United Nations 20th GENERAL PLENARY MEETING ASSEMBLY Thursday, 4 October 1979. at 10.35 a.m. THIRTY·FOURTH SESSION Official Records • NEW YORK CONTENTS 5. This is a fitting time to offer to the ,:","orld testi~ony Agenda item 9: of the achievements of . That IS why I Wish to General debate (continued) tell you of the significance which the Torrijos-Carter Speech by Mr. Ozores (panama) . 411 Treaties on the have for us, of how we (Hu~g~ry) Speech by Mr. Puja 0 : .. 413 managed to reach an agreement wit~ the forem?st Speech by Mr. Al~Nuwelml (UnIted Arab Emirates) . 416 Power in the world on this act of natIonal hberapoll Speech by Mr. Unbe Vargas () 0 •••••• 418 Speech by Mr. Boucetta (Morocco) _.. 421 which the new treaties represent, and of the c?ntnbl;l­ tion my country made to the cause of peace In Latm President: Mr. Salim Ahmed SALIM America and in the world because of the recent entry (United Republic of Tanzania) into force of the Panama Canal Treaties. 6. When, three days ago, the unjust Hay-~unau­ Varilla Treaty of 1903 was abrogated, the colomal en­ AGENDA ITEM 9 clave known as the disappeared and the Republic reassumed ~11 its jUr!sdictio"!al rights General debate (continued) over it. This represents a mIlestone 10 the hIstory of in the world. 1. MR. OZORES (Panama) (interpretation!rom Span­ ish): Three days after the entry into f~rce of th~ new 7. The new PanamaCanal Treaties also signal ion Lati~ treaties on the Panama Canal I, a mIlestone In the America th~ end ofan era characterized by the ImposI­ history ofLatin America, the Pr~sident ofPan~m.a? Mr. tion ofthe North American doctrine of territorial prox­ , honoured me WIth the responsIbIlity of imity, whereby an attempt was made to justify the right addressing a very special message to the Assembly of to appropriate or control the rraturaJ resources ~d cer­ the international community to express the serene tain geographical featur~s in the Stat~s in the reglo~ ~hat satisfaction of the people of Panama in these moments could affect the dominatIon ofthe major world mantlme and to say to the peoples of the world, represented by routes. That imperialist doctrir:e, to~ay rejected by t~e delegations here,. that peace is nec~ssary,. that international community, received ItS death blow WIth agreement is possIble and that success IS wlthm the the entry into force of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties. reach of all countries, even ofthe least powerful, when faith and the struggle of a people meet with response in 8. From now on, we Panamanians will live in a international solidarity. country where there will be no laws, courts or police that are other than Panamanian, where only a single 20 We Panamanians wish to express our gratitude to flag the flag of Panama, will wave in its tropical skies all the people and countries that suppor~ed us be~ause and'where a new sense ofdignity will give us strength to they believed in the justness of our claImS and In the undertake the vast task of building the prosperous and strength oftheir convictions, placing the ideal ofjustice free future we deserve. uppermost among their values. 9. These new Treaties, by granting us more intensive 3. This is the reason for my presence in the General participation in decisions on our own main natural re­ Assembly of the United Nations which is, by a happy source, the geographical feature of the isthmus of coincidence, presided over by a statesman ofy~>ur stat­ Panama, also represent a valuable instrument of na­ ure, Mr. President, your well-known lead.ersh~p at t.he tional development. On the one hand, my country has head of the Special Committee on the SItuatIon WIth new extensive areas close to the inter-oceanic water­ regard to the Implementation ofthe I?eclaratio~ on the way'which can be used for commercial, industrial and Granting of Independence to <;:olom~1 Countn~s a~d urban development and, likewise, the Ports of Balboa Peoples, reflected in your actI?~s smce. the hl~tonc and Cristobal, the chief installations of their kind in meetings of the Security CouncIl In 1973 10 the cIty of Central America, and the Panama railway. Panama,2 has earned the lasting appreciation of the Government and people of Panama. 10. Furthermore, Panama's share in the benefits of 4. We are happy that it is you, Sir, a fr!end of 0l!r that Canal comes in the form ofgreater income from the region, who is the successor to. the. emment ~atm transit of ships and, what is also very important, a American statesman, Mr. IndaleclO Llevano AgUIrre, closer association with the ofAmerica in to whom we pay a welJ-deserved tribute for the excel­ the administration of the inter-oceanic waterway up to lent discharge of his responsibility as President of the 31 December 1999, After that date my country will thirty-third session of the General Assembly. acquire full control over the Panama Canal.

