 245, 212, 256±7, 260, 274, 277; his coup, 355, 362±3, 372; historical April 1940, 152±4, 158, 163, 169±81, consciousness, 2, 17, 22, 52, 104, 221, 314, 376, 385±6, 388±9, 392, 405; and 244, 258, 294, 303, 344, 402; on the Cultural Chamber, 275±7, 325, Hitler, 272; with Hitler, December 333, 388±9, 392, 405; decrees, 188, 1939, 2, 150±6, 158, 161, 205±6, 222, 209, 211±12, 213, 225, 246, 254, 255, 330, 377, 379, 403; August 1940, 257, 298, 331, 335, 340, 376, 397, 398, 198±9, 202; September 1940, 200±3; 400; denial of access to Hitler, 271; February 1942, 251±2; April 1943,

Index 447

301±5, 309; January 1944, 340±6, 9, 35±6, 73±4, 110±12, 118, 138±9, 349±53; humanitarian work, 4, 41±5, 145, 211, 222, 399; and Norway SS, 47±9, 50, 52, 59±62, 67±8, 113, 399, 219±20, 224±5, 226, 234, 295; and 401±2; illnesses, 160, 162, 374, 396; Norwegian energy sources, 269±70, indictment of, 380±3; insanity?, 374, 315; and Norwegian forces, 161, 219, 395, 408, 412; intelligence of®cer in 251±2 (see also Quisling, and Helsinki, 38; and the Jews, 114, conscription); and Norwegian 118±19, 121, 134, 137, 139, 145, independence, 173, 219±20, 228, 235, 222±4, 282±9, 329, 343, 382±3, 386, 237, 242, 248, 250, 252, 262, 265, 270, 390, 391, 398, 403, 405±6 (see also 272, 280, 292, 294, 301, 309, 310, 322, Quisling, anti-Semitism); `The 338, 341, 344, 346±7, 352, 370, 377, Language Struggle in the Ukraine', see 379±80, 386, 400, 405; Norwegian Quisling, writings; laws, 255±7, 274, neutrality, 135±6, 141, 150±2, 158, 308, 312, 325±6; leadership qualities, 160, 163±4, 169, 173, 196, 219, 360; 20, 106; liaison of®cer for Armenian and the opposite sex, 40, 84, 107; Commission, 60; loyalty to followers, overtures to Labour movement, 55±7, 413±14; `man of the year', 89±93; 77, 391; in Paris, 4, 26, 30, 49, 51±2, marriages, 40, 45±9, 54, 129±30, 160; 54, 60±1, 114; as peace broker, 143±9, `martyrdom' of, 1, 381, 410; Marxism, 150, 155±6, 161, 222, 382; and peace 59, 72, 74, 101, 102, 117±19, 354, 399; settlement with Germany, 233±4, 237, megalomania of, 2, 10, 73, 143±4, 251, 262±7, 269, 272, 275, 278, 290, 399, 408, 411; memoranda to Hitler, 303±4, 309±10, 313, 323, 346, 351, 155, 159, 217±18, 232±3, 235, 262, 353, 364, 379, 386, 388±9, 406; 264, 268, 296±7, 322, 344, 382, 388; `pepper affair', 80±4; personal guard, military attacheÂ, Petrograd, 28; 243, 313, 332, 352, 355, 368, 369; Minister of Defence, 76±95, 97, 362, personality, 2, 10, 21, 24, 34, 127, 188, 391, 393; `Minister of Pepper', see 328±32; personality cult, 106; `pepper affair'; `Minister President', personality transformation theory, 250, 252±3, 254, 255, 258, 261, 262, 354, 394±401; police interrogation of, 267±70, 274±5, 281, 286, 291, 301, 373±81, 404±5; press conferences, 302, 306, 318, 320±2, 324, 326±7, 253, 254±5, 288, 377; prevention of 331, 333, 338, 347, 352, 357, 362, 376, Maria's testimony, 393; Prime 380±1, 395; moral sense, 22±5, 42, 45, Minister, 247; `prophet', 399, 404, 49, 54, 64, 153, 307, 328, 330, 380, 411; proposals for German offensive 399; Nansen obituary, 72; and the in Russia, 147±8, 150; psychiatric National Assembly, 104±5, 127, 257, evaluation of, 10, 354, 374, 395±6, 273±5, 277; National Government, 407; as public speaker, 21, 74, 88, 99, 232±8, 245, 248±58, 259±65, 269±70, 221; on race, 72±4, 79, 113±14, 121, 274±99, 308±9, 310, 313±21, 324±48, 145, 211, 219, 222±3, 245, 282, 287, 355, 359±81, 407; and National 325, 326, 332, 410; radio address 9 Socialism, 117, 136, 156, 302 (see also April 1940, 173; `The Recognition of Quisling, fascist?; Quisling, and Russia', see Quisling, writings; Nazism); and nationalism, 58, 118, reforms of organisations, 212, 244, 408; and Nazism, 1, 125±6, 222, 282, 256±7, 274±8; religious sense, 245, 289, 386; negotiations with Home 408±9, 410, 411; representation of Front, 366±73; and the `new order', British interests in Moscow, 63; 208±12, 229, 231, 241, 244±7, 251, request to King for lenience on behalf 254±5, 265, 268, 276, 289, 344; and of NS members, 413; requisitioning the Non-Aggression Pact, 141, 145, and con®scation of property, 255, 161, 227, 292; and Nordic supremacy, 268, 284±5, 286±7, 386, 390, 405;

