Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) LIFE TIME OF GALADIMA (SALIHU) DOKAJE (CIRCA 1761-1838) OF THE ZAZZAU EMIRATE: AN IMPLICATION TO ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY IDRIS, Ahmed Jamo Department of Public Administration Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Phone:+2348160992383; +2348028536501 Abstract Existing literature have concentrated on the flag bearers neglecting the other scholars that participated in the 1804 jihad and played a vital role in the establishment and consolidating theZazzau emirate. Much of these are not known to many scholars. This paper explores thelife and times of Galadima ofZazzau Salihu Dokaje in the establishment and consolidating Zazzau emirate. Both primary and secondary sources of data were explored such asbooks, theses, journal publications andinterviews with informants.Result indicates that GaladimaDokaje (Salihu) was the founder of Dokadawa Fulani clan in Zaria. He was among the front line jihadists that played a vital role in the establishment and consolidation of theZazzau emirate. He devoted his life on scholarship, jihad and administration of the Zazzau emirate. Keywords: Galadima; Dokaje, Zazzau; emirate, administration Introduction Zazzau kingdom was part of the larger Hausa kingdoms of the central Sudan region. Zazzau which was formally known as Zegzeg is one of the historic kingdoms of the Hausa kingdom. The kingdom was founded by Gunguma in the 11th century. Queen Amina enlarged the domain through numerous conquest including Nupe and Jukun.During her reign Katsina and Kano were forced to pay tribute to Zazzau (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020; Meek,1925). Islam was introduced to Zazzau around 1456. In 1804 Sarki Jatau paid allegiance to Usman Dan Fodio. After the death of Jatau, his son Makau declined to comply with Islamic religious injunctions which led to Usman Dan Fodio to lunch a jihad against Zazzau. Zazzau under the leadership of Malam Musa the flag bearer of Usman Dan Fodioand his Fulani supporters from Hausa kingdoms lunched a jihad over Zazzau. Musa won a victory over the Sarki Makau who fled out to Zuba. Among the jihadists that participated was the Galadima Dokaje. The major contributions of Galadima Zazzau Dokaje and his Son Galadima Zazzau Adamu were previously not known to many scholars, have now come to light. This paper provides historical contributions of Galadima Zazzau Dokajeofthe noble family of Dokadawa in Zaria city. Dokaje was one of the outstanding figures of the Zazzau 19th century history. In spite of his contributions to Zazzau emirate, yet we know little about him. 308 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) The paper is divided into four sections, the first section contain the introduction and research methodology. The second section explores the origin of the title of Galadima and the functions of Galadima in the Zazzau emirate, the section also cover the history of the Zazzau emirate. The third section is the biography, the roles and contributions of the Galadima Dokaje in the Zazzau emirate, the location and climate of the Zazzau Emirate, the development and spread of Islam in Hausa kingdom and Zazzau Emirate. The fourth section is the reigns of Fulani Galadima's of Zazzau From 1804- 2020, Relevance of the study to administration. In the concluding part of the section theoretical framework of the study was presented and analysed. Finally section five is the conclusion of the study. Methodology The researcher utilized oral source consisted of the various interviews conducted to verify, corroborate and complement the other sources used in the research. To ensure check and balances the oral source was also checked using documented materials. The research utilized oral interviews with relevant informants at various stages of this research. The researcher considered age and the relevance of the informants to the issue of inquiry in selecting the informants. Both members and outside members of the family were consulted so as to ensure balance in the research. The researcher used authoritative scholars' publications relevant to the research which are regarded as the most reliable and older on the political history of Zazzau emirate. These include Government in Zazzau and Government in Kano both by M.G. Smith which are more comprehensive and covered the period of the research. Others include unpublished works especially PhD and MA theses were immensely utilized in the literature reviewed. These include Usman Suleiman's M.A. thesis on the History of Birnin Zaria, 1350-1902; Sulaiman Shehu's M.A. Thesis on the Sokoto Factor in the Politics of Zazzau Emirate c1804-1903, and the Ph.D. thesis by Brady, R.P. (1978:131). Hierarchy and Authority among the Hausa with Special Reference to the Period of the Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century. Others are the Journal publications by