I See The Department ofState Bul/etin. vol. 78, No. 2016 (July 1978), pp. 52-57. II. We Panamanians are aware that the Panama 1 See Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-eighth Canal represents a landmark achievement in interna­ Year, 1695th to 1704th meetings. tional communications and we consider that the new 411 A/34/PV.20 0.112 Generul Assembly Thirty·fourth Session-Plenary Meetings Treaties offer all users sufficient guarantees of penna- 18, The careful cultivation ofour national values the nency and efficiency in the inter-oceanic service. strengthening ofour own identity in our country, which is cosmopolitan, with an ancient tradition and a young p, For my Government it is a matter ofgreat satisfac- population, were all essential in order to create the IOn t9 announce before this Assembly that, with the necessary unity among Panamanians, that communion entrymto force ofthe new Treaties on the Canal, as of I between the men and women ofPanama which, like the October 1979, the Protocol regarding the pennanent hardest rock, successfully resisted a formidable neutral!ty of the Panama Canal3 has been open for challenge: that ofdestroying, by the force ofour ideas accessIOn by all States of the world. the basis of an unjust and unbalanced relationship with th,e f~remost Power of.the ~orld and, later, of building With It a ~oder:n relationship based on recognition of 13: On this occasion I must reiterate that one of the o~jectives our sovereIgn nghts, mutual respect and obedience to pnme of the international policy of Panama the idea of justice. IS t~e unIversalization of the regime of pennanent neu­ trality of the inter-oceanic waterway through our terri­ 19. All the energies of the Panamanian people were tory. Panama wishes the Canal to remain safe and open ~hannell~d lea~er, for peaceful transit by the ships ofall nations on tenns by one a man totally devoted to of c:omple~e equality, so that there will be no discrimi­ mterpretmg and defendlOg the national cause, a soldier natIOn agamst any State or its nationals and so that the whose only weapons were the unflagging nationalism of Canal and, consequently, the isthmus of Panama, will ~ur people, and a new and brilliant manner of promot­ not become the object of reprisals in any hostilities Ing the cause of Panama in the international commu­ between other nations of the world. nity. General Herrera, the leader ofthe Panamanians, had a blind faith in human nature in its g?~d:l1;ess justic~ It capacity for and and for the lofty and 14. would be unrealistic for my country to try to grave responsIbIlItIes of leadershIp. As a simple man of make the regime ofpermanent neutrality ofthe Panama Pana~a ~nd univer~al as the representative of the aspirations of <;anal without taking into account the essen­ t~at tial co-operatIOn ofthe great Powers, in the East and in dlgmfied and long-suffering people, he addressed the West, and particularly of those that have mastered himself to other men, to the leaders of America and of nuclear technology. the world, and, without ceremony, he offered an exact ~nd tru.e t~stimony ofthe situationofourcountry and of Its aspIratIOns. 15. In the opinion of the Panamanian Government univer~ the regime ofthe PanamaCanal, by reason ofits 20. The reactio':! of the leaders and peoples of the sal.cha~acter, will be subject to rules similar to those world was unammous. Omar Torrijos's pilgrimage whIch mternational practice has established for the S!1e~ throughout the world rapidly brought about the results and Kiel Canals and which will respect the juris­ hoped for. The leaders of Europe, Asia and Africa as dictiOn of the Panamanian State over the inter-oceanic well as those of Latin America, supported us u~re­ waterway, in accordance with the new agreements. servedly. To them, the list of whose names fills whole pages in the annals of friendship and of our nation's 16. . ~e who co':!e from a modem country with a long dign.ity, we wish to express the deep and never-ending tradition of transIt through the isthmus feel extremely gratitude of Panama. responsible for the services which the Canal offers to promote economic development in the user countries 2I. In this present decade, and as a result of the work and to facilitate closer relations between the peoples of of the 90vemment.Ied by qmar Tonijos, the Security the world. We were also very conscious ofthe need to ~ou!Icti met on L~tln Amencan soil for the first time in find a peaceful method of solving the delicate interna­ Its hIStOry. to .consl~er matt~rs likely to endanger peace tional dispute which seriously threatened the move­ and ~ecunty In Latm Amenca. Itwas ourprivilege, Mr. ment of traffic through the isthmus of Panama. The ~et~od PreSIdent! to hav!? your enlightened participation in chosen was that of negotiation, that of the your offiCial capacIty as Chairman of the Special Com­ dIgnIfied settlement ofa long conflict thanks first to the o~r s~condly, mittee on decolonization. The demonstration of world unswerying faith of valiant people and, to support for the meeting of the Security Council in the lUCId and ~~. gUldan~~ of General Omar Torrijos Panama, and the significant statements made there by Herrera, w.ho InItIated ongIn::U and very effective dip­ Mr. Kurt Waldheim, the Secretary-General led to an lomatic actIons. We also owe It to the warm solidarity of understanding in the light of which the United States the peoples ofthe world who believed in the justness of Government made an attempt to revise its Latin Ameri­ our cause. can policies and reconsidered the one-sided attitude it ha~ until then maintained with regard to the legitimate 17. The victory of the nation of Panama was made claims of Panama. possible by the fi~ will of our people, aware of the ~alue of freedom, Independence, sovereignty and na­ 22 .. Gener~l Tonijos' work had immense results in tional h.onour. Our people waited with patience and Latm Amenca, not only for the cause of Panama but ?ffered ItS. marty~s ..We are a people with profound faith a~so for th~t of. the continent. The new Panama:nian In t~e antl-colomalIst concepts as stated in the United dIplomacy, mspired and directed by him, brought about NatIOns Charter, a noble people capable ofcreating the among the leaders of our region a necessary rap­ necessary conditions for eliminating the colonial en­ proac~ement, a strengthening of our Latin American clave at the very heart ofour country, which has been a conSCIOusness, and offered to our continent a great permanent cause of conflict in relations between w()rthy and just ,cause, the cause of Panama, which Panama.and the. United States and between the latter perle<::tly sym.bohz~d t.he efforts and sufferings ofLatin and LatlO Amenca. Amen<::a and.. t~ rejectIOn ofan anachronistic and intol­ 3 Protocol of Ex~hangc of Instruments of Ratification Regarding erable Impenahsm. the Treaty Concernmgthe Pennanent Neutrality and Operation ofthe Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Treaty. 23. The effects of the Panama Canal Treaties are the 20th meeling-4 October 1979 413 result of the will of two countries with great re­ its peoples aspire so intensely. Yet we believe that the sponsibilities to the international community. These lesson ofhi storyis that all anachronisms will eventually agreements will serve to resolve a delicate situation disappear, as recently happened in heroic , which endangered world communications and the that local conflicts will be resolved and that in the end peace of the region. the dream of the Great Liberator will come true and that, from the RIO Bravo to the Tierra del Fuego our 24. This contribution by my country to the strength­ countries will constitute a true, modern and effective ening of international solidarity is complemented by community of nations. our position on the major political problems which are under review in the General Assembly, that is to say by '29. Our most decisive contribution is the example we our policy of non-alignment, which is based on have given to the world of the ability to solve, by Panama's firm support for the premises of the Declara­ peaceful means but with dignity, the most difficult prob­ tion on decolonization,4 the declaration on the perma­ lems in the hardest circumstances and conditions. In a nent sovereignty ofpeople::. overtheir natural resources world tormented by violence in all its forms, this is a contained in the Charter ofEconomic Rights and Duties precious example which should be appreciated and of States [resolution 3281 (XX/X)] and the Declaration cultivated earnestly by all countries of the world. on the Establishment ofaNew International Economic Order [resolution 3201 (S-Vi)]. Accordingly, nothing 30. With the entry into force of the new PanamaCanal could please Panama more, now that the presidency of Treaties, Panama and the United States will be able to the General Assembly is in the hands of an eminent enjoy a harmonious relationship after 76 years of mis­ citizen of Africa, than to reiterate unreservedly our understandings and profound injustices, This new rela­ support for the aspirations of the peoples of Namibia, tionship must develop, grow in strength, and become, Zimbabwe and Azania and to reaffirm our solidarity for the good of all the countries which use the inter­ with the front-line States and with the national libera­ oceanic waterway, a notable example of friendship, tion movements, the South West Africa People's Or­ international co-operation and mutual respect. ganization [SWAPOJ, the Patriotic Front and the Mri­ can National Congress of South Africa. 31. I believe that I am conscience bound to recognize publicly that successive generations of Panamanians 25. Next year's commemoration of the twentieth an­ have been able to rely in their struggle on the election of niversary of the Declaration on decolonization, of Mr. to the presidency of the United which we were one ofthe sponsors, commits the United States, a fact which made possible the signing, approval Nations to an intensification of its struggle against col­ and ratification of the new Panama Canal Treaties and onialism, neo-colonialism, racism, apartheid and all their recent implementation. It is only just to recognize forms of hegemony or foreign domination. his exceptional gifts as a statesman, his lofty concep­ tion of justice and his profound sense of history. He 26. We have offered much to othercontinents, and we fought strenuously and with great courage against cer­ are pleased and proud of this. But Panama's contribu­ tain reactionary circles in his country to achieve a tion to Latin America is exceptional. My country, be­ peaceful solution to the question ofthe Panama Canal. cause of its desire for universal brotherhood and be­ In this way President Carter has won a place ofhonour cause of the lessons learned through a hard history of among history's great leaders of North America in his struggle for national identity, has always had a special relations with Latin America. responsibility to promote the ideal ofthe unity and the integration of Latin America. It is not by chance that 32. We are determined to fulfil all the commitments BolIvar, in his wisdom, decided that Panama was the entered into in the Panama Canal Treaties. We are not most suitable place in which to gather the American easily deceived nor are we irresponsible towards our nations in the Amphictyonic Congress of Panama in people or the world. We shall be vigilant to ensure that 1826 to lay the foundations for continental unity. Nor is the United States of America also faithfully complies it coincidence that the cause of Panama became the with the serious and solemn commitments into which it ideal which synthesized the Latin American peoples' has entered with no distortion of the deep meaning of aspirations for national liberation. decolonization, justice and dignity.

27. On the threshold of the 1980s, we believe that 33. We have become stronger morally in our struggle another meeting, at all levels, of Latin American na­ and we face the future with confidence, always bearing tions is fully justified. In the economic sphere, this in mind the famous saying that "he who cannot daily would be fundamental to the attempt to establish a win freedom and life does not deserve them. "Thus, we common Latin American front which, together with the pointout to all countries ofthe world that it is our will to efforts made in the Group of 77, would strengthen the protect and strengthen today's conquests to ensure for position ofour region in its participation in next year's future generations of Panamanians and for all peoples special session of the General Assembly. At that meet­ on earth that the Panama Canal will be an instrument for ing we shall evaluate the progress made in the various union and a symbol of hope in the never-ending quest United Nations bodies towards the establishment of a for peace and justice. new international economic order and a new interna­ tional development strategy for the 1980s will be 34. Mr. PUlA (Hungary) (interpretation from Rus­ adopted. sian): Mr. President I should like, on behalf of my Government, to welcome you warmly and to express 28. Many are the barriers which block the path of my hope that the thirty-fourth session of the General Latin American integration and the union to which all Assembly under your leadership will be successful in its work.