Index448

Quisling, Vidkun (cont.) Quislinus, Laurits Ibsùn, 14 retirement plans, 331; return to Qvisling, Anna Karoline (neÂe Bang), 16, Norway 1929, 4; `revolution from 18, 22, 25, 129, 224±5 above', 244, 256, 258; and rouble Qvisling, Jon, 13±16, 18, 20, 22, 25±6 scandal, 61±7; `Russia and Ourselves', see Quisling, writings; sentencing of, `race for Norway', 162, 403 404±9; social life, 13, 88, 130, 160; Raeder, Admiral Erich, 149±50, 154±5, social reforms, 325±6; on Stalinism, 157±8, 167, 234, 251, 253, 268, 299, 67±9, 73, 123, 141; standing down 300, 388, 389, 392 under German pressure, 193±4; and radios, 230, 242 `Storting coup', 135; and student Ragnarok, 114±15, 118, 158±9, 161, 177, opposition, 216, 245, 317±19, 350±1; 189, 192, 240 subjective good faith of, 25, 399, 404, Rastenburg, 235±7, 251, 262, 298, 300, 409, 414; on Sweden, 146, 161, 336, 307, 340±1 338±40, 343±4 (see also Quisling, rationing, 211, 231, 233, 239, 309, 330 writings); synonym for a traitor, Ravner, éystein, 233 186±7, 240; and takeover of power, Red Army, 29, 36, 57, 146, 228, 307, 317, 225, 240, 243; tax reforms, 330, 357; 323, 345 as teacher, 16; and teachers' Red Cross, 41, 358 opposition, 246±7, 256±63, 265, 274, Rediess, Friedrich, 229±21, 232, 290, 292, 390, 398, 406; and Terboven, see 311±12, 318, 339, 344, 358, 363, 382 Terboven, relationship with Quisling, Regierungsausschuss, 176, see Terboven, view of Quisling; testimony Administrative Council in NS trials, 413; threat of resignation, Reich Chancellery, 154, 159, 165, 174±5, 225; `traitor', 2, 186±7, 190, 196, 351, 178, 181, 197, 199, 200, 202, 219, 251, 353, 355, 404; and transfer settlement, 265, 269, 291, 320, 345, 349, 352, 382 359±61; treatment of prisoners, 318, Reich, Wilhelm, 119, 222 322, 350±1, 359, 406; trial of, 331, Reichsbank, 161 355, 363, 376, 381±408; and Trotsky, Reichskommissar, see Terboven, Josef 29 (see also Trotsky); ultimatum to Reichskommissariat, Norway, 190±2, Hitler, 262±6, 275; unemployment, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 211, 214, 12, 50, 55, 57; and uniforms, 184, 190, 225, 237, 240, 241, 248, 254, 263±4, 215±16; Universism, his philosophical 266, 275, 298, 308, 311, 321, 322, 326, system, 4, 7, 8±10, 24, 39, 41, 51, 73, 339, 341±3, 346±8, 349, 358, 359, 75, 95, 144±5, 219, 238, 369, 410±12; 360, 391 and the university, 245±7, 317±18, Reichsrundfunk, 252 329; visit to the front, 288; visit to Reichstag, 195, 205, 235, 242 Norwegian volunteers in Heuberg, Rembrandt, 12, 131, 132 226; witnesses for, 392±4; wives: Rendulic, Lothar, 348 departure from Russia, 49; writings: resistance movement, 191, 228±9, `Denkschrift uÈber die russische Frage', 231±2, 240, 241, 244, 245, 248, 255, 293±4, 295, 297, 411; Èternal Justice', 257±8, 260±8, 274±6, 278±81, 411; juvenilia, 19, 46; `The Language 292±3, 306, 309, 312, 327, 332±3, Struggle in the Ukraine', 58; `The 337, 342, 356±7, 360, 363±4, 367, Recognition of Russia', 52; Russia and 369, 398, 400; see also Home Front Ourselves, 72±3, 130, 222, 240; `Die Reuters, 323 schwedische und nordische Frage', `revolution from above', see Quisling, 344; Ùniversism', 8±10; Ùniversistic `revolution from above' Aphorisms', 410±12 Rex movement, 363 Quisling, Vivi, 20 Rhine, 188, 345

