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Hacı Bayram-I Velî Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı 1 03-04 mayıs 2017 II. Uluslararası Hacı Bayram-ı Velî Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı 1 EDİTÖRLER PROF. DR. ETHEM CEBECİOĞLU PROF. DR. VAHİT GÖKTAŞ PROF. DR. AHMET CAHİD HAKSEVER YARD. DOC. DR. ÖNCEL DEMİRDAŞ ARŞ. GÖR. DR. MEHMET YILDIZ ARŞ. GÖR. HARUN ALKAN ankara neşriyat ankara neşriyat II. ULUSLARARASI HACI BACI BAYRAM-I VELÎ SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLER KİTABI 1 ankara TEDRİS EĞİTİM TURİZM SPOR YAYINCILIK BİLGİSAYAR GIDA İTHALAT neşriyat İHRACAT SANAYİ VE TİCARET LİMİTED ŞİRKETİ EDİTÖRLER ankara PROF. DR. ETHEM CEBECİOĞLU PROF.neşriyat DR. VAHİT GÖKTAŞ PROF. DR. AHMET CAHİD HAKSEVER YARD. DOC. DR. ÖNCEL DEMİRDAŞ ARŞ. GÖR. DR. MEHMET YILDIZ ARŞ. GÖR. HARUN ALKAN YAYIN KURULU PROF. DR. ETHEM CEBECİOĞLU PROF. DR. MUSTAFA AŞKAR PROF. DR. AHMET CAHİD HAKSEVER PROF. DR. M. MUSTAFA ÇAKMAKLIOĞLU PROF. DR. VAHİT GÖKTAŞ YRD. DOÇ. DR. ÖNCEL DEMİRDAŞ DR. MEHMET YILDIZ HARUN ALKAN MURAT İSMAİLOĞLU GRAFİK TASARIM MUSTAFA NARMANLI BASKI YERİ 72 TASARIM DİJİTAL BASIMEVİ Ehlibeyt Mahallesi, Ceyhun Atuf Kansu Caddesi Gözde Plaza Nu:130/25 Balgat / Çankaya / ANKARA Tel: 444 72 06 BASKI TARİHİ 10.11.2017 ISBN 978-605-82307-0-5 YAZIŞMA ADRESİ Kalem Eğitim Kültür Akademi Derneği, Hacı Bayram Mah Ahiler Sk. No: 3 Altındağ/ANKARA Tel: +90 (312) 311 3380; [email protected] BİR ZİRVE ÖYKÜSÜ: XIV-XV. ASIRLARDA ANADOLU’DA TASAV- VUF VE TARİKATLARA HACI BAYRAM-I VELİ MERKEZLİ GENEL BİR BAKIŞ Prof. Dr. İSA ÇELİK Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Tasavvuf Anabilim Dalı Başkanı [email protected] Özet Osmanlı devletinin kuruluş ve yükselme devrine rastlayan XIV-XV. asır- larda tasavvuf ve tarikatlar en nüfuzlu dönemini yaşamaktadır. Anadolu topraklarında doğup büyüyen bir Türk mutasavvıfı olan Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî de böyle olumlu bir atmosferde tasavvuf adına bir ilki gerçekleşti- rerek Bayramiyye tarikatının esaslarını belirler. Böylelikle Anadolu top- raklarında bu topraklarda doğup büyüyen bir Türk tarafından ilk tarikat kurulmuş olur. Hacı Bayram-ı Velî’nin mürşidi Somuncu Baba namıyla meşhur Hamidüddin Aksarayî ve el-Fevâtihu’l-İlâhiyye isimli tasavvufî tefsirin yazarı Nakşîbendî şeyhi Nimetullah Nahcıvanî bu asrın müstesna şahsiyetlerindendir. XV. asrın diğer etkili kişileri tasavvufî hayatta etkili olan Bayramiyye tarîkatı piri Hacı Bayram-ı Velî’nin halifeleri Akşem- seddin, Bıçakçı Ömer Dede, Akbıyık Meczûb, Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, kar- deşi Ahmed Bîcan ve Hacı Bayram-ı Veli’ye intisab ederek damadı olan, daha sonra Hüseyin Hamevî vasıtası ile Kadirî tarikatına intisap eden Eşrefiyye şubesinin kurucusu Eşrefoğlu Rumî gibi sûfîlerdir. XV. asırda 22 İSA ÇELİK Bayramiyye Tarîkatının, Şemsiyye, Melâmiyye ve Celvetiyye gibi çeşitli şubeler halinde gelişmekte olduğu görülür. Bu asrın Osmanlı toprakla- rında yaşayan diğer bir önemli sîması Hacı Bektaş-ı Velî’dir. XIV ve XV. asrın en seçkinlerinden olan Emir Sultan, Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli’nin halifesi Tapduk Emre’nin müridi Yunus Emre ruhunda ve şiirlerinde tasavvufi düşünceyi yaşatan sufilerdendir. Nakşibendiyye tarikatının Anadolu ve Rumeli’de yayılmasına öncülük eden Molla Abdullah-ı İlahî de bu asrın velilerindendir. Yine XIV. Asır sonlarında