Lovejoy, P.E, Mahadi, A and Mukhtar, M, I. (1993) C.L. Temple's 'Notes on the History of Kano' [1909]: A Lost Chronicle on Political Office etc. The Origin of the Title (Sarautar) of Galadima and His functions in Zazzau Emirate Galadima originated from Kanuri, '-ma', the word corresponding to the Hausa prefix 'mai-', and 'Galadi' the name designating the Western part of the Bornu Empire. Under the Hausa rule Galadima was an office next to Sarki and next to the throne.In the battle field Galadima was always close to Sarki (Lovejoy, Mahadi and Mukhtar, 1993:74).The origin of the Galadima in Hausa kingdom can be linked to Borno during Askira's reign, the Kanem of Borno. In any kingdom conquered by Borno, the Shehu of Borno appoints his representative who supervised the land (Fagaci, 2015:75). In Zazzau the title of Galadima has been since Hausa (pre-Fulani) rule. The office was given to King's trusted person. Galadima was in charge of administration of King's family and the entire administration of Zaria in the absence of the King. Galadima 309 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) was left and responsible for the administering the town when the Emir and the other chiefs went out to war (Brady, 1978:158). During the Fulani rule the title was given to Emir's son (prince) or any warrior that had distinguished himself and deserved the office. Galadima is a council member and has been among the electoral council members who are responsible for selecting a new King when the seat is vacant (i.e. died or impeached) and if necessary, could depose him. The first holder of the title in the Zazzau emirate under the Fulani administration was the GaladimaDokaje (Salihu) from the aristocratic clan of dokadawa in AnguwanMagajiya Zaria. The title can be found in all the ancient Hausa states. Madaki and Galadima sarautu (titles) were formally expressed by Tambura drums attheir appointments only. The two titles are entitled for seven days Tambari (royal drum) from the day of their instalment in office (Fagaci, 2015: 75). The tittle of Galadima elevated from its original status during the Hausa rule. For instance, during the reign of SarkiAbdullahiBurja (ca. 1438-1452-A.D.) under the Hausa rule, Galadima Daudu owing to his military power acquires large tracts of land. GaladimaDaudu was strong to the extent that SarkiAtuma ca. 1457 was removed from the throne after a rule of seven days for the fear of trouble with Daudu (Brady, 1978:173).The Galadima was praised as follows: Gatherer of the axes of the south: Gatherer of the axes of the south: Drum of wealth, Galadima: Drum of land, Galadima.'...The Sarki asked him, 'What are the names of the towns you have built? The Galadima said, 'Their names are Ibdabu.' The Sarki said, 'I make you ruler of all these towns and their domains' (Brandy, 1978:281). Another praise is as follow: Babba, Babba, Babba, Galadima, Daudu Galadima, Raba musurana da hazo, Zuciya ta so Magana, Bakiya kasa fada, Babba hutumanya. History of Zazzau Kingdom The famous geographical entity known as ÊasarZazzau was by the early nineteenth century a kingdom ruled through the Sarauta system governed by the kingship called SarkinZazzau. This political formation was formed through evolutionary process that developed in many areas of the central Sudan region over centuries. Zazzau is the most southerly state of the Êasashen Hausa and flourished as one of the powerful states located in the central Sudan area from the fifteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth Century. Yan GidanBakwa at that time dominated the political administration of Zazzau until the beginning of the nineteenth century when theUsman Dan fodio and his fallow Mujahidunlaunched a jihad (a holy war) movement against the Kasar Hausa. The major campaigns lasted for about a decade beginning from Gobir in 1804 and quickly spread to Kasar Hausa. The mission of the jihad was to reform the socio-economic and political structure of the societies of the Kasar Hausa and replace them with the emirate system. This led to the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate. 310 Lapai International Journal of Administration LIJAD ISSN: 2616-1346 (Print) Idris Ahmed Jamo Volume 3(3) December,2020 ISSN: 2756-5246 (Online) The dominance of the Sokoto caliphate in the Sudan region lasted for about hundred years (i.e. beginning of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century). The period marked the beginning of the British rule in the region. ÊasarZazzau was among the several political communities to have fallen under British control. Development and spread of Islam in Hausa and Zazzau kingdoms Islam was introduced in Kasashen Hausa before the fifteen century with the activities of the wangarawa of theMali Empire.The wangarawa people were said to have been the first migrant people that migrated to Kasashen Hausa between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.