Index 449

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 140, 147±9, Ryti, Risto, 308 159, 176, 181, 183, 196, 252, 269, 294, 346, 352, 378, 390 sabotage, 169, 184, 263, 280, 306, Riga, 113 317±18, 343, 349±52, 356±7, 362 Rigel, 349 Saga cinema, 247 Riisnñs, Sverre, 224±5, 238, 240, 246, Sahm, Heinrich, 124±5 255, 258, 260, 278, 282, 284±5, SaloÂ, 307 312±14, 315, 342, 347, 358, 366, 414; Salzburg, 300 appointed Minister of Justice, 208 Samfundspartiet, 100 Rikshospitalet, 395±6 Samfundsvernet, 70 Ring, Sigurd, 331 Samtiden (cultural journal), 38 Ringnes, Ellef, 124 San Diego Fine Arts Gallery, 132 Roddolo, Marcello, 114, 125 Scandinavia, 38, 73, 125, 135±6, 138, Rogstad, Henrik, 280 140, 144, 152, 161±2, 222, 224, 287, Romania, 58, 236, 265, 301 292, 304, 343±4, 359, 382 Romanticism, 22 Scandinavian prisoners in Germany, Romdalsfjord, 282 351, 356, 359, 391, 394, 406 Rome, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 125, 126, Scharffenberg, Johan, 413±14 193, 252, 328 Scharnhorst, 251 Rosenberg, Alfred, 133, 139±40, Scheel, Olaf, 395 148±51, 153±6, 158±60, 163±4, 175, Sche¯o, Olav, 57±8, 84 181, 186, 189, 193±4, 196, 197, 199, Scheidt, Hans Wilhelm, 139±41, 151, 218, 222±4, 234, 246, 251, 253, 270, 153±6, 158±9, 161±6, 175, 180±4, 293±7, 302, 346, 350±1, 378±9, 381, 190±1, 194±7, 199, 217, 224, 234, 385, 387±8, 405 388±90, 392, 398 royal palace, 33, 80, 171, 176, 187, 258, Schickedanz, Arno, 186, 381, 388, 398 266±7, 286, 296, 306, 308, 312, 313, Schjùdt, Annñus, 378, 381, 385, 386±90, 317, 319±22, 324, 325, 329, 332±4, 397±8, 400±2, 404 337, 342, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361, 364, Schjùren, Leif, 336 366, 369, 381±3, 405±6, 407; as Schopenhauer, Arnold, 8 Quisling's headquarters, 250 Schreiber, Richard, 392 Ruge, Otto, 76, 393±5, 412 SD, 230, 236, 240, 278±9, 288, 322 Ruhr, 182 Seip, Didrik Arup, 245 Rural Crisis Aid (Bygdefolkets Serbia, 33 Krisehjelp), 97 sex education, 119, 222 Russell, Bertrand, 8 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 242, 291 Russia and Ourselves, see Quisling, shipowners, 274 writings Shipping Brokers' Federation, 179 Russia, 5±7, 11, 12, 25, 27±42, 46±52, shortages, 28, 42, 320 53±6, 60±3, 65±6, 67±70, 72±4, Siberia, 33, 69, 296±7 76±8, 80±107, 111, 113, 116, 130±1, Sicherheitsdienst, see SD 134, 136, 138, 141, 144±9, 153, 168, Sicily, 306 187, 188, 203, 222, 226±8, 230±1, Siemens, 117, 177 233, 236±7, 240, 243±4, 249, 253, Sinovjev, Aleksej, 123 263, 265, 267, 269, 272, 288±93, Sipo, 322 294, 295±8, 299; see also Soviet Sixth Army, 290, 292 Union Skabo, 232 Russian Forestry Industry Ltd, 31, 37 Skancke, Ragnar, 105, 175, 179, 256, Russian Revolution, 27 258, 317±18, 366; appointed Minister Ryfylke, 142 of Church and Education, 208