Anadolu’da Ekberiyye, Mevle- viyye ve Zeyniyye tarikatları hızla yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Bunlarla birlik- te Anadolu’da Yesevî dervişleri de varlık göstermiştir. Halvetiyye tarîkatı ise XV. Asır sonrasında Anadolu’da en yaygın tarîkatlardan birisi olmuş- tur. Bu asırda Anadolu’da varlığını hissettiren tasavvufî kurumlardan biri de Ahîliktir. Ahîler silsilelerini Hz. Ali (r.a.) vasıtasıyla Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v)’e dayandırırlar ve “fütüvvet ehli” diye anılırlardı. Bu tebliğimizde Bayramiyye tarikatı piri Hacı Bayram-ı Velî’nin yaşamış olduğu XIV ve XV. asırlardaki tasavvufî hayatı genel hatlarıyla incelemeye çalışacağız. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hacı Bayram-ı Veli, Bayramiyye Tarikatı, XIV ve XV. Asır, Tasavvuf, Tarikat. General Review to Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Current Period Mystical Life Summary XIV and XV centuries when Ottoman State settlement and the rise of the Ottoman period occurred coincided with the XIV-XV. Sufism and sects lived their most influential period. Born and raised in Anatolia, Hacı Bayram-ı Veli is a Turkish mystic, and also determines the principles of Bayramiyya sect of Sufism as a first name in such a positive atmosphere. Thus, in Anatolia lands, the first sect is established by Hacı Bayram-ı Veli, a Turk born and raised in this land Hacı Bayram-ı Veli ‘guide Aksarayi Somuncu, being famous Hamidüddin’ and al-Fevâtihu’l-İlâhiyye named Sufi Naqshbandi sheikh Nimetullah Nahcıvanî commentary author are one of the distinguished personalities of this century. XV century’s other influential people, are those who have effectively mystical life Bayramiyya the Sufi order piri Hacı Bayram-ı Veli caliphs Akşemseddin, Cutler Omar grandfather, Akbıyık Recluse, Yazicioglu Mehmet, his brother Ahmed Bican and Hacı Bayram-ı Veli belonging by the groom, BİR ZİRVE ÖYKÜSÜ: XIV-XV. ASIRLARDA ANADOLU’DA TASAVVUF VE TARİKATLARA HACI BAYRAM-I VELİ MERKEZLİ GENEL BİR BAKIŞ 23 then Husain Hamevî via the Qadiriyya order of the founder of intimacy that are Eshrefiyya branch of Sufis like Rumi Eşrefoğlu. XV. Bayramiyya cult century, Shamsiyya to as Malamiyya and Calvatiyya is seen to be developing in various branches. Another important personalıty of this century of living in the Ottoman lands is Haci Bektas-i Veli. Of the most distinguished of XIV and XV. century, Haci Bektas-i Veli caliph is Tapduk Emre and Yunus Emre and are among the Sufi mystic who lived in thought. Naqshibandiyya cult that led to the spread in Anato- lia and Rumelia Mullah Abdullah-i İlahi in this century one of the par- ents. Again Ekberiyye and Mawaviyya and Zainiyya sect have rapidly gained popularity in the last of the century in Anatolia. Along with these, Yasaviyya dervishes sow their existence in Anatolia. The Khalwatiyya religious sects have been one of the most common religious sects in Anatolia in XV. century. One of the sufi institutions in Anatolia in this century which makes its existence feel is the Ahilea. The Ahis based on their succession to the Prophet through Ali and were called as “competent fütüvvet”. In this essay, we will try to investigate the mystical life, When I Bayramiyya sect Hacı Bayram-ı Veli pir lived in the XIV and XV the century. Keywords: Hacı Bayram-ı Veli, Bayramiyya Sect, XIV and XV. for cen- turies, Sufism, Sect. Giriş İslâm medeniyetinin