BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL Volume XXV Spring 2005 Number 2 ARTICLE The Separation of Powers and Constitutionalism in Africa: The Case of Botswana Charles Manga Fombad...................................................................... 301 NOTES What Lawrence Brought for “Show and Tell”: The Non- fundamental Liberty Interest in a Minimally Adequate Education Matthew Brunell ................................................................................ 343 Major League Problems: Baseball’s Broken System of Cuban Defection Matthew Frankel ................................................................................ 383 BOOK REVIEWS “Your Wife Should Handle It”: The Implicit Messages of the Family and Medical Leave Act Lindsay R.B. Dickerson ...................................................................... 429 Human Trafficking: Protecting Human Rights in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act Joyce Koo Dalrymple ........................................................................... 451 Marriage Promotion Policies and the Working Poor: A Match Made in Heaven? Julia Fisher ........................................................................................ 475 A Heat of Passion Offense: Emotions and Bias in “Trans Panic” Mitigation Claims Victoria Steinberg ............................................................................... 499 Copyright © 2005 Boston College Law School All rights reserved. US ISSN 0276–3583 The Boston College Third World Law Journal provides a forum for social policy and alternative legal perspectives on national and international issues involving underrepresented persons, race, gender, sexual orientation, human rights, civil rights, colonialism, immigration, and the rights of children. The Journal welcomes manuscripts for possible publication from authors both within and outside the legal profession. Correspondence, manuscripts, book reviews, and requests for current issues should be sent to the Boston College Third World Law Journal, Boston College Law School, 885 Centre Street, New- ton Centre, Massachusetts 02459 or by e-mail to [email protected]. Submissions should be typewritten and footnotes should conform with A Uniform System of Citation (17th ed.). The Boston College Third World Law Journal is published semi-annually at the Boston College Law School. Subscription Prices: Domestic, $14.00; Foreign, US$24.00. 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BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL Volume XXV Spring 2005 Number 2 Board of Editors Audrey Kwak Editor in Chief Adrienne Mallinson Claire Donohue Chris Gagné Susan Rockefeller Symposium Editor Leah Riggins Senior Articles Editors Rebecca Tobin Articles Editors Erin Kragh Steven Sexton Matthew Frankel Book Review Editor Keith Walsh Note Editor Managing Editors Matthew Brunell David Cheng Executive Editor Executive Editor Staff Jea Hyun Beack Laura Dietrich Amy Markowitz Maximillian Bodoin Julia Fisher Amanda Muros-Bishoff Lindsay Bulliner Sara Kate Goodwin Victoria Steinberg Joyce Koo Dalrymple J. Patrick Kelley Matthew Tilghman-Havens Alison Lasseter Faculty Advisors Anthony P. Farley Kent Greenfield Ruth-Arlene W. Howe Phyllis Goldfarb Daniel Kanstroom BOSTON COLLEGE LAW SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION REV. WILLIAM P. LEAHY, S.J., Ph.D., President PATRICK J. KEATING, B.A., M.P.P., D. Ed., Executive Vice President JOHN NEUHAUSER, Ph.D., Academic Vice President & Dean of Faculties JOHN H. GARVEY, B.A., J.D., Dean & Professor of Law GEORGE D. BROWN, A.B., J.D., Associate Dean for Academic Affairs & Professor of Law FILIPPA MARULLO ANZALONE, A.B., S.M.L.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Library & Computing Services & Associate Professor of Law HENRY CLAY, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Finance & Administration ELIZABETH A. ROSSELOT, B.S., M.S., Associate Dean of Admissions & Financial Aid NORAH WYLIE, B.A., M.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Students FREDERICK M. ENMAN, S.J., B.A., J.D. Special Assistant to the Dean for Students TRACY E. WEST, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean for Students & Academic Affairs DONA AGAR, B.A., Assistant Director of Academic Services MARIS ABBENE, B.A., J.D., Director of Career Services ROSALIND F. KAPLAN, B.S., Ed.M., Manager of Law Review Publications RITA C. JONES, B.A., Associate Director of Admissions & Financial Aid MARIANNE LORD, B.A., M.A., Associate Dean for Institutional Advancement LOUISE A. PARENT, B.A., Associate Director Leadership Gifts LINDA GLENNON, B.A., Director of Alumni Relations LISA A. DiNAPOLI, B.A., M.A., Fiscal Officer JOAN MANNA, B.A., Operations Manager FULL-TIME FACULTY HUGH J. AULT, A.B., LL.B., Professor of Law DANIEL KANSTROOM, B.A., J.D., LL.M., DANIEL BARNETT, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor Clinical Professor of Law of Legal Reasoning, Research & Writing SANFORD N. KATZ, A.B., J.D., Darald & Juliet CHARLES H. BARON, A.B., LL.B., Ph.D., Libby Professor of Law Professor of Law ELISABETH KELLER, B.A., M.A., J.D., Associate SHARON BECKMAN, A.B., J.D., Assistant Clinical Professor of Legal Reasoning, Research & Professor of Law Writing ARTHUR L. BERNEY, B.A., LL.B., Professor THOMAS C. KOHLER, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Emeritus Professor of Law MARY SARAH BILDER, B.A., A.M., J.D., Professor CYNTHIA C. LICHTENSTEIN, A.B., J.D., M. of Law Comp. L., Professor Emerita ROBERT M. BLOOM, B.S., J.D., Professor of Law JOSEPH P. LIU, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Associate E. JOAN BLUM, A.B., J.D., Associate Professor of Professor of Law Legal Reasoning, Research & Writing RAY D. MADOFF, A.B., J.D., LL.M., Professor of MARK S. BRODIN, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law Law GEORGE D. BROWN, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law JUDITH A. McMORROW, B.A./B.S., J.D., R. MICHAEL CASSIDY, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law ALAN D. MINUSKIN, B.A., J.D., Associate Clinical MARY ANN CHIRBA-MARTIN, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law Associate Professor of Legal Reasoning, Research SHARON HAMBY O’CONNOR, B.A., M.S.L.S., & Writing J.D., M.E.S., Associate Professor of Law DANIEL R. COQUILLETTE, A.B., B.A., M.A., FRANCIS J. NICHOLSON, S.J., A.B., M.A., J.D., Monan Professor of Law S.T.L., LL.B., LL.M., S.J.D., Professor Emeritus LAWRENCE A. CUNNINGHAM, B.A., J.D. MARY-ROSE PAPANDREA, B.A., J.D., Assistant Professor of Law Professor of Law ANTHONY P. FARLEY, B.A., J.D., Associate ZYGMUNT J.B. PLATER, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law S.J.D., Professor of Law SCOTT T. FITZGIBBON, B.A., J.D., B.C.L., JAMES R. REPETTI, B.A., M.B.A., J.D., Professor of Professor of Law Law JOHN M. FLACKETT, LL.B., LL.M., Professor JAMES STEVEN. ROGERS, A.B., J.D., Professor of Emeritus Law FRANK J. GARCIA, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law EVANGELINE SARDA, B.A., J.D., Associate JOHN H. GARVEY, B.A., J.D., Dean & Professor of Clinical Professor of Law Law FRANCINE SHERMAN, B.A., J.D., Director; JANE K. GIONFRIDDO, B.A., J.D., Associate Juvenile Rights Advocacy Program Professor & Director of Legal Reasoning, MARK SPIEGEL, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law Research & Writing JUDITH B. TRACY, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of PHYLLIS GOLDFARB, B.A., Ed.M., J.D., LL.M., Legal Reasoning, Research & Writing Professor of Law PAUL R. TREMBLAY, B.A., J.D., Clinical Professor KENT GREENFIELD, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law of Law DEAN M. HASHIMOTO, A.B., M.S., M.P.H., CATHARINE WELLS, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., M.D., J.D., Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law FRANK R. HERRMANN, S.J., A.B., M.Div., J.D., CARWINA WENG, B.A., J.D., Assistant Clinical Associate Professor of Law Professor of Law INGRID M. HILLINGER, A.B., J.D., Professor of HERBERT P. WILKINS, A.B., LL.B., Huber Law Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law RUTH-ARLENE W. HOWE, A.B., M.S.W, J.D., DAVID A.WIRTH, A.B., A.M., J.D., Professor of Professor of Law Law RICHARD G. HUBER, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professor ALFRED C. YEN, B.S., M.S., J.D., Professor of Law Emeritus RENEE M. JONES, A.B., J.D. Assistant Professor of Law GREGORY KALSCHEUR, S.J., B.A., J.D., LL.M., M. Div., S.T.L., Assistant Professor of Law THE SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF BOTSWANA Charles Manga Fombad* Abstract: This Article examines the doctrine of separation of powers and considers its relevance and signiªcance in African constitutional practice, in particular its operation in Botswana. The Article outlines the doctrine’s origins, nature, purposes, and its major modern manifestations. The Article then analyzes the separation of powers in Botswana and considers how the doctrine’s operation in Botswana has contributed to the country’s solid and sustained constitutional system and its reputation as Africa’s most successful democracy. Introduction One important fundamental preoccupation of constitutionalism is the avoidance of governmental tyranny through the abuse of power by rulers pursuing their own interests at the expense of the life, lib- erty, and property of the governed. A major challenge faced by consti- tutional engineers has been to design a system of governance that maximizes the protection of individual members of society while minimizing the opportunities for governments to harm them. Of the theories of government that have attempted to provide a solution to this dilemma, the doctrine of separation of powers—in some respects, a fairly late addition to the body of organizational prescriptions—has been the most signiªcant both intellectually and in terms of its inºuence upon institutional structures.