Index450

Skien, 6, 14, 17, 19±22, 70, 76±8, 87, Stalingrad, 269, 289±90, 292, 293, 297, 394, 401 300 Skjerstad, 261 Stalinism, 292; see also Quisling, on SkyddskaÊren, 78 Stalinism Slavs, 35, 36, 142, 294±5 Stang, Axel, 192, 208, 248, 250±1, 256, Slovakia, 29, 236, 263, 265, 301 278, 326, 335, 339, 340, 364, 366, 372, Smedal, Gustav, 292 414 Social Demokraten (`The Social Stang, Emil, 11 Democrat'), 322 Stang, Helene, 286, 288 Social Individualism, 140 Stangeland, Charles, 126 socialism, 58, 101, 102, 127 state of emergency, 32, 228, 231, 245, Sogn, 282 261, 263, 280, 306 Solem, Erik, 384±5, 387±90, 393, Stavanger, 99, 104, 108, 120, 168, 236 395±7, 403±4, 406 Steen and Strùm, 267 Solvñr raid, 283 Stephen, St, 107 Sùrensen, Henrik, 143 Stiklestad, 104, 132 Soviet Union (see also Russia), 4, 27, 32, Stockholm, 6, 32, 39, 83, 166, 242, 364, 37, 42, 52, 58, 60, 72, 80, 91, 113, 115, 365 142, 146, 147, 152, 203, 223, 226, 228, Stockholms Tidningen, 322 236, 279, 298, 312±13, 323; and Stolypin, P. A., 12 Finland, 142, 145±6, 160, 162, 228; Stùren, Finn, 343 government, 52±3, 55±6, 58±62, storm-troopers, 173±4, 195 64±8, 72, 123, 141, 310; and Great Storting, 5, 64, 77, 79, 80, 84±5, 86, 87, Britain, 63, 69; in®ltration in Norway, 88, 91, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105, 135, 142, 83±4, 85, 87; and liberation of 151, 153, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 180, Norway, 323, 345, 348, 369; trade 181, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 200, 201, delegation, Christania, 52 203, 206, 207, 211, 213, 222, 246, 247, Sùvik, Erling, 364 249, 253, 320, 354, 379, 380, 383, 389, Spain, 236, 364 397, 398, 399 Spanish Civil War, 161 Stub, Kjeld, 102, 104, 208 Spann, Othmar, 104 Stuckart, Wilhelm 252 special court, 313, 357 Students' Association, 27, 119 Speers, Albert, 203 students, resistance of, 245, 317±19, 329, Spengler, Oswald, 39 343, 351 Spinoza, Baruch, 8 Sturtlusson, Snorre, 103 SS, 140, 192, 196, 214, 217, 219±20, sun cross, see NS, symbols 223±7, 229, 240, 251±2, 278±9, Sundberg, Jan, 170, 361 282±3, 288, 293±5, 303±4, 313, 316, Sundlo, Konrad, 295±6 319, 335±9, 341, 363, 382 Supreme Court, 1, 86, 177±8, 181±5, SS Nordland Regiment, 335 238, 246±7, 312, 368, 384; see also SS Norway, 223±6, 228, 234, 278, 284, Quisling, trial 286, 313, 335±6, 337, 339, 358, 366 Svenska Dagbladet, 322 SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment Norway Sweden, 6, 20, 78, 83, 88, 111, 136, 138, (SS Panse Grenadierregiment Norge), 146, 161, 229, 284, 287, 319, 336, 335 338±40, 343±4 SS Ski Battalion Norway (SS Swedenborg, Emanuel, 8 Skijegerbataljon Norge), 335, 369 Swedish press, 144, 187, 231, 241±2, Stadt, 169 261, 281, 287, 322, 342±3, 344, 407 Stalin, Joseph, 67±9, 73, 122±3, 141, Swinton, Lord, 143 145, 146, 227, 292, 412 Switzerland, 49, 111, 119