4 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) ). 35. On behalf of my Government, I should like to .t16 General Assembly Thirty.fourth Session Plenary Meetings are some people who, to put it mildly, are behaving 64 MG b I' r~t~er strangely. The.y acknowledged that the Pol Pot " y

87. Since the thirty-third session of the United Na­ 93. Mr. URIBE VARGAS (Colombia) (interpretation tions General Assembly, economic problems have from Spanish): On behalf of my Government, I should grown more complex daily and the gap between de­ like to congratulate Mr. Salim on his election as Presi­ veloped and developing countries has become wider dent ofthe thirty-fourth regular session of the General and deeper. The rich are getting richer and the poor are Assembly. Our Organization has thereby attempted to getting poorer because of the refusal of the developed acknowledge the debt it owes to his country, the United countries to participate in serious negotiations to create Republic ofTanzania, and its illustrious President, Mr. a new, just and equitable economic system. JulIus Nyerere, in the lengthy struggle for the decoloni­ zation ofAfrica, a task that entailed many risks. In Mr. 88. The current economic systems are no longer ade­ Salim we recognize the continuity of that tradition of quate. Consequently, it has become necessary to struggle for freedom and self-determination of peoples. In the Special Committee on decolonization, we have 9 See document A/CONF.62/88. seen him as a leader of the decoIonization movement 20th meetlng---4 October 1979 ..H9 and we were amazed at how well he guided the work of tern ofapartheid, which is unequivocally rejected by all the Special Committee at such an early age. free peoples. Coupled with genocidal violations of hu­ man rights, South Africa's nuclear arms policy noW 94. On behalf of the Government of Colombia, I poses a threat not only to the peace of the region but should also like to extend a fraternal welcome to Saint also to world security. The decolonization process Lucia, the beautiful Caribbean island that has just which the United Nations has so successfully been . achieved full independence. It enters the United Na­ cart-ying forward should now be directed essentially to tions in its own nght, as it has entered our regional preventing the racist policy ofSouth Africa from being group, the Organization of American States. In both perpetuated and thus jeopardizing collective security. organizations, we hope to co-operate with it for the Apartheid, which is perhaps the worst crime of our success of our endeavours. We offer it our support in times, must be eradicated through new and more vigor­ order that its international role may be commensurate ous policies from the Security Council and the General with its people's just deserts. Assembly.

95. The thirty-fourth session of the United Nations 100. The independence of Namibia and an ap­ General Assembly is convening against a background propriate solution to the problem ofZimbabwe'are also ofcontradictory signs and ofthreats to world peace. No matters of. particular concern. one can ignore the efforts this Organization has made to preserve security in various continents and its tireless 10 I. Colombia has for some time observed that Arti­ striving to avert conflicts that would inevitably have led cle 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter, which makes the to new hostilities. However, speaking objectively, we pacific settlement of disputes mandatory, has not yet should note that the United Nations must seek to re­ been the subject of orderly development offering pos­ cover the initiative in and responsibility for the mainte­ sibilities for settlement in many conflicts. The world is nance of peace on the five continents of the world. lest aware that the problems ofour times stem from a com­ all that does not partake ofthe spirit of the Charter and bination ofeconomic, political and social factors which that is undertaken without reference to the competence do not always lend themselves to solutions by law. ofUnited Nations bodies should subsequently occasion Possibly, the branch of international relations in which fresh difficulties on the road of understanding and there has beel1' the least progress is the settlement of concord. disputes by peaceful means. Both the International Court ofJustice and the PermanentCourt ofArbitration 96. This is why in my statement to the Assembly last tend to be kept at one remove from the difficulties year lO I emphasized the importance of strengthening which they were intended to solve and for which they the Organization as the nerve-centre of major world were established. It would therefore be a proper task decisions. In pursuit of that policy, I now wish to pre­ for this Assembly, in pursuance of the imperatives of sent some views, on behalf of Colombia, on how the the Charter, to promote a current of world opinion functioning of the world Organization might be aimed at devising new and imaginative machinery for strengthened in a creative spirit. the settlement ofdisputes. Colombia views with favour and lends its support to the initiative oftheGovernment of Austria toestablish a centre for research and concili­ 97. First, my country continues to view with concern ation which could by its flexible charactercontribute to the ongoing crisis in the Middle East, an area now being the direct settlement of disputes which might arise in shaken by new and disturbing signs ofstrife. We believe future. This plan has been discussed previously in the that peace in the region must be sought through the Assembly but, while there might have been doubts in United Nations system and that it must be based on the past as to its desirability, world security today de­ over-all solutions in accordance with the spirit of the mands more expeditious and manageable instruments oft-reaffirmed Security Council resolutions. These so­ which can be resorted to so as to reconcile conflicting lutions can only lead to progress to the extentthat they positions and prevent the deterioration of relations include the full recognitIOn ofthe rights ofthe Palestin­ among States. ian people to a sovereign territory. This situation is analogous in many respects to that which Israel faced in 102. Colombia has been an advocate offurthering the 1947. work on the review of the Charter. efforts on which have yielded only hesitant conclusions. However, 98. Accordingly, the initiative of the Secretary­ without prejudice to continuing this work, a decision by General, Mr. Kurt WaIdheim, to convene a special the General Assembly to create new machinery for conference with the participation of all parties con­ investigation and conciliation together with new im­ cerned on the basis of equality is a step forward which aginative approaches to the mediation of international should be supported and adopted by the present session conflicts is not only a timely task but also a very promis­ of the General Assembly. The indefinite postponement ing one. of this problem has brought grave difficulties to the countries of the Middle East, and the call for a just 103. Our country is finnly convinced that the interna­ solution deserves universal attention, as does the future tional crisis we are going through is directly related to status of Jerusalem, a city holy to three ofthe world's the stagnation of programmes for a new international major monotheistic religions. economic order, which the United Nations itself has proclaimed as an undertaking of the Organization and 99. Together with the Middle East, we must em­ made into a norm of conduct for its Member Govern­ phasize with anxiety the tragic condition of the people ments. It is obvious that the North~South dialogue, of South Africa, where a systematic crime against the which began with so much optimism, has only given indigenous populations is being perpetuated in the sys- rise to new frustrations. As its last session in Manila UNCTADonce again brought to light the Jack ofunder­

10 See Official Records ojthe General Assembly. Thirty-third Ses­ standing of the industrialized countries vis-a.-vis the sion, Plenary Meetings, 33rd meeting, paras. 14.5-17.5. demands of the third world, and we must not hide the ~20 General Asscmbly-Thirty-follrth Sessioll-Plcnar) Meetings fact that progress was scant, if we bear in mind the which has been accompanied by substantial specuia­ magnitude of the programme which should have been tion on spot-market prices and which deprives our covered. Colombia fully supports the proposal for peoples of their prerogatives." global negotiations as presented by the developing countries [see A/34/34, part III, annex 1]. 110. The Caracas declaration, from which I have just quoted, was signed on 12 March 1979 by the Presidents 104. With regard to the law of the sea, the intransi­ of Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica and the Dominican gence of some Powers has complicated the task of Republic, as well as by the Head of Government of drawing up a harmonious and just code for the use ofthe . The views expressed referred to the urgency of oceans. Each time the Third United Nations Confer­ seeking, at an intemationallevel, machinery to render ence on the Law ofthe Sea is convened, we hear in ever less difficult the fulfilment ofdevelopment programmes stronger terms the voices of those countries which dis­ for countries which lack petroleum and therefore face regard the achievements ofthe small and medium-sized critical difficulties. countries, achievements which had seemed secure, such as the 200-mile limit ofsovereignty over economic Ill. It is worth while emphasizing, in addition, the resources. With respect to the sea-bed authority, the view expressed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of distribution ofpowers now claimed dampens our hopes Venezuela, Mr. Jose Alberto Zambrano, in the state­ that the future treaty could become a true instrument ment he made at the Sixth Conference ofHeads ofState for the decolonization of the seas. or Government of Non-Aligned Countries at Havana:

105. With reference to the question of price-support ..As countries members of OPEC, I J we are fully machinery for commodities, such as coffee and sugar, aware of the imperative need for new initiatives and the major consumers are reluctant to support its opera­ strategies of preferential co-operation with the de­ tion, which, coupled with the new obstacles to trade in veloping countries, and this matter will have special commodities from developing countries, is rendering priority at the next meeting of OPEC to be held in the world distribution of power increasingly unfair. To Caracas at the end of this year". that we must add the dwindling financial potential of international bodies devoted to promoting co­ Mr. Salim (United Republic of Tanzania) resumed operation, which earmark disproportionate sums for the Chair. administrative expenditures with the concomitant de­ cline in aid programmes. 112. President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico also discussed the desirability of adopting, within the 106. The demand by the equatorial countries that the framework of the United Nations, a new policy with synchronous geostationary orbit should become part of respect to energy sources, especially petroleum [see the resources falling within their full competence, a JIth meeting]. All these statements buttress and under­ point on which Colombia reaffirms its full solidarity score the urgent need for the General Assembly itselfto with the countries of the area, has been persistently take steps and provide guidelines in order to deal with rejected by certain Powers, which wish in the matter of the major problem now burdening the developing outer space as with the use of the seas to reserve re­ world. sources for their exclusive use. I [3. With reference to Latin America, we must 107. This review of developments which point to a welcome as an important development the creation of grave deterioration of international co-operation in re­ the Junta of National Reconstruction as the new Gov­ cent times leads to the conclusion that the concept of ernment of Nicaragua established in the wake of the the new intemationaleconomic order is still nothing heroic victory which overthrew the Somoza dictator­ more than an aspiration which is frustrated at every ship, a development that was endorsed by the General step. Assembly itselfat its last session [see resolution 33/76] in response to charges of human lights violations 108. To this negative balance-sheet of international brought by the Governments of Colombia and Ven­ co-operation. which sows mistrust in relations between ezuela. The tragic events which the Nicaraguan people the affluent nations and the third world, we must add have endured compel us to reiterate the appeal made to the energy crisis, which has dealt its hardest blows to all countries to contribute to the task ofnational recon­ the small and medium-sized countries. structionin a spirit ofauthentic international solidarity.

109. At the Meeting of Heads ofState or Government 114. The signing in Panama on I October of the held in Caracas during the term of office of the distin­ Torrijos-Carter Treaties restoring sovereignty over the guished Venezuelan leader Mr. Luis Herrera Camplns, Canal Zone to the RepUblic ofPanama should be hailed on the initiative ofMr. Julio CesarTurbay Ayala, Presi­ as a genuine triumph for free peoples. dent of Colombia, the following statement was made: 115. Perhaps the most important political develop­ ment this year in South America was the strengthening "Let us avail ourselves of this opportunity to ad­ of the Andean subregional group, comprising Bolivia, dress an appeal to the petroleum-producing countries Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. This consti­ and to the entire world concerning the need to tutes an important step towards economic integration establish without delay appropriate machinery to and encourages joint action vis-a.-vis various interna­ permit a logical application ofthe price ofpetroleum tional organizations. The Andean Group, created by and its derivatives. Our position is not one ofopposi­ tion to the establishment ofjust prices. On the con­ the Cartagena Agreement, 12 is. perhaps the best exam-

trary, we need such prices for our products. But we II Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. take exception openly with arbitrary price-fixing and Il Agreement for Subregional Integration. done at Bogota on 26 an indiscriminate increase in the price of petroleum, May 1969. 20th meeting~ October [979 421 pie of horizontal co-operation and of efforts to cope plundering their resources, and continue to disrupt with the unequal conditions under which third-world their political stability. countries are labouring in the face ofthe crisis ofinter­ national co-operation to which I have referred. 123. It is indeed distressing for humanity to observe that political relations among countries of the interna­ 116. The appeal I am making on behalfofthe Govern­ tional community still constitute the weakest link in the ment of Colombia for the creation of machinery to chain of human and cultural evolution since these rela­ develop the mandate ofthe Charter in the sphere ofthe tions have fallen short of the appropriate level that peaceful settlement ofdisputes, the urgent need for the would enable them to keep pace with the significant United Nations fully to exercise the responsibility for conquests achieved by mankind in the field of science, the maintenance of peace that rightfully falls to it, the technology and culture. importance of furthering the new international economic order in the domain ofpossible achievements 124. The major political and economic Powers in the and the urgency of arriving at a common policy with world are still striving to retain their privileged position respect to the critical energy situation are all things that at the expense ofotherregions ofthe world. This policy are not only the aspirations of my country but also of hegemony has, unfortunately, been transmitted to undertakings of the United Nations, which should un­ some other nations which have recently started to derstand the new path it must follow so that economic practise it on a regional scale, which in no way lessens and social conditions in the world will not trigger a new Its dangerous effects. conflagration of unforseeable dimensions. 125. After enduring the worst kinds of exploitation 117. For confidence in the future of the Organization and colonial rule, and with some of its southern tem­ to be renewed, as it must be, what is required today is tories still struggling under the burden of racist and steadfastness and boldness in the quest for a new sys­ colonial regimes, our African continent, with its tem of international relations. Because of its urgency, wounds still unhealed, is once again suffering from the this is something that should be the subject ofparticular evils of foreign intervention and attempts to impose attention by all countries, and it is something which regional hegemony and destabilization ofits countries. Colombia repeatedly advocates. 126. The continent ofAsia is also suffering from simi­ 118. World peace requires that a supreme effort be lar onslaughts in its far eastern and central regions. In made to narrow disparities in development among na­ its western region, the problem ofthe Middle East puts tions and to ensure that policies based on power alone this area in the first rank among areas of international give way to an order in which human dignity and the tension throughout the world. fundamental rights of peoples are guaranteed by law. To that end, Colombia, as a deeply democratic country, 127. As part of the Arab nation, Morocco has con­ offers its loyal co-operation. stantly shown the greatest concern for this problem and is giving its full attention to the question of Palestine, 119. Mr. BOUCETTA (Morocco) (interpretation which lies at the heart ofthe conflict in the Middle East from Arabic): I am happy to extend to you, Sir, on my region as a whole. own behalfand on behalfofthe delegation of the King­ dom of Morocco, our most sincere congratulations on 128. The political and humanitarian dimensions ofthe your election as President ofthe thirty-fourth session of question of Palestine constitute a blatant example of the General Assembly. We consider yourelection as an international political injustice and provide a clear il­ honour conferred on our continent of Africa and a trib­ lustration of Israel's contempt for human rights and its ute to your well-known quality and abilities. We are violation of the principles and resolutions of the inter­ sure that your political experience will be ofthe greatest national community. benefit to you in directing the work of this session with the requisite wisdom and impartiality so that it may 129. Indeed, the question of Palestine has, in recent successfully participate in the consolidation of peace years, witnessed a significant and fundamental change and justice throughout the world. brought about by the recognition given by most countries of the world to the inalienable national rights 120. I should also like to commend your predecessor, of the struggling Palestinian people and, primarily, to Mr. Indalecio Lievano, for his wise actions during his their right to self-determination and the establishment presidency of our previous session, and to welcome of their independent State on their land, and the wide Saint Lucia, whose membership in the United Nations international recognition given to the FLO as the sole will help to strengthen the universal character of our legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. Organization.

