Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online)

LIFE TIME OF GALADIMA (SALIHU) DOKAJE (CIRCA 1761-1838) OF THE ZAZZAU EMIRATE: AN IMPLICATION TO ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY

IDRIS, Ahmed Jamo Department of Public Administration Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Phone:+2348160992383; +2348028536501 Abstract Existing literature have concentrated on the flag bearers neglecting the other scholars that participated in the 1804 jihad and played a vital role in the establishment and consolidating theZazzau emirate. Much of these are not known to many scholars. This paper explores thelife and times of Galadima ofZazzau Salihu Dokaje in the establishment and consolidating Zazzau emirate. Both primary and secondary sources of data were explored such asbooks, theses, journal publications andinterviews with informants.Result indicates that GaladimaDokaje (Salihu) was the founder of Dokadawa Fulani clan in Zaria. He was among the front line jihadists that played a vital role in the establishment and consolidation of theZazzau emirate. He devoted his life on scholarship, jihad and administration of the Zazzau emirate.

Keywords: Galadima; Dokaje, Zazzau; emirate, administration

Introduction Zazzau kingdom was part of the larger Hausa kingdoms of the central Sudan region. Zazzau which was formally known as Zegzeg is one of the historic kingdoms of the Hausa kingdom. The kingdom was founded by Gunguma in the 11th century. Queen Amina enlarged the domain through numerous conquest including Nupe and Jukun.During her reign Katsina and Kano were forced to pay tribute to Zazzau (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020; Meek,1925). Islam was introduced to Zazzau around 1456. In 1804 Sarki Jatau paid allegiance to Usman Dan Fodio. After the death of Jatau, his son Makau declined to comply with Islamic religious injunctions which led to Usman Dan Fodio to lunch a jihad against Zazzau. Zazzau under the leadership of Malam Musa the flag bearer of Usman Dan Fodioand his Fulani supporters from Hausa kingdoms lunched a jihad over Zazzau. Musa won a victory over the Sarki Makau who fled out to Zuba. Among the jihadists that participated was the Galadima Dokaje.

The major contributions of Galadima Zazzau Dokaje and his Son Galadima Zazzau Adamu were previously not known to many scholars, have now come to light. This paper provides historical contributions of Galadima Zazzau Dokajeofthe noble family of Dokadawa in Zaria city. Dokaje was one of the outstanding figures of the Zazzau 19th century history. In spite of his contributions to Zazzau emirate, yet we know little about him.

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The paper is divided into four sections, the first section contain the introduction and research methodology. The second section explores the origin of the title of Galadima and the functions of Galadima in the Zazzau emirate, the section also cover the history of the Zazzau emirate. The third section is the biography, the roles and contributions of the Galadima Dokaje in the Zazzau emirate, the location and climate of the Zazzau Emirate, the development and spread of Islam in Hausa kingdom and Zazzau Emirate. The fourth section is the reigns of Fulani Galadima's of Zazzau From 1804- 2020, Relevance of the study to administration. In the concluding part of the section theoretical framework of the study was presented and analysed. Finally section five is the conclusion of the study.

Methodology The researcher utilized oral source consisted of the various interviews conducted to verify, corroborate and complement the other sources used in the research. To ensure check and balances the oral source was also checked using documented materials. The research utilized oral interviews with relevant informants at various stages of this research. The researcher considered age and the relevance of the informants to the issue of inquiry in selecting the informants. Both members and outside members of the family were consulted so as to ensure balance in the research. The researcher used authoritative scholars' publications relevant to the research which are regarded as the most reliable and older on the political history of Zazzau emirate. These include Government in Zazzau and Government in Kano both by M.G. Smith which are more comprehensive and covered the period of the research. Others include unpublished works especially PhD and MA theses were immensely utilized in the literature reviewed. These include Usman Suleiman's M.A. thesis on the History of Birnin Zaria, 1350-1902; Sulaiman Shehu's M.A. Thesis on the Sokoto Factor in the Politics of Zazzau Emirate c1804-1903, and the Ph.D. thesis by Brady, R.P. (1978:131). Hierarchy and Authority among the Hausa with Special Reference to the Period of the Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century. Others are the Journal publications by Lovejoy, P.E, Mahadi, A and Mukhtar, M, I. (1993) C.L. Temple's 'Notes on the History of Kano' [1909]: A Lost Chronicle on Political Office etc.

