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Marine Charts and Navigation

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Marine Charts and Navigation OceanographyLaboratory Name Lab Exercise#2 MARINECHARTS AND NAVIGATION DEFINITIONS: Bearing:The directionto a target from your vessel, expressedin degrees, 0OO" clockwise through 360". Bearingcan be expressedas a true bearing (in degreesfrom true, or geographicnorth), a magneticbearing (in degreesfrom magnetic north),or a relativebearing (in degreesfrom ship's head). Gourse:The directiona ship must travel to arrive at a desireddestination. Cursor:A cross hairmark on the radarscreen operated by the trackball.The cursor is used to measurea target'srange and bearing,set the guard zone,and plot the movementof other ships. ElectronicBearing Line (EBLI: A line on the radar screenthat indicates the bearing to a target. Fix: The charted positionof a vesselor radartarget. Heading:The directionin which a ship's bow pointsor headsat any instant, expressedin degrees,O0Oo clockwise through 360o,from true or magnetic north. The headingof a ship is alsocalled "ship's head". Knot: The unit of speedused at sea. lt is equivalentto one nauticalmile perhour. Latitude:The angulardistance north or south of the equatormeasured from O" at the Equatorto 9Ooat the poles.For most navigationalpurposes, one degree of latitudeis assumedto be equalto 60 nauticalmiles. Thus, one minute of latitude is equalto one nauticalmile. Longitude:The'angular distance on the earth measuredfrom the Prime Meridian (O') at Greenwich,England east or west through 180'. Every 15 degreesof longitudeeast or west of the PrimeMeridian is equalto one hour's difference from GreenwichMean Time (GMT)or Universal (UT). Time NauticalMile: The basic unit of distanceat sea, equivalentto 6076 feet, 1.85 kilometers,or 1.15 statutemiles. Pip:The imageof a targetecho displayedon the radarscreen; also calleda "blip". (\ PlanPosition Indicator (PPl): The presentation on the displayunit screen which placesyour ship'sposition at the center of the screen.A faint radialline, calledthe "sweep",extends from "o\/n ship's"position to the outeredge of the screen and rotatesin bearingsynchronization with the rotationof the antenna.Around the edgeof the PPIpresentation are bearing indications in b degreeincrements clockwise from 00O". Range:The distanceto a targetfrom yourvessel ("own ship"),usually expressedin nauticalmiles. Statute Mile: A unit of distanceused on land, equivalentto 5280 feet, 1.6i kilometers,or .869 nauticalmiles. Target: An object that reflectsenergy radiated from your radartransmitter; displayedas a pip on the radarscreen. VariableRange Marker (VRMI:A ring on the radar screenthat can be adjustedto determinethe distanceto a target.A VRM is displayedas a dashedring to distinguishit from the solidfixed rangerings. MARINECHARTS You must show all of your calculations to receive futl credit for your answers. circle your final answers or write them in the spaces provided. 1. FortBragg is locatedat 39o26'30"N,123"48'OO"W. San Franciscois locatedat37"4S'30"N, 1222O,20"W. HanaBay, Maui is locatedat2C-.4S'O0"N,15S"59,10"W a. What is the differencein latitudebetween Fort Braggand San Francisco? ; b. What is the differencein latitudebetween Fort Braggand Hana Bay? +\ c. How much farther.northis Fort Braggthan San Francisco?Express your answer in nautical miles and sfafute miles. d. What is the differencein longitudebetween Fort Braggand San Francisco? e. What is the time difference(to the nearestminutel between Fort Braggand HanaBay? 2. A powerboat is travelingat 15 statutemiles per hour. What is its speedin knots? 3. Assumethe good ship CR is ciuisingon a courseof 7OoT. was broad a..lf you wished to changecourse when the Pt. CabrilloLighthouse be on your starboard beam, what would the relative bearing to the lighthouse when it was time to changeyour course? time? b. What would the true bearingbe to the lighthouse at the same t\ DEAD RECKONINGNAVIGATTON Use the mercator chart of Portsmouthand southernMaine below to answer the next threequestions. t) \v RADARNAVIGATION INTRODUCTION This exerciseis designedto acquaintyou with some of the basicfunctions and capabilitiesof a radar system. Instructionsin this exerciseshould provide arnple guidanceto allow you to completethis exercise.You may wish to refer to the Operator'sManual for further detailsor instructions.lf you are uncertain of what a particularfunction key is designedto do, or how to proceedin general, askthe instructor for help before proceeding! BASICOPERATION OF THE FURUNO..FCR1O1O RADAR 1. Use the illustrationon the next pageto familiarizeyourself with the locations and functions of the keys on the controlpanel. Pay particularattention to the use and functions or the keys marked:POWER/OFF; RANGE; TX/OFF; EBL112 OFF;VRM 112 OFF;and FUNCTION.Locate the TRACKBALLwhich controlsthe cursor,EBLs, and VRMs. 2. lf the radar unit is not alreadyturned on, press the POWER/OFFtouchpad to turn on the power. The radarrequires 2 minutesand 30 secondsto warm-up; do not attemptto use the radaruntil the message"ST-BY" (stand-by)appears on the screen. lE-f:=t tt-5'!5 F|.'RUNO FLNUNO E 2 rnin 30 3lc. btcr :=Ell5l ;lEltEll"1l sr€Y t-r-; lh-ts| tr,-1t L--'tol (A) Dirplay rttlt lunrhg F) DaCaVdurlE Stand-by olr Povrt? flq FURUNOFCR 101O RADAR CONTROL PANEL A/C RAIN Suppresesrain clutter. A/C SEA Suppresessea clutter caused by waves, GAIN Adjustsreceiver sensitivity. ooo POWER/OFF Turns on and off power to the s)6rem. RANGE Selectsradar range. ffi|ffi.n TVOFF Setsthe radarto transmit or stand-by. HM OFF Temporarilyerasesthe heading mark. ffig@ RING Turns the fixed rangerings on and off. @g@ FTC Suppressesrain clutter. lfiiFil fffi'l (FLor-'l l.r4y.JE&!' Lgrr.J lR Reducesor eliminatesradar inter- ltn t/21lcrr serllvu Inl ference. t_gt_ll-* t rnJ Lgru ECHO Activatesand releasesthe echo stretch STRETCH functiorLwhich stretchesechoes @@@ Iengthwisefor better distinction. SHIFT/NAV Shifs the displayand turns the naviga- tion datadisplay (navigation input re- quired) on and off. ZOOM/BRILL Turns the zoom function on and off and adjuststhe brightnessof the screen. PLOT/DIM Turns on and offthe radar target plot- ting deviceand adjuststhe backlighting of the controlpanel. EBL 1/2 OFF Turns the ElectronicBearing Lines (EBIs) on and off. OFF SET T/R Enablesand disablesthe offsetEBL andalternately selects true and relative bearingreadout. VRM 1/2 OFF Turns the Variable RangeMarkers (VRMs) on dndoff. COLOB Selectscolor of targetechoes, background and plot. GUARD Turns on and offthe guardzone alarm. FUNCTION '. Alternately enablesthe functionsof dual function touchpads. Trackball Controls the orsor,*VRMs andEBIs. 3. After the stand-bymessage appears, press the TX-OFFtouchpad to begin transmission.The displaywill light up and.thePPI heading marker, fixed range markers,cursor, and any target pips will appear.lf you wish to discontinue usingthe radarat any time, pressthe TX-OFFtouchpad and the stand-by messagewill againappear. Placing the radarin stand-byhelps extendthe life of \ - 'the radar.Do not turn the radaroff duringthe lab periodunless the instructor directsyou to do so. t25 BEARING PLOTTING RANGE RING PLOTTING INTERVAL INTERVAL ELAPSEDTIME Nl-4 cYRoils.o" PLor Eo AUTOMATIC GUARD ALARM TUNING FTC TUNINGBAR ECHO STRETCH HEADINGMARK INTERFERENCE CURSOR REFECTOR EBLI \\ \-/ EBL2 \* VRMI VRM2 FUNCTIONINDICATION Eu vn- zooM t59.30T r 9.05 NM 5.73NM 232.30T L 65.toT 1t.4NM VRM INDICATION VRMl VRM2 4, Take a few momentsto study the displayon the screenand compareit to the illustrationabove. The outermostring on the screen (markedin 5 degree increments)is the bearingscale. The solidradial line at 000o is the heading mark. The headingmark is alwayson the screenand showsown ship's heading. 5. Use your ship's compassto determinethe headingof yourvessel (hereafter referredto as the good ship CF. Write your headingin the space provided. Heading 6. Orientthe Fort Braggand Noyo anchorageChart (18626)provided so that your headingis directedtoward the bow of the CF, as it appearson the radar screen. Now comparethe landformsillustrated on the chart with the echoesthat appear on the screen. Do the landformson the screen closelyresemble those on the chart?Why do you thinkthis is the case? YlJp \o 1\ .q 5 \e I \{e Qr I 5 rr .l:tf: \'c G ^a s\s p:% -ol.i_.$j., ." .F " .. .;-- '- '$'f. r iP5'!' -- + l_{i;."fit.; '.,dni..r ll t i $'., -i-rfrJ k:i' .$." r. 't \\ lii*u,iu\, 'l/ t.' ;s{;'.;*,/* t ,t d' e '.:_ tl.;" I cat"t . $ '9 ;^:.:;;ffi trf ,, t"?,1 * i.'' ! ?'. f tri 9b ab\ r'i**".:, + $t n':.!9 \ 'i-',Fo,n aq :':.:'; 9\ $ tlt "\i ,9\ & o'?*-G-,i;i ,P ;'ryrt to +t & b9 a$ t& * RANGESELECTION 1. The rangeselected automatically determines the fixed rangering intervaland the numberof fixed rangerings. The rangeand ring intervalappear at the top left cornerof the display.The rangeshould be set at 1 .5 nauticalmiles at thistime. At this setting there aresix fixed rangerings which are0.25 N.M. apart.The rangeis changedby pressingthe + or - sign on the RANGEtouchpad. 2. Pressthe * sign on the RANGEtouchpad and changethe range to 3 nautical miles.There are still six fixed rangerings displayed, but their intervalis now 0.5 N.M. Use the + and - signson the RANGEtouchpad to displayeach of the possibleranges from 0.25 to 24 N.M. ln the chart below,fill in the rangering intervaland numberof rangerings for eachof the possibleranges. RANGE(N.M.) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.5 3.0 6.0 12 24 RANGERING o.25 0.5 INTERVAL NUMBEROF RINGS MEASURINGRANGE The rangeto a target can be measuredin three ways with the FCR 1O1O:by the fixed rangerings, the cursor,or the VRM. The cursorand the VRM allow the most accuraterange determination. FIXEDRANGE RINGS The-fixedrange rings can be usedto get a rough measurbmentof the rangeto a target pip. The radar operatorsimply countsthe number rings between the center of the displayand the target pip. After checkingthe fixed range ring interval,the operatorthen need only judgethe distanceof the echo from the inneredge of the nearestring. 1. Usethe chart providedand locatethe CF and the WhistleBuoy, (labeledRW "NA", Mo (A)) located west of the Noyo Bay, Use a pair of divi.dersand the techniquesyou have alreadylearned to determinethe rangeto the buoy from the Cr?.Write that range in the spaceprovided.
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