kurulmasında önemli bir yeri olan tasavvuf ekolünün ortaya çıkışı bir nüve ve öz olarak asr-ı saadete kadar gider. Bilindiği üzere Cibril hadîs-i şerifinde Peygamber Efendimiz üç önemli kavrama işaret etmiştir. Bunlar İslâm, iman ve ihsan kavramlarıdır. Asr-ı saadetten sonra iman kavramını izah etmek için itikâdî mezhepler, ibâdet ve muâmelata dair hükümler vaz etmek üzere fıkhî mezhepler, Peygamber Efendimiz’in “Sen Allah’ı göremesen de Allah’ın seni gördüğü şuuruyla hare- ket etmendir” şeklinde tarif ettiği ihsân kavramını izah etmek için de daha sonraki dönemlerde tarîkatler şeklinde teşkilatlanan tasavvuf ekolleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bin yıldır kültürümüzü mayalaya gelen bu irfânî geleneğin ana gayesi “İnanç, ibâdet, güzel ahlak” katmanlarını müminlerde gerçekleşti- rerek kâmil insan yetiştirmektir. Bu anlayış özellikle İslâmî geleneğin bü- tün birikimi üzerine Horasan erenleri tarafından temelleri atılan Osmanlı 24 İSA ÇELİK toplumunda zirveye çıkmıştır. Tasavvufî yaşayışı denetlemek maksadıyla Osmanlı Devleti tarafından kurulmuş olan “Meşîhat makâmı”nın Cum- huriyet döneminde ortadan kaldırılması bu alanı istismara açık bırakmakla birlikte bu dönemde de çağa damgasını vurmuş önemli şahsiyetler yetiş- miştir. Bugün râbıta tefekkür, nazar, tevessül, şefaat, keşf ve ilham gibi tasavvufî değerleri şirk, küfür olarak tanımlayan ilkel haricî, vahhabî ve işitçi anlayış Osmanlı coğrafyasının her köşesine petro-dolarlar akıtarak bünyemize yabancı bir anlayışı aşılarken, bu metafizik değerlerin batıda parapisikiyatrik değerleri incelenmektedir. Batı düşüncesi kuantum fiziği- nin etkisi ile gerçekleşen post-modern dönemi yaşarken bugün sosyal bi- limler alanında bile hala pozitivist bir anlayış hakimiyetini sürdürmektedir. “Men arefe nefsehu, fegad arefe Rabbehû” “Nefsini bilen Rabbini bi- lir” sırrından behredâr olarak insanın iç aydınlanmasını sağlamayı amaç edinen tasavvufun birçok tanımı yapılmıştır. Fakat bu tanımlar güzel ahlak üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Tasavvuf bu düşüncenin kitabî/teorik boyutu, tarikat ise topluma yansımış pratik boyutudur. Sözlerimizi Yunus’un şu dizeleriyle bağlayarak asıl konumuza geçelim: Tasavvuf bu düşüncenin kitabî/teorik boyutu, tarikat ise topluma yan- sımış pratik boyutudur. Tasavvuf bir “esâtirün evvelîn” yani tarihin tozlu raflarında kalmış eskilerin hikayeleri değildir. Bu serüven sahih birçok ha- dîs-i şerîfte belirtildiği üzere kıyamete kadar devam edecektir. Sözlerimizi Yunus’un resmin tamamını tasvir eden şu dizeleriyle bağlayarak asıl konu- muza geçelim: Şeriat tarikat yoldur varana Marifet hakikat andan içeru Anadolu topraklarında doğup büyüyen bir Türk mutasavvıfı tarafından kurulmuş ilk tarikat olan Bayramiyye’nin pîri Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî, XIV. yüz- yılın ilk yarısında Orhan Gazi döneminde Ankara’da doğdu.1 İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında telif ettiği Silsile-i Celvetiyye’de Hacı Bay- ram’ın babasının Koyunluca Ahmed diye tanındığını, Safiyyüddin ve Abdal Murad adlı iki oğlu daha olduğunu belirtir.2 Lâmiî Çelebi, Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’nin Ankara’da Çubuk suyu diye tanınan nehrin kenarındaki Solfasol/ 1 Fuat Bayramoğlu-Nihat Azamat, “Bayramiyye”, DİA, V, 273. 2 İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî,
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