Index 451

Sydspissen camp, 261 261; and transfer settlement, 360±1; Syria, 67 view of Quisling, 188±9, 204±5, 293; and the unions, 228, 231±2; and the Tana River, 309 Work Effort, 326±7 Tao, 9 Texas, 133 teachers, 246±7, 256±8, 260±5, 274, The Times, 52, 116, 118, 322 292, 390, 398, 406 Third International Nationalist Telefunken, 117 Congress, 125±6 Telemark, 6, 13, 16±19, 47, 76, 87, 88, Third Reich, 119, 202, 223, 251, 294 97, 99, 100, 108, 259, 266, 268, 321 Thommessen, Rolf, 71±2 Tempelhof, 250 Thorne, General, 412 Terboven, Josef, Reichskommissar Throne Holst, Anna, 89 Norway, 188, 191±2, 194, 195, 196, Throne Holst, Johan, 75, 79 197, 219, 226, 244; and the Act of Thronsen, John, 75, 89 State, 237±8; appointed Tiden (`Time'), 210 Reichskommissar 188; appointment Tidens Tegn (`Sign of the Times'), 52, of `acting ministers' in Commissarial 58, 71, 79, 82, 85, 92, 98, 99, 105, 181, Council, 206±7; and Boehm, 300; 191, 192 and the Church, 260, 262; and civil Tiso, Jozef, 301 disobedience, 212, 317; closure of Todt, Fritz, 251 University, 317±18; and Torkildsen, Egil Holst, 336 conscription, 339±40; dispatch of TorneaÊ, 343 Quisling to Germany, 192±5; and Torp, Oscar, 91 Eilifsen's execution, 312; FuÈhrer± Tostrup, 267 Fùrer controversy, 241; and German `total war', 297±8 prize courts, 316; government trade unions, 84, 104, 123, 274 negotiations, 191±203; and Hansteen Trandumskogen, German mass graves 232, 382; with Hitler, 197±8, at, 378 199±200, 236, 237, 262, 313, 341, Tranmñl, Martin, 56±7, 74, 80, 84, 87, 349; and hostages, 336±7, 351±2, 91, 364, 391 357; introduction of state of Troms, 348 emergency, 231, 280; joint meeting Tromsù, 223, 236, 261 with Quisling at Klingenberg, 298; Trondheim, 104, 179, 223, 236, 260±1, lifting of ban on political uniforms, 283, 290, 310, 318, 391 190; and Norwegian energy sources, Trotha, Thilo von, 112±13, 114, 116 269±70; and Norwegian Legion, Trots Alt (anti-Nazi paper), 322 227±8; and NS subsidies, 190, 193; Trotsky, Leon, 29, 80, 121±3, 208, 402 outlawing of all parties except NS, Tryggvasson, Olav, 104 213; preparations for National Trùndelag, 88, 90, 105, 142, 208, 261, Government, 252±7, 316; and 280, 357 Quisling's ultimatum to Hitler, 265, tsars, 12, 29, 36, 291, 293 269, 270±1; rejection of option of TschoÈrner, General, 261 escape to Spain, 364; relationship Tsjitsjerin, Boris, 53 with Quisling, 241, 263, 266, 271, Turkey, 59 290, 303, 308, 349, 351, 358±9, 364, Tvedestrand, 88 391; removal of NS leadership from Quisling, 190±3; and scorched earth Ukraine, 12, 33, 41±4, 45±51, 58, 67, 68, policy in North Norway, 348; and 141, 253, 269, 288, 294, 295, 296, 300, Storting, 190, 912; and students, 245, 307, 412 317±19; suicide of, 392; and teachers, UllevaÊl, 334