The Origin of the Title (Sarautar) of Galadima and His functions in Zazzau Emirate Galadima originated from Kanuri, '-ma', the word corresponding to the Hausa prefix 'mai-', and 'Galadi' the name designating the Western part of the Bornu Empire. Under the Hausa rule Galadima was an office next to Sarki and next to the throne.In the battle field Galadima was always close to Sarki (Lovejoy, Mahadi and Mukhtar, 1993:74).The origin of the Galadima in Hausa kingdom can be linked to Borno during Askira's reign, the Kanem of Borno. In any kingdom conquered by Borno, the Shehu of Borno appoints his representative who supervised the land (Fagaci, 2015:75). In Zazzau the title of Galadima has been since Hausa (pre-Fulani) rule. The office was given to King's trusted person. Galadima was in charge of administration of King's family and the entire administration of Zaria in the absence of the King. Galadima

309 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) was left and responsible for the administering the town when the Emir and the other chiefs went out to war (Brady, 1978:158).

During the Fulani rule the title was given to Emir's son (prince) or any warrior that had distinguished himself and deserved the office. Galadima is a council member and has been among the electoral council members who are responsible for selecting a new King when the seat is vacant (i.e. died or impeached) and if necessary, could depose him. The first holder of the title in the Zazzau emirate under the Fulani administration was the GaladimaDokaje (Salihu) from the aristocratic clan of dokadawa in AnguwanMagajiya Zaria. The title can be found in all the ancient Hausa states. Madaki and Galadima sarautu (titles) were formally expressed by Tambura drums attheir appointments only. The two titles are entitled for seven days Tambari (royal drum) from the day of their instalment in office (Fagaci, 2015: 75).

The tittle of Galadima elevated from its original status during the Hausa rule. For instance, during the reign of SarkiAbdullahiBurja (ca. 1438-1452-A.D.) under the Hausa rule, Galadima Daudu owing to his military power acquires large tracts of land. GaladimaDaudu was strong to the extent that SarkiAtuma ca. 1457 was removed from the throne after a rule of seven days for the fear of trouble with Daudu (Brady, 1978:173).The Galadima was praised as follows: Gatherer of the axes of the south: Gatherer of the axes of the south: Drum of wealth, Galadima: Drum of land, Galadima.'...The Sarki asked him, 'What are the names of the towns you have built? The Galadima said, 'Their names are Ibdabu.' The Sarki said, 'I make you ruler of all these towns and their domains' (Brandy, 1978:281). Another praise is as follow: Babba, Babba, Babba, Galadima, Daudu Galadima, Raba musurana da hazo, Zuciya ta so Magana, Bakiya kasa fada, Babba hutumanya.

History of Zazzau Kingdom The famous geographical entity known as ÊasarZazzau was by the early nineteenth century a kingdom ruled through the Sarauta system governed by the kingship called SarkinZazzau. This political formation was formed through evolutionary process that developed in many areas of the central Sudan region over centuries. Zazzau is the most southerly state of the Êasashen Hausa and flourished as one of the powerful states located in the central Sudan area from the fifteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth Century. Yan GidanBakwa at that time dominated the political administration of Zazzau until the beginning of the nineteenth century when theUsman Dan fodio and his fallow Mujahidunlaunched a jihad (a holy war) movement against the Kasar Hausa. The major campaigns lasted for about a decade beginning from Gobir in 1804 and quickly spread to Kasar Hausa. The mission of the jihad was to reform the socio-economic and political structure of the societies of the Kasar Hausa and replace them with the emirate system. This led to the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate.

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The dominance of the Sokoto caliphate in the Sudan region lasted for about hundred years (i.e. beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century). The period marked the beginning of the British rule in the region. ÊasarZazzau was among the several political communities to have fallen under British control.

Development and spread of Islam in Hausa and Zazzau kingdoms Islam was introduced in Kasashen Hausa before the fifteen century with the activities of the wangarawa of theMali Empire.The wangarawa people were said to have been the first migrant people that migrated to Kasashen Hausa between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Wangarawa had first settled in Katsina and Gobir before they proceeded to Kano and Zazzau. Wangarawa had arrived Kano during the reign of Ali YajibnTsamiya (1349-1385) where the king accepted Islam. Islam was expanded to other parts of the Central Sudan through preaching, the migration and Dyula trade activities of the wangarawa in the fourteenth century (Al-hajj, 1968: 7-16). This was the western point of first entry of Islam into Kasashen Hausa. While on the eastern entry point which linked Êasar Borno with ÊasashenHausa, Islam was first came into the Western and Central Sudan, specifically Borno around 655 A.D (69 A.H) (Al-hajj :1968: 7-16).