J30. In spite of this international consensus I Israel is 121. I also have pleasure in thanking the Secretary­ still persisting in its aggressive policy against this long­ General, Mr. Kurt Waldheim, for his unceasing en­ suffering people and in its policy ofcolonial settlements deavours in the cause ofjustice and for the realization on Palestinian land and the physical liquidation of the of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the sons of this embattled people. United Nations. 13 l. The Kingdom of Morocco strongly condemns l22. The political horizon ofour world is still clouded the Israeli policy of aggression, which finds. c~ncrete with elements of tension and unrest arising from at­ expression in the infringement of every prIncIple of tempts made by certain States which, to satisfy selfish international law, ethics and conventions, and in the interests, continue to impose political and doctrinal most serious violation of human rights, and of the hegemony, persist in abusing the rights of peoples and principles and precepts of international relations. 422 General Assembly-Thirty-fourth Session-Plenary Meetings 132. After many long years ofoccupation ofPalestine assistance for the PLO as the sole legitimate rep- and ofsome ofthe tenitories ofArab States, we see that resentative of the Palestinian people. Israel is still persisting in its policy based on the reck­ less demolition ofhouses, the expropriation ofproperty 139. With re~ard to the situation in the holy city of belonging to the Arab population, the eviction ~f the Jerusalem. which is so dear to the hearts ofMoslems as latter from their lands and the obliteration of theIr na­ the site of the nocturnal journey of the Holy Prophet tional and cultural identity. Israel persists in its policy and the cradle of divine religions, the Jerusalem Com­ ofexpansion and annexation, the establishment ofnew mittee, meeting in the city of Fez, regarded the libera­ colonies and settlements, and ofcommitting every kind tion of the city ofJerusalem as a responsibility incum­ !Jf hUl!lan and economic exploitation ofthe land ;;m~ its beht on all Moslems throughout the world and stressed mhabltants. To this end Israel regards as permissible that the preservationofits Arab-Islamic identity and its every sort ofrepression and terrorism, thus challenging restoratIon to Arab sovereignty was a joint and collec­ t~e resolutions adopted by the internatio~al comm~­ tive Islamic duty to be discharged by all Moslem OIty. the most recent of which was Secunty Council peoples and Governments. This Fez resolution is in resolution 446 ( 1979) concerning settlements. conformity with the numerous resolutions adopted by our Organization and. primarily, by the Security 133. Morocco wishes to draw the attention of the Council in 1969 and by UNESCO and the Commission international community to the far-reaching and serious on Human Rights. which condemned Israel's actions in dimensions of the recent Israeli decision to pennit its changing the status of the City of Jerusalem and in nationals to purchase Arab land in Palestine. This deci­ violating the sanctity of the Holy Places therein. sion is only a screen to disguise Israel's new criminal plan designed to consolidate its policy ofcolonial settle­ 140. In the face of Israel's persistent defiance of all ment throughout the land ofPalestine in preparation for these resolutions and its violation of the purposes and the Judaization and complete transfonnation ofthe hu­ principles ofthe Charter, we call for preventive meas­ man and cultural identity of this Holy Land. ures to be .imposed against it in accordance with Chap­ ter VII of the Charter. 134. This measure should be immediately censured and condemned by the international community and 141. It is with extreme concern that Morocco is fol­ tangible. practical steps should be taken to render it lowing the repeated Israeli attacks on Lebanon, which ineffective before it leads to a fait accompli that Israel have recently assumed the fonn of the occupation, will exploit in order to further consolidate its ex­ either directly or by proxy, of its southern territory. pansionist policy. Morocco 'most strongly censures and condemns the barbarous raids which the Zionist regime is launching 135. The Kingdom of Morocco, which regards the on the towns and villages of Lebanon, and which con­ question of Palestine and the Middle East as its first stitute a serious and continuous threat to peace in the concern, reaffirms its commitment to support the Pales­ Middle Eastern region as a whole. Morocco reaffinns tinian people and the Arab States, part of whose terri­ its full solidarity with the people of Lebanon in their tory has been subjected to Zionist occupation, and reit­ ordeal. and its desire to see that Lebanon is fully inde­ erates its commitment to the resolutions ofthe Seventh pendent and sovereign and that its territorial integrity is Conference of Arab Heads of State, held at Rabat in safeguarded. 1974, of which Morocco considers itself to be the trustee, and to the resolutions of the Baghdad 142. The African continent, which, during the past Conference. 13 two centuries, witnessed the worst fonns of colonial exploitation, is even today suffering from the adverse 136. On the basis of these resolutions, Morocco be­ effects ofcolonial dependence which bequeathed to the lieves that any partial solution not including complete land of Africa an enduring legacy of chronic economic Israeli withdrawal from all occupied Arab territories backwardness, ignorance and political fragmentation. and, primarily, the holy city ofJerusalem, and rec08ni­ tion ofthe inalienable rights ofthe Palestinian people to 143. Southem Africa is still suffering under the self-determination and the establishment of their own burden ofodious racist, colonial regimes and is waging independent State in Palestine, will be rejected since, heroic wars of liberation in Zimbabwe, Namibia and by its very nature, it would not meet the requiremenls South Africa. for peace, which can only be established in the Middle East on the basis ofa just and comprehensive solution. 144. While saluting the southern African peoples' just struggle for emancipation and liberation, we reiterate 137. My country had the honour to host the Tenth our firm resolve to continue to provide their liberation Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, held in the movements with every kind of aid and support. As a city of Fez last May, and subsequently had the honour dedicated proponent of dialogue and negotiation, to welcome the meeting of the Jerusalem Committee, Morocco hopes that the current negotiations in London presided over by His Majesty King Hassan II. will result in a solution which will guarantee the inalien­ able right of the people of Zimbabwe, represented by 138. Those two important Islamic meetings resulted the Patriotic Front, to full independence and elimina­ in an overwhelming Islamic consensus in which the tion of all vestiges of the racist regime.

145. Pending the achievement ofthis desired solution, Morocco declares its solidarity with the front-line

I) See document A/33/400. 146. In keeping with its standard practice, Morocco 20th ml.'Cting-----t October 1979 ~2J condemns the hideous racist regime of apartheid in 154. Consequently, anyone wishing to allege the eX­ South Africa, which it regards as a stigma ofshame on istence ofa Saharan people would be better advised to the forehead ofmankind in the twentieth century and a abide by reason and logic and to refer to the Sahara as a crime against humanity. Morocco strongly believes whole rather than only to that part which constitutes a that a concerted international effort must be made to natural prolongation and an integral part of Morocco. isolate and destroy apartheid. 155. I emphasize that history has never recorded the 147. With regard to Namibia, which is still subjected existence ofa Saharan people distinct from the peoples to an illegal occupation and domination by the regime of of the region. Pretoria, Morocco salutes the struggle ofSWAPO, the legitimate representative of the people ofNamibia, and 156. The concept ofthe existence of a people in the declares its continuing support for their struggle to Western Sahara was created by Spain. the State which achieve full independence and to preserve their territo­ colonized the Territory, and this colonial concept was rial integrity, including Walvis Bay. which is an integral subsequently resurrected, following the liberation of part of Namibia. this land. for reasons relating to a policy ofhegemony and expansion out of keeping with the purposes and 148. The problem ofdisarmament is still an increasing principles or our Charter. source of concern to mankind since the survival of the human race and the preservation of life itself on this 157. The inhabitants of the Territory are Moroccans planet depend on the fate ofthe enormous stockpiles of who, after their liberation from the yoke ofcolonialism, nuclear weapons and the future course of the frantic have rejoined their homeland, and henceforth. no one nuclear arms race. can separate them from this homeland.