Index452

UllevaÊl hospital, 13, 24 Waffen-SS, 217, 226±7, 228, 319, 339, Ullmann, Vilhelm, 394, 413 341, 363 underground activities, 87, 134, 287, Wagner, Wilhelm C., 286, 382, 391, 307, 314, 344 406 underground press, 242, 258, 342 Wall Street, 11, 299 uniforms, 96, 103, 104, 184, 190, War College, 6 215±17, 334, 345; banning of political Warsaw, 188 uniforms, 103 Wegener, Paul, 214±15, 217, 234, 237, Union of Russian Emigrants, 130 250, 279, 392 United Press, 242 Wehrmacht, 188, 223, 228, 230, 241, United States, 235, 249; see also America 251, 258, 261, 263±4, 280, 288, 290, Universism, see Quisling, Universism, 293, 295, 300, 307±8, 314, 322, his philosophical system 326±7, 338, 341, 343, 348±9, 351, University of Oslo, 15, 39, 75, 222, 352, 366, 403 245±7, 276, 304, 317±18, 329, 333 WeizsaÈcker, Ernst von, 252 Ural mountains, 147 WeseruÈbung, 163, 205 Urbye, Andreas, 52, 63, 65, 394 Whist, Alf, 341 Uritskij, Mikhail, 32 White Sea, 30±1 Wiesener, Albert, 240 vagrancy, 325±6 William of Normandy, 221 Van Dyck, Anthony, 12, 131 Winter Palace, 29 Varanger, 310, 313 Wittgenstein, Ludvig, 8 Vardù, 310 Wolfsschanze, 300, 340, 345 Vasbotten, Arnvid, 246 Worcester Museum, 131 Venstre, see Liberal Party Wurm, Paul, 118 Verdens Gang (newspaper), 391 Versailles, Treaty of, 135, 144, 195 Yerevan, 61 Vestfjord, 169 Youth Service, 256±7, 312 Vestland, 120, 266, 281 Vichy, 228 Zionism, 118 Vienna, 53, 144 Vienna coup, 114, 182 éresund, 287 Vik, 282 érneredet, see Eagle's Nest Vikings, 35, 46, 266 éstbye, Halldis Neegard, 108±9, 119, Villa Grande, see Gimle 137, 169 Vinnitsa, 269 éstbye, Peter, 108 Vladivostock, 293 éstmo, Simon, 378±9 Voldsungs, 331 ésterdal, 142 Volga, 41, 43, 60, 67, 289, 297 VoÈlkische Beobachter, 116, 133 AÊ lesund, 281 Voronina, Alexandra Andrejevna (Asja), AÊ mli, 108 see Quisling, Alexandra AÊ mot, 142 Vries Hassel, Ole, 309; head of AÊ ndalsnes, 281 department of municipalities, 209