It was also reported that in the year 666 A.D, (80 A.H) that Islam penetrated into Borno when the Uqba bn Naufal raided the area up to Kawar in the north of Lake Chad and south-west of Tibesti. Another narration extended the time to the period of second Caliph Amirulmuminin Umar bnKhattab who sent Amrbn Al-as to Borno by 599 A.D (13 A.H). Thus Kano Chronicle shows that the first major contact between Borno and Êasashen Hausa was during the reign of Sarkin Kano Umaru Kanajeji (1410- 1421). Travellers, scholars and refugees further contributed to the spread of Islam in the Kasashen Hausa including Zazzau. While the Abuja chronicle have listed Muslim kings in Zazzau from 1509, that was during the Muhammadu Rabo's reign (Shehu, 2010: 75).

The Historical Background of the GaladimaDokaje GaladimaDokaje was most likely born circa (CA.) 1761and he isamong the contemporaries of Malam Musa the flag bearer of Zazzau. During his adolescent he was fluent not only in his native Fulfulde but also in Hausa and Arabic.GaladimaSalihuDokaje is popularly known as Dokaje. He is a Fulani from Tofa in Kano (Smith, 1956: 80). Dokaje was the founder ofthe aristocratic Fulani clan of Dokadawa (or Dokajawaas described by M.G. Smith and other scholars)in Zaria(Brady, 1978:141). The termDokadawa(or Dokajawa)was used to describe aristocratic Fulani descendants of GaladimaDokaje (Smith, 1955: 81; Lovejoy, 1978:354; Sallau, 2018: 65).All the traditions indicate that GaladimaDokaje was the son of Dokajen Kano. Initially GaladimaSalihuDokaje was being called DanDokaje (i.e. son of Dokaje) but later the name was shortened to Dokaje instead. Dokadawa family is found in Anguwan Magajiya and KofanGaladima all in Zaria city. There are some in Sarauniin Igabi Local Government Kaduna State, while others

311 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) are in Tsamiya a locality in Tofa Local Government, Kano state.

As the son of an Islamic scholar, he started the classical Quranic education at home while he was quite young. Undoubtedly the GaladimaDokaje's religious education begun at home where he was taught the practices and beliefs of orthodox Sunni Malikite Islam, since these were the principles of the jihad of Usman Dan Fodio and also the leading school of thought (mazhaba) in west Africa. Oral source indicate that, as a scholar and jihadist Dokaje might have studiedTauhid, Tajwid, Hadith, jurisprudence and other Islamic knowledge in the following books: Muwadda Malik, SahihulBukhari, Sahihu Muslim, Muktasarulkhalil etc.

GaladimaDokaje was part of the Mujahidun that joined from Kano. He was among the several aristocratic Fulani such as the Katsinawa 'Yan Doto, ToronkawaGidigedi and others who supported the course of Jihad in 1804. M.G. Smith (1997:31) in his book Government in Kano further indicated that, the origin of Dokadawa(Dokajawa) can be linked to Borno where they had come from and settled at Tofa in kasar Kano. He added that:

Merely to list some of the more important Fulani groups who had long dwelt at Kano under Hausa rule may indicate their variety and importance. Apart from the Yolawa, Jobawa, Yerimawa, Jelubawa, Yeligawa, Gyenawa, Bebejawa, FulaninJayen, Agwai and the Mallawa at Jahun, there were large, internally diverse Suleibawa communities in southwestern Kano and adjoining Zaria; Danejawa concentrated at Zuwo and Kiru close by one branch of Suleibawa; Dambazawa, under the leadership of MalamDabo of Dambazau in northern Kano, Mundubawa or clerics (Modibbawa), concentrated in Kano city and its immediate environs; Dokajawa, Daurawa, Jelurawa, Dugujawa, Cilabawa and several Fulani groups from Bornu, one of whom, the Zarawa, achieved prominence later (Smith, 1997:31).