149. While expressing our satisfaction at the results 158. In this context I should like to recall certain facts achieved by the tenth special session, devoted to dis­ relating to this matter. It is common knowledge that armament, by way ofdefining objectives and priorities Morocco. because of its strategic location, was a and establishing the bodies needed for the achievement coveted objective for many colonial Powers, and this of full disannament, we feel that there is an urgent need finally led to the fragmentation of its territorial integrity for greater political will on the part of nuclear-weapon and the partitioning of its lands into several zones of States in order to attain the goal of ridding mankind of influence controlJed by more than one colonial Power. the spectre of impending nuclear annihilation. Hence, the elimination of colonialism from all of the territory of Morocco was accomplished in several 150. We are still inspired by the hope that the various stages and at different periods. committees responsible for monitoring this issue will be able to bring about the conclusion oftreaties prohibiting 159. Morocco tried hard to recoverits remaining terri­ nuclear tests and the production of chemical and other tories, which had been colonized by Spain and, when it lethal weapons which threaten the very survival of life realized that the latter country had resorted to a policy on our planet. ofprevarication and procrastination, it was obliged-in view of its desire to follow peaceful procedures-to lSI. I should now like to touch on a matter ofdirect refer the matter to the United Nations. In resolution concern to my country which the Moroccan people 2072 (XX) adopted in 1965 the General Assembly did, in regard as an issue affecting their destiny, namely the fact, request Spain to "enter into negotiations on the so-called question of the Western Sahara. for whose problems relating to sovereignty" in the Moroccan ter­ inclusion on the agenda of the General Assembly or of ritories of Ifni and Spanish Sahara. the Special Committee on decolonization we can see no justification, since the decolonization of this Territory 160. At the time, Spain turned a deaf ear to that re­ has been completed in confonnity with the principles of quest and persisted in its policy ofprocrastination, after international law. returning the Territory ofIfni to Morocco in 1969. until its manoeuvres reached a climax in 1974, when it de­ 152. I am convinced that the world will one day clared before the United Nations that it intended to realize the true nature of this question and will learn create an artificial entity in the Saharan Territory, that the problem has been fabricated with a view to the which had always been Moroccan, with a view to keep­ attainment ofhegemonistic aims and the aims ofvested ing the spurious entity that it wished to create under its interests disguised behind the veil of the defence of effective control. principles. 161. There is no need to recall the successive stages 153. It may be asked why this is an invented question. through which this issue subsequently passed and It is an invented question because everyone knows that which ended with the administering Power's giving in the Sahara is a single geographical areaextending from and consenting to the signing of an agreement on 14 the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and does not confer November 1975 14 whereby the responsibility of Spain any ethnic identity of a special nature that could distin­ over this Territory would tenninate on 26 February gUish the inhabitants ofthe Sahara from the population 1976. of neighbouring States belonging to the same area. In effect, the Sahara only represents a natural geographi­ 162. The return of the inhabitants of the Territory to cal prolongation of the States adjoining it to the north their homeland was the result of a free act of will. and south. There is a Moroccan Sahara, as there is a Mauritanian Sahara, a Malian Sahara, an Algerian Sa­ 14 OfficiaL Records ofthe Security COl/lldl, Thirtieth Year, Supple­ hara, a Tunisian Sahara and other Saharas belonging to ment for October. November and December /975, documenl 5/ every State bordering on this desert. 11880, annell III. General Asseml>ly-Tbirty-l'ollrth Sessiun-Plenur}' Meetings fulfilling a desire they had long expressed under colo­ 168. In taking this initiative, Morocco is eager to nial rule by the resistance operations in which they had make its position absolutely clear right from the start. engaged in full co-operation with their Moroccan This proposal does not involve prevarication and is not brethren in the north. On 26 February 1976, those in­ intended to be an ephemeral, ad hoc proposal, vaguely habitants gave a clear, free and honest expression of conceived and hedged with doubts. We say here quite their desire to join the homeland through their local clearly that the Sahara, which was under Spanish ad­ representative council which, in the presence and with ministration and which is an integral part of Morocco, the participation ofthe then administering Power, took has been united definitively with the motherland in a its historic decision to keep the Territory within the final and definitive manner from which there is no going framework of the Moroccan State. ba<:k.

163. This free expression was a true and faithful im­ 169. Our proposal is aimed at overcoming the spuri­ plementation of General Assembly resolution 3458 B ous, artificial problem, which was created regarding the (XXX) of 10 December 1975 concerning this matter. It question of the Sahara, and calls for a future solution is well known that this resolution confirmed the based on sound and true mutual co-operation. tripartite agreement concluded at Madrid on 14 November 1975, under the terms ofwhich all the pow­ 170. We address this call for co-operation to the ers formerly exercised by the colonial autholities in the countries bordering on the Sahara. This vast sea of Territory were handed back to Morocco after negotia­ barren sand has always been a meeting ground for tions, which had been called for by the Security Council neighbouring countries and has never formed a banier of the United Nations. between them. Trade between these bordering countries flourished throughout the ages prior to the 164. When they were subsequently given the op­ colonial expansion, and the inhabitants of this region portunity, the population ofthe Territory ofRio de Oro were linked by solid bonds and ties of ethnic, cultural, gave free. spontaneous and impressive expression. in religious and economic relations until the advent ofthe the presence of numerous observers and within sight colonial age, when these links were severed. We must and hearing of representatives of the international now re-establish these links in the interest ofthe popu­ press, to their overwhelming desire to join the father­ lation ofthe region as a whole and within the framework land. They officially confirmed this when the rep­ of a comprehensive view of the future. Hence, in his resentatives of the Territory declared their attachment proposal to the current Chairman of the OAD, His and loyalty to the Moroccan State by taking the oath of Majesty King Hassan II made the following point: allegiance to His Majesty King Hassan II, the King of Morocco. "You will undoubtedly share our view that Africa is currently passing through a crucial stage in its 165. Having recovered its territorial unity, for which quest for true economic and political emancipation. it strove and fought so long and for which it suffered so Instead ofdissipating our endeavours and our meager much at the hands of the colonialists, Morocco once resources. both human and material, in an effort to again declares that it is still ready to make any solve spurious problems, we feel that it is necessary sacrifice-however costly-to protect and defend its to devote ourselves fully to work which will ensure regained territorial integrity since, for every member of the harmonious development of Africa and a more the Moroccan people, this is a sacrosanct issue and a comfortable life in keeping with the aspirations ofall matter ofdestiny on which there can be no going back Africans, and no bargaining. 166. We are deeply and utterly convinced of the "In this perspective, and in order to co-ordinate justice and legitimacy of our cause. However, our firm our endeavours, we believe that a summit confer­ resolve to defend our rights in no way means that we ence, held under your chairmanship, and with the shall tum a deafear to the call of peace, since Morocco participation of Heads of State and Government of has always been an advocate of peace. We have often the countries bordering on the Sahara and of the given proof of our full willingness to seek peace and esteemed members of the Committee of Wise Men, ways of reaching a mutual understanding even with would constitute an effective contribution to the those who contest our right to recover our territorial quest for this economic emancipation for which we integrity and who incite their agents to create a ficti­ all hope. Ifwe pool our human and material resources tious, artificial entity intended to constitute a focal­ and set as a fundamental objective the general point of tension and instability in the region. prosperity ofour continent within a context ofmutuaI assistance and fraternal co-operation, we will have 167. As an expression of Morocco's desire to over­ proved to the whole world that we are able to manage come this fabricated problem, His Majesty King Has­ our own affairs in a clear-sighted and perspicacious san II, the King ofMorocco, in a letter addressed to the manner." current Chairman ofthe Organization ofAfrican Unity [OAU] on 28 August 1979, proposed the holding of a 171. His Majesty also proposed that these countries summit conference ofHeads ofState and Government should jointly formulate a plan that would enable land­ of the countries bordering the Sahara, with a view to locked countries such as Mali, Niger and Chad to have examining the measures to be taken for the achieve­ access to sea ports as a necessary benefit. In His Majes­ ment of co-ordinated and joint economic development ty's own words: in keeping with the aspirations ofits peoples and for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the greater Saharan ':We would thus also be able to jointly formulate a region, since the Sahara-as we have already poltcy based on the right to utilize the sea. Such a indicated-is not confined to what used to be known as right will be of vital importance for life and for the the Western Sahara, which was occupied by Spain, but supply offood after the year2000, yet many countries extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. bordering on the Sahara are deprived ofthis right as a 20th meeting--4 October 1979 425 -result of their land-locked position in the centre of region into a region ofpeace and mutual understanding our continent." instead of allowing it to remain a theatre of confronta­ tion and tension. As already indicated, it would thus 172. In addition to achieving fruitful co-operation and achieve the aims of many regional organizations and numerous other co.mmendable benefi~s and banishing institutions in addition to one ofthe noble objectives for the spectre of tensIOn and confrontatIon from this re­ which our Organization is striving, namely the gion, this initiative is conducive to the achievement of strengthening of international co-operation. many other advantages, the beneficial effects of which would be even more far-reaching. 180. This initiative would bring prosperity and de­ velopment to tens of millions of people who have so 173. One ofthe aims ofthe OAU is the promotion and often been the victims of natural disasters such as encouragement of co-cperation among its members in drought, and would help to mobilize abilities and re­ all .fields throughout the continent, beginning at the sources to put an end to the misery, disease, illiteracy regIOnal and local level, because this is the natural and and ignorance which are the distressing symptoms of practical way to achieve general continental co­ backwardness. operation. 181. In view ofthe importance and broad scope ofthis 174. This initiative on the part of Morocco offers a initiative, Morocco is submitting it to the OAU, the practical plan for co-operation within the framework of United Nations, the League ofArab States, the Islamic the African co-operation plan which is being promoted Conference, the European Common Market and the by our African organization. FAO.