Though there is no record of the first advent of Fulani in Kano, but the first Fulani migration from Bornoto Kano was at least more than eight hundred years (Smith, 1997: 50). In essence there were twelve Fulani clans in Kano during Rumfa's time of which Dokadawa(Dokajawa)may probably be among them; thus during and immediately after the Jihad, Fulani in the adjourning states had assisted one another in conquering the neighbouring kingdoms. For instance, after the battle at Danyaya the Fulani of Kano had proceeded to Katsina and reinforced UmmaruDallaji to conquer Katsinabefore their advancement to Zaria. Consequently immediately after the Sulaimanu's victory in Kano, he was called to reinforce Malam Musa the Shehu's flag bearer to Zaria. A force led by DahiruBasullube and another Basullube Ibrahim Dabo who came from south-eastern Zaria Sullubawa centres at Richifa and Kwasallo pushed southwards. Dahiru was killed at Ifira north-western Zaria. After the victory, Ibrahim Dabo returned to Kano and he was later appointed as Galadima (Smith, 1997:219).

Another tradition indicates that Kano and Katsina at that time had both fallen

312 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) already; Malam Musa and his lieutenants coming through ÊasarKatsina and Kano were strategically organized to take over Zazzau (Shehu, 2010: 91-92). The jihadist under Malam Musa had only seventy four horsemen entered Zazzau through Karofi in Katsina-Bebeji in Kano and then to Likoro. It was also reported that the entry point was from ÊasarKano, where the mobilization was done with Dokaje and others joining to reach Kudan-Hunkuyi route. At Hunkuyi the jihadists faced resistance of the anti-jihad forces, the jihadists crushed them and advanced to Durum and finally reached Likoro (Shehu, 2011:106).

The Jihadists further followed Makau to the gate of Kauru, but the chief of KauruJibrin shut the gate against him. The Jihadists further advanced there and forced him to proceed to the gate of Kajuru where Haruna the chief of Kajuru opened the gate for Makau. Makau and his followers went in. Makau resisted attacks by the Jihadists for the next six months there before he escaped and advanced to Zuba where he pitched his camp outside the town of Zuba. On his arrival, the chief of ZubaMohammanGwabo opened the gate and accommodated him. Makau resisted attacks at Zubafor the following year and three months (Hassaan and Na'ibi, 1952:5). Makau was killed at the battle ground in the year 1825 AD by GaladimanLapai named DauduMaza, a fulani from Yan tumakiKatsina (Dalhatu, 2002:39).

After the Jihad, Malam Musa made certain appointments among the leading Mujahidun. MalamYamusa from Borno was confirmed as Madaki (Qa'iduljaish), Salihu Dokaje a Fulani from Tofa who accompanied Musa from Kano was given the office of Galadima. MalamAbdulkarim, a leading supporter from Katsina was made Sa'i in charge of Zakkat, while MalamAbdussalam was given the office of Makama (Shehu, 2010: 117).

Consequently the GidanMagajiya (now known as GidanMadaki) in Anguwan Magajiya near the KofanGaladima was allocated to GaladimaDokaje (Fagaci, 2015:75). It was reported that one of the eight gates that surrounded Zaria, the KofanGaladima derived its name either from the HausaGaladimaDaudu, or the first Fulani GaladimaDokaje who lived around the area (Suleiman, 2007:104).

As a chairman of the electoral council, Dokaje played a vital role in the development of the ruling dynasties, for instance after the death of Malam Musa in 1821, the leading Fulani of Zaria supported the selection of Yamusa by the GaladimaDokaje and LimaminJuma'a who led the electoral council. Sokoto without hesitation approved and supported the selection made by the Zazzau electoral council. This selection led by the GaladimaDokaje was aimed at establishing meritocracy in the selection and governance of Zazzau emirate. It was also intended to avoid succession based on hereditary kinship and to evade the emergence of rivalry between the major ruling families in the administration and governance of Zazzau.

Similarly, the death of Yamusa in 1834 posed another dilemma on who should

313 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) succeed him between the leading Bornawa and Mallawa claimants of the throne (Hogben and Kirk-Green, 1966:222). To neutralize the rivalries among the leading contestants and avoid the emergence of monarchical system in the administration of Zazzau, the GaladimaDokaje and the LimaminJuma'aunanimously selected and recommended Sa'I Abdulkarim as the new emir of Zazzau despite that Sa'i was less powerful compared to SidiAbdulkadiri and Hammada of Mallawa and Bornawa dynasties. The selection was later approved by the Waziri of Sokoto who was the representative of Sultan and the overseer of the administration of Zazzau (Smith, 1965: 151-165, Hogben and Kirk-Green, 1966:222). This was the foundation of the establishment of the ruling dynasties in the administration of Zazzau, the foundation of unity among the Fulani ruling clans.

Dokaje became the first Fulani Galadima of Zazzau throughout the reign of Malam Musa, Yamusa and some parts of Abdulkarim' reign. He spent thirty and more years as Galadima of Zazzau. He died during the reign of emir Abdulkarim. He died probably in his seventieth. He survived by many children including Adamu who later became Galadima in 1863 under Emir Abdullahi (1863-73)(Hogben and Kirk- Green, 1966:226). Brady (1978:131) further added that, a part of Mallawa, Bornawa, Katsinawa and suleibawa royal dynasties in the Zazzau emirate, there are other aristocratic families comprising Dokadawa (Fulani of Tofa in Kano), Yagwamara, Shanunawa, Azbinawa, Zamfarawa, Wunjawa, Bebejawae.t.c. These aristocratic families played an important role in balancing emirate power between the royal dynasties. They served as important mechanism for reducing rival ship among the competing dynasties. Smith (1955:71) posited that with them peace and stability were ensured in the kingdom and dynasties. Difficult appointments were allocated to such families especially during the time of difficulties. Territories were expanded by them. Thus certain pegan tribes were subjugated and brought to order by them. Dokadawa (Dokajawa) like other ruling dynasties and other Fulani of Zaria had their rinjiplantationat BirninBawa (Smith, 1955: 81; Smith, 1965: 65; Lovejoy, 1978:354; Sallau, 2018: 65).

The location and Climate of the Zazzau Emirate The Zazzau emirate is lies between latitudes 9º 5 N and 11º 30' N and longitudes 7º E and 9º E covering an approximate area of 39,850 square kilometres. The area has both dry and rainy seasons. The dry season otherwise known as winter or the harmattan season is normally occurs within the period of November and February; while the Bazara (Hot Season) is between the months of March to April. The rainy season (Damuna) in most parts of the area begins around the months of April and May and extends to Kaka (Harvest Season) (Smith, 1960:1; Hore,1970: 50).

The Reigns of Fulani Galadima's of Zazzau From 1804- 2020. GaladimaDokaje was the first Galadima under the Zazzau Fulani rule. He was appointed by Malam Musa the first Fulani emir of Zazzau. GaladimaDokaje reigned from the inception of Musa to Yamusa and to Abdulkarim. After the death of Dokaje, Abdulkarim appointed son of his sister Maikurna as Galadima (Shehu, 140; Smith,

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1956: 153). On the death of Galadima Maikurna, Emir of Zazzau Mohammadu Sani appointed Ahmadu as Galadima of Zazzau in 1853 (Shehu, 2010:140). The lineage of Galadima Ahmadu was said to have come from Baghdad. They stayed at Yarwa, Kukawa and Misau before their arrival to Zaria. They had arrived at Zaria during the reign of Muhammadu Sani (1846-1853) where they were given a place at Anguwan Albarkawa (famfo) (Suleiman, 2007:247). In 1853 Galadima Ahmadu led the Zazzau force to the combined eastern emirates against the revolting Buhari of Hadejiya on Sokoto.Galadima Ahmadu died in the battle (Shehu, 2010:141).After the death of Galadima Ahmadu in 1853, Galadima Ardo was appointed as the new Galadima of Zazzau.When the Galadima Ardo died, Emir Abdussalami (1860-63) appointed Hamman to the office.Hamman is the son of Yamusa's brother Bapaiyo (Smith, 1965:167).