175. In another broader context, this initiative might 182. In so doing, Morocco is offering to the world a represent a connecting link that could give positive, sincere and living example oftrue co-operation and finn concrete form to African-Arab co-operation and pro­ solidarity for which it is striving in the interests of the vide new scope for joint and fruitful action, since it is peoples of the region at a time when the world is del­ common knowledge that one of the main objectives of uged with narrow-minded selfishness, controversies, doctrinal disputes, interference in the affairs of others the Declaration on Afro-Arab Co-operation 15 was to !1rge and encourage the Arab and African States to and armed aggression. Implement as many joint projects as possible in orderto strengthen and consolidate their mutual co-operation. 183. The international economic situation is still a To that end, a special committee was established, matter ofgrave concern to us since the gap between the called the Standing Commission on Afro-Arab Co­ wealthy and the poorer nations ofthe world is increas­ operation, of which Morocco and most of the African ing at a time when we had hoped that it would be countries concerned with this initiative are members. narrowed or closed. Consequently, this initiative will open up new vistas for African-Arab co-operation in a region which has until 184. This situation has caused most of the poorer now been neglected. nations-and the majority of them are African countries-to lose hope of ever escaping from the 176. This initiative could also be placed in a wider clutches of economic backwardness. geo~raphicaJ context in which inter-African and Afncan-Arab co-operation would eventually benefit 185. Although the intel11ational community has frof!l the results of European-Arab co-operation realized the extreme urgency ofbringing about a radical achIeved through the European-Arab dialogue. If this and thorough change in international economic rela­ Moroccan initiative is faithfully implemented, it will tions, the lack of political will on the part of the indus­ tum this region into a natural meeting-point for such trialized nations for the establishment ofa new interna­ tripartite co-operation in which capital from one party tional economic order still constitutes a stumbling­ would participate side by side with technical expertise block against which the hopes that most ofthecountries from another party in the profitable development ofthe of the world entertain regarding the establishment of region's resources for the benefit and general good of such an order have been shattered. This can clearly be the population of the region as a whole. seen in the failure of the North-South dialogue to achieve the desired results. 177. This initiative is in total harmony with the con­ cept of co-operation between the African, Arab and 186. The new international economic order has be­ European communities which was highly extolled by come a necessary aJtel11ative to the currently prevailing the President of the Republic of the Sudan, the former system of economic prejudice and injustice, especially Chairman of the OAU. Indeed, it provides a practical since the principle of international integration and in­ opportunity for the implementation and realization of terdependence has become a self-evident reality in this concept in a tangible manner. economic relations among States. ,178. This initiative is aimed, above all, at endowing 187. It is truly distressing for us to see the indus­ mter~African co-operation with a lofty significance so trialized nations resorting to subterfuge, hiding behind tha~ It can stand as a model and a shining example of the walls ofeconomic protectionism and turning a deaf aSSIstance to help the land-locked countries of the re­ ear. to the developing countries' appeals for aid and gion obtain the right ofaccess to the sea, which could be assistance. Those nations should realize that the basic of considerable benefit to them. interest of their peoples lies in the abandonment ofthe old economic order and in agreeing to make economic 179. In short, this initiative is intended to tum this relations more democratic.

15 See document A/32/6 J, annex Ill. 188. We are still living in a world in which the main General Assembly-Thirly.l'ourth Session-Plenury Meetings fulfilling a desire they had long expressed under colo­ 168. In taking this initiative, Morocco is eager to nial rule by the resistance operations in which they had make its position absolutely clear right from the start. engaged in full co-operation with their Moroccan This proposal does not involve prevarication and is not brethren in the north. On 26 February 1976, those in­ intended to be an ephemeral, ad hoc proposal, vaguely habitants gave a clear, free and honest expression of conceived and hedged with doubts. We say here quite their desire to join the homeland through their local clearly that the Sahara, which was under Spanish ad. representative council which, in the presence and with ministration and which is an integral part of Morocco the participation ofthe then administering Power, took has been united definitively with the motherland in ~ its historic decision to keep the Territory within the final and definitive manner from which there is no going framework of the Moroccan State. back.