Adamu was appointed in 1863 as the 6thGaladima of Zazzau by the Emir Abdullahi (1863-73).Adamu replaced Hamman on the ground of old age.Adamu was reported as a great scholar.As a tradition in the Hausa land, GaladimaAdamudanDokaje started his Quranic study at home from his father where he learnt basic fundamentals of Quaranic recitation and other religious studies. GaladimaAdamu furthered with Islamic education in different field of studies from other scholars. Suleiman (2007:248) mentioned that GaladimaAdamu Dan Dokaje was among the scholars that studied at Ma'ahadUmaruWali's school at Amaru where they studied the following books:

Adimulmisli(science),Al'alakunnafisial'mu'allakualajayadinnahwiyilmuhaqqaqi,As halal masalikiilaqawa'id al- imamu Malik fi ilm al-qawa'id.Attanbi hat al-aniqa,Ilahu al gassiwassamin,Ilm an-nafis fi tazkiyatinnufus,Kifayatussaliki fi ilm al- hisab,Kitabubayanimazahib al-a'immat al-arba'atiKitabubu'ubu'u (fi ilm al- arul)Kitabuma'adin al-madalibidiniyyaKitabulrijal as-sanad (Arrisalat al- maimuna)Kuralfadali,Lubabuilm as-siyar,Masa'ilAbduLqadir bin al- Musdafa.Mublagh al- amani fi bayanumur al- auliya'i, wa Ahmad at-TijjaniMudihat al-abdalikitabun fi ilm as-sarfMufham al-balid fi ilm an-nujumMufhim al-balid fi ilm at-Tauhidi,Muftah al- m u g l a q f i l i l m a l - m a n d i q R i s a l a t u t a h s a l i l u n a m a n i f i wasayashehunaAhmaduTijjani.Ta'anisulihwan fi tarikh as- SudanTas-hirulasagiri Lima filyawakiti waljawahiri, Tuhfatuasgar al-dalibili'amir al-muminina fi ilm al-jihad (Suleiman, 2007:249).

Following the removalof emir Abdullahi and the subsequent installation of Abubakar in 1873 as the Emir of Zazzau, Yaro Muhammadu son of Emir Abubakar (1873-1876) was appointed by his father Abubakar to replace Adamu.Abubakardiedthree years after the removal of Abdullahi. Shortly before the death of Abubakar,Sokoto appointed a new Sultan AbubakarAtikuna Raba who disagreed with the punishment against Emir Abdullahi. Abdullahi (1876-1881) was therefore reinstated for the second time as the new emir of Zazzau (Hogben and Kirk-Green, 1966:226).Adamu the son of Dokaje who initially held the office of Galadima under Abdullahi from 1863-73 was also reinstated in 1876. He remained as Galadima throughout Abdullahi's reign. Abdullahi was again removed following the disagreement between

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Sokoto and Zazzau. The demand for the new emir arose. The Sultan of Sokoto instructed the Zazzauelectoral council comprising the Galadima and the two Limans to send three candidates in order of preference to Sokoto. MadakiYero son of Abdullahi, WambaiSambo son of Abdulkarim and Zubairu the son of Malam Musa were nominated and escorted to Sokoto by the GaladimaAdamu in 1881. Sambo was chosen among the three princes (Smith, 1965:178). After his ascendance to power, Emir Sambo (1889-1890) deposed GaladimaAdamu and subsequently replaced him withSuleimanu, a Hausa supporter of Sambo. GaladimaSuleimanualso held the office of SarkinRuwa during Sambo's reign. Suleimanu also held the custody of the fiefs of Makama Babba which gave him much power in the administration (Shehu, 2010:158). When the EmirAliyudanSidi (1903-1920) ascended to power in 1903 he appointed his son Yero as the new Galadima of Zazzau to replaceSuleimanu (Smith, 1965:208). GaladimaYero was later moved to the position of MakamaKarami before he was elevated to Madaki in the following year (i.e. 1915) after his elder brother Sa'idu was dropped from the position (Smith, 1965:209).Sambo was than appointed to the office of Galadima by Emir Aliyu Dan Sidi.Idrisu was appointed as the tenth Galadima of Zazzau to replace his father Sambo.Tukur was also appointed as the eleventh Galadima of Zazzau by Aliyu Dan Sidi. Emir Ibrahim (1924-36) appointed his brother Hayatu to the position of twelfth Galadima. Hayatu remained as Galadima up to theJa'afaru's reign in 1950(Smith, 1965:229).Abdu Zaria was appointed as the thirteenth Galadima of Zazzau by Emir ShehuIdris.Emir ShehuIdris also appointed GaladimaSalmanu II in 1986 and NuhuAliyuMagaji in 1996. Theory of Marxian Historical Materialism The study adopts Marxian (1818–1883) philosophical theory of Historical materialism to analyse this research. Historical materialism otherwise known as Marx's theory of history is based on the idea that forms of society experience changes as they progress. The central idea of historical materialism is based on the premised that development of human society has progressed through a series of stages.Marx sees the historical process as proceeding through a necessary series of modes of production, characterized by class struggle. Marx's theory of historical materialism? seeks to explain human? ?history and development? ?on the basis of the material conditions underlying all human existence (Acton, 1967). Historical materialism consists of an analysis thought to be applicable to all of human societies. In his analysis Marx sought to provide an explanation of the rise and fall of various social systems within history (Kumar, 2016). The main components of Historical Materialism can be summarized in the following points: a. Social development is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal. b. Humans are inevitably involved in productive relations i.e. social relations. These relations progress with the development of the productive forces which tends to determine social class. c. Relations of production are both determined by the means and forces of production and set the conditions of their development. d. The relations of production define the mode of production,

316 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) e. The superstructure of a society is ultimately lies on the economic base of the society. f. Every type of state is a powerful institution of the ruling class; the state is an instrument which one class uses to secure its rule and enforce its preferred relations of production. g. State power is generally only transferred from one class to another by social and political disturbance. h. Once a particular relation of production is no longer supports additional improvement in the productive forces, either further progress is suppressed, or 'revolution' must happen. i. The actual historical process is not predetermined but depends on class struggle. The relevance of the theory of historical materialism to the study we can deduce that, the kingdom of Zazzau like other entities have passed series of transformation in different forms and stages of its existence. These transformations were characterized by rising and falling as exemplified by Hausa kingdoms. Thus thefailure and the inability of the Hausa kingdoms to maintain and regulate forces of production, relation of production as well as the superstructure necessitated the emergence of new socio-religious order. The social order that transpired out of revolutionary struggle aimed at exterminating the old system and evolving the new reform measures based on social justice, equity and fairness. The growing heterogeneity in communities due to increasing occupational diversity in the emerging cities and immigration of different ethnic groups have gave opportunity to challenge the domination of the Hausas in their kingdoms. This however gave rise to wider horizon for socio-political, economic as well as religious freedom as against conservative Hausa cultism (bori). Therefore the jihad of 1804 in Hausa kingdoms has not only challenged the existing socio-political, economic as well as religious (bori) order at that time, but also brought social justice, free and semi-egalitarian society and theocratic state devoid of exploitation, injustice and bias. It established emirates that were led and guided by meritocracy, equality, fairness and social justice. Implication of this study to administration and public policy History is a record of past events. It provides materials for the study of Public Administration. The study of the administrative system of any country would not be complete without a proper glimpse of its historical background. Some administrative problems need historical pivot to solve them. Lessons learnt from the past administrations serves as materials for formulating policies as well as evaluation of their success and failure Ekhator, 2002). For instance, the lessons learnt from traditional public administration in the Zazzau emirate would serve as ingredients for administrative lessons. In addition, good policy-making requires a wide range of evidence: statistics, social studies, modeling and economics. History often seems to be absent from this list. Ministers and officials regularly invoke the phrase 'learning the lessons from history' without appreciating what it actually means. Understanding what history is can help as a reference point in decision making process in our traditional institutions like Zaria emirate. History is an invaluable knowledge about a policy area; in providing instructive parallels; or as a means to challenge existing paradigms and identify major paradigm shifts.