163. This free expression was a true and faithful im­ 169. Our proposal is aimed at overcoming the spuri­ plementation of General Assembly resolution 3458 B ous, artificial problem, which was created regarding the (XXX) of JO December 1975 concerning ~his matter. It question of the Sahara, and calls for a future solution is well known that this resolution confirmed the based on sound and true mutual co-operation. tripartite agreement concluded at Madrid on 14 November 1975, under the terms ofwhich all the pow­ 170. We address this call for co-operation to the ers fonnerly exercised by the colonial authorities in the countries bordering on the Sahara. This vast sea of Territory were handed back to Morocco after negotia­ barren sand has always been a meeting ground for tions, which had been called for by the Security Council neighbouring countries and has never formed a barrier of the United Nations. between them. Trade between these bordering countries flourished throughout the ages prior to the 164. When they were subsequently given the op­ colonial expansion, and the inhabitants of this region portunity, the population ofthe Territory ofRio de Oro were linked by solid bonds and ties ofethnic, cultural, gave free, spontaneous and impressive expression, in religious and economic relations until the advent ofthe the presence of numerous observers and within sight colonial age, when these links were severed. We must and hearing of representatives of the international now re-establish these links in the interest ofthe popu­ press, to their overwhelming desire to join the father­ lation ofthe region as a whole and within the framework land. They officially confirmed this when the rep­ of a comprehensive view of the future. Hence, in his resentatives of the Territory declared their attachment proposal to the current Chairman of the OAU, His and loyalty to the Moroccan State by taking the oath of Majesty King Hassan II made the following point: allegiance to His Majesty King Hassan II, the King of Morocco. "You will undoubtedly share our view that Africa is currently passing through a crucial stage in its 165. Having recovered its territorial unity, for which quest for true economic and political emancipation. it strove and fought so long and for which it suffered so Instead ofdissipating ourendeavours and our meager much at the hands of the colonialists, Morocco once resources, both human and material, in an effort to again declares that it is still ready to make any solve spurious problems, we feel that it is necessary sacrifice-however costly-to protect and defend its to devote ourselves fully to work which will ensure regained territorial integrity since, for every member of the harmonious development of Mrica and a more the Moroccan people, this is a sacrosanct issue and a comfortable life in keeping with the aspirations ofall matter of destiny on which there can be no going back Africans. and no bargaining. 166. We are deeply and utterly convinced of the "In this perspective, and in order to co-ordinate justice and legitimacy ofour cause. However, our firm our endeavours, we believe that a summit confer­ resolve to defend our rights in no way means that we ence, held under your chairmanship, and with the shall turn a deaf ear to the call ofpeace, since Morocco participation of Heads of State and Government of has always been an advocate of peace. We have often the countries bordering on the Sahara and of the given proof of our full willingness to seek peace and esteemed members of the Committee of Wise Men, ways of reaching a mutual understanding even with would constitute an effective contribution to the those who contest our right to recover our territorial quest for this economic emancipation for which we integrity and who incite their agents to create a ficti­ all hope. Ifwe pool our human and material resources tious, artificial entity intended to constitute a focal­ and set as a fundamental objective the general point of tension and instability in the region. prosperity ofourcontinent within a context ofmutual assistance and fraternal co-operation, we will have 167. As an expression of Morocco's desire to over­ proved to the whole world that we are able to manage come this fabricated problem, His Majesty King Has­ our own affairs in a clear-sighted and perspicacious san II, the King ofMorocco, in a letter addressed to the manner. " current Chairman of the Organization ofMrican Unity [OAU] on 28 August 1979, proposed the holding of a 171. His Majesty also proposed that these countries summit conference of Heads ofState and Government should jointly formulate a plan that would enable land­ of the countries bordering the Sahara, with a view to locked countries such as Mali, Niger and Chad to have examining the measures to be taken for the achieve­ access to sea ports as a necessary benefit. In His Majes­ ment of co-ordinated and joint economic development ty's own words: in keeping with the aspirations ofits peoples and for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the greater Saharan "We would thus also be able to jointly formulate a region, since the Sahara-as we have already policy based on the right to utilize the sea. Such a indicated-is not confined to what used to be known as right will be of vital importance for life and for the the Western Sahara, which was occupied by Spain, but supplypffood after the year 2000, yet many countries extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. bordenng on the Sahara are deprived ofthis right as a 20th meeting---4 October 1979 425 -result of their land-locked position in the centre of region into a region ofpeace and mutual understanding our continent." instead of allowing it to remain a theatre of confronta­ tion and tension. As already indicated, it would thus In. In addition to achieving fruitful co-operation and achieve the aims of many regional organizations and Inumerous other commendable benefits and banishing institutions in addition to one ofthe noble objectives for the spectre of tension and confrontation from this re­ which our Organization is striving, namely the Igion, this initiative is conducive to the achievement of strengthening of international co-operation. many other advantages, the beneficial effects ofwhich would be even more far-reaching. 180. This initiative would bring prosperity and de­ velopment to tens of millions of people who have so 173. One ofthe aims ofthe OAU is the promotion and often been the victims of natural diS2.sters such as encouragement of co-cperation among its members in drought, and would help to mobilize abilities and re­ all .fields throughout the continent, beginning at the sources to put an end to the misery, disease, illiteracy reg[onal and local level, because this is the natural and and ignorance which are the distressing symptoms of practical way to achieve general continental co­ backwardness. operation. J81. In view ofthe importance and broad scope ofthis 174. This initiative on the part of Morocco offers a initiative, Morocco is submitting it to the OAD, the practical plan for co-operation within the framework of United Nations, the League ofArab States, the Islamic the African co-operation plan which is being promoted Conference, the European Common Market and the by our African organization. FAO.

175. In another broader context, this initiative might 182. In so doing, Morocco is offering to the world a represent a connecting link that could give positive, sincere and living example oftrue co-operationand firm c~ncrete form to African-Arab co-operation and pro­ solidarity for which it is striving in the interests of the vIde new scope for joint and fruitful action, since it is peoples of the region at a time when the world is del­ common knowledge that one of the main objectives of uged with narrow-minded selfishness, controversies, doctrinal disputes, interference in the affairs ofothers the Declaration on Afro-Arab Co-operation IS was to urge and encourage the Arab and African States to and armed aggression. implement as many joint projects as possible in order to strengthen and consolidate their mutual co-operation. 183. The international economic situation is still a To that end, a special committee was established, matter ofgrave concern to us since the gap between the called the Standing Commission on Afro-Arab Co­ wealthy and the poorer nations ofthe world is increas­ operation, of which Morocco and most of the African ing at a time when we had hoped that it wOlild be countries concerned with this initiative are members. narrowed or closed. Consequently, this initiative will open up new vistas for African-Arab co-operation in a region which has until 184. This situation has caused most of the poorer now been neglected. nations-and the majority of them are African countries-to lose hope of ever escaping from the 176. This initiative could also be placed in a wider clutches of economic backwardness. geographical context in which inter-African and African-Arab co-operation would eventually benefit 185. Although the international community has from the results of European-Arab co-operation realized the extreme urgency ofbringing about a radical achieved through the European-Arab dialogue. [f this and thorough change in international economic rela­ Moroccan initiative is faithfully implemented, it will tions, the lack of political will on the part of the indus­ tum this region into a natural meeting-point for such trialized nations for the establishment of2. new interna­ tripartite co-operation in which capital from one party tional economic order still constitutes a stumbling­ would participate side by side with technical expertise block against which the hopes that most ofthecountries from another party in the profitable development of the of the world entertain regarding the establishment of region's resources for the benefit and general good of such an order have been shattered. This can clearly be the population of the region as a whole. seen in the failure of the North-South dialogue to achieve the desired results. 177. This initiative is in total harmony with the con­ cept of co-operation between the African, Arab and 186. The new international economic order has be­ European communities which was highly extolled by come a necessary alternative to the currently prevailing the President of the Republic of the Sudan, the former system of economic prejudice and injustice, especially Chairman of the OAU. Indeed, it provides a practical since the principle of international integration and in­ opportunity for the implementation and realization of terdependence has become 2. self-evident reality in this concept in a tangible manner. economic relations among States.

.J78. This initiative is aimed, above all, at endowing 187. It is truly distressing for us to see the indus­ lDter~African co-operation with a lofty significance so trialized nations resorting to subterfuge, hiding behind tha~ [t can stand as a model and a shining example of the walls ofeconomic protectionism and turning a deaf a~s[stance to help the land-locked countries of the re­ ear to the developing countries' appeals for aid and glon obtain the right ofaccess to the sea, which could be assistance. Those nations should realize that the basic of considerable benefit to them. interest of their peoples lies in the abandonment of the old economic order and in agreeing to make economic 1}9. In short, this initiative is intended to tum this relations more democratic.

IS See document A/32/6l. annex ilL 188. We are still living in a world in which the main 426 General Assembly-Thirty.fourth Session-Plenary Meetings requirements are security, tranquillity, economic self­ and improve by turning away from the sources of en· sufficiency, respect for tile dignity and humanity of mity and the evils of war. mankind and the avoidance oftheevilsand afflictions of wars from which so many have suffered as a result of 190. The promotion of local neighbourliness is a first the failure to listen to the voice ofreason and wisdom. step towards reconciliation among nations and greater mutual love and respect among mankind. which would 189. Morocco is once again endeavouring to help to enable the human race to devote its energies to building create a better political and social climate for the in­ a better and happier life in which brotherliness, habitants of its region by calling for fraternal, local prosperity, progress and dignity would prevail. co-operation in which hands and minds can join to­ gether for the general good in order to build, develop The meeting rose at /2.55 p.m.