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Conclusion The article highlights the life and contributions of GaladimaDokaje in the Zazzau 1804 jihad and his support in the consolidation of the emirate. The article demonstrated his efforts in mobilizing the jihadists from Kasar Kano in order to reinforceMalam Musa the flag bearer. Dokaje was the first and the longest serving Fulani Galadima of Zazzau, a scholar and a jihadist that had played a vital role in the laying the foundation of theZazzau emirate. The implication of his administration led to the foundation of Zazzau ruling dynasties based on merit and prosperous kingdom. Dokaje lived a simple and successful life. His contributions will forever be remembered as a hero, scholar and the administrator in the History of the Zazzau emirate. This study is not an in-depth research, research information about the Dokaje's life in Tofa, Kano before the jihad is not fully exploited. The history of the Dokaje's lineage at Tofa and Borno are not covered by the research. Finally descendants of Dokaje were not fully studied in this research.Future studies need to cover these areas. References Acton , H,B. (1967).Marx on Historical Materialism. Encyclopedia of Philosophy ? , volume 4, Paul Edwards, Editor-in-chief (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Al-hajj, M.A. (1968).A Seventeenth Century Chronicle on the Origin and Missionary Activities of the Wangarawa.in Kano Studies, vol I no 4. Brady, R.P. (1978:131) Hierarchy and Authority among the Hausa with Special Reference to the Period of the Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century. Ph.D. Thesis St. Peter's College and the Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Oxford. Dalhatu, U. (2002). Malam Ja'afaru Dan Isyaku.Ibadan University Press. Ekhator, V. E. (2002). Rudiments of Public Administration. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers and Publishers Co. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020). Historical Kingdoms and Province, Nigeria. Available from: www.britannica.com Fagachi, A, M. (2015) TarihinSarautu da Al'adunaMasarautarZazzau. Sarkin Ayyukan Zazzau. Sankore Educational Publishers Limited, Kaduna State Nigeria. Hassan, A. and Na'ibi, M.S (1952) A Cronicle of Abuja.Ibadan University Press. Hogben, S. J. and Kirl-Green, A. H. M. (1966).The Emirates of the Northern Nigeria.A Preliminary Survey of their Historical Traditions.Oxford University Press. Hore, P.N. (1970).Weather and Climate in Mortimore, M.J. (eds), Zaria and its Region, Department of Geography, A.B.U. Zaria. Kumar, R (2016). Historical Materialism: A Critical Assessment” in Contemporary Readings in Marxism: A Critical Introduction. Aakar Books: New Delhi. Meek, C. K. (1925). The Northern Tribes of Nigeria: An Ethnographical Account of the Northern Provinces, Oxford University Press, London.

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Sallau, M. B. (2018). Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto caliphate: A Historical and Comparative Study. Univerity of Rochester Press. U.S.A. Retrieved from: books.google.com.ng Shehu, S. (2011). The Sokoto Factor in the Politics of the Zazzau Emirate 1804-1903. MA.Thesis Department of History Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria. Smith, M.G. (1955). The economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria (London her majesty's Subsidiary office of the Colonial Office, 82).Retrieved from:http://www.cifas.us/smith/books.html. Smith, M.G. (1955). The Economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria: A Report to the Colonial Social Science Research Council.Published by: London: H.M.S.O. for the Colonial Office. 261p. (Colonial research studies, no. 16).Reprinted by Jo h n s o n Re p r i n t C o r p o ra t i o n i n 1 9 6 1 . Re t r i e ve d f ro m : http://www.cifas.us/smith/books.html. Smith, M.G. (1960). Government in Zazzau 1800-1950. London: Oxford University Press for the International African. Institute.371p. (Amaury Talbot Book P r i z e ) . Re p r i n t e d i n 1 9 6 4 a n d 1 9 7 0 . Re t r i e v e d f r o m : http://www.cifas.us/smith/books.html. Smith, M.G. (1997) Government in Kano, 1350-1950.African States and Societies in History. Series Editors:Philip Curtin, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Shula Marks. Published in 1997 in the United States of America by Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, mlder, Colorado 80301-2877, and in the United Kingdom by Westview Press, 12 Hid's)pse Road, Cumnor Hill, Oxford 0X2 9JJ. Retrieved from: http://www.cifas.us/smith/books.html. Suleiman, S. (2007). A History of Birnin Zaria from 1350 – 1902.M.Sc.Thesis Department of History Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria. Lovejoy, P, E. (1978). Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate. The Journal of African History, 1978, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 341-368Published by: Cambridge University Press. Accessed from: www.jstor.com/stable/181948. Lovejoy, P.E, Mahadi, A and Mukhtar, M, I. (1993) C.L. Temple's 'Notes on the History of Kano' [1909]: a lost chronicle on Political Office. Sudanic Africa, Vol. 4, Special Issue on Kano (1993), pp. 7-76. Brill Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653224. Accessed: 26-11-2019 09:52 UTC. Oral Source Mohammed Ahmed Jamo.50 years. 13th August 2020. Alh. Suhaibu. 75 years. 17th August 2020. Alh.Zubairu Mustafa. 76 years. 19th August 2020. HajiyaGuden Lemu. 72 years. 24th October, 2020.

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