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ABSTRACT MILLER, MEGAN ELIZABETH. Investigations Into The ABSTRACT MILLER, MEGAN ELIZABETH. Investigations into the Use of Thermotherapy to Inactivate the Boxwood Blight Pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Under the direction of Dr. Marc A. Cubeta). Boxwood are popular ornamental shrubs because of their evergreen and deer- repelling properties. In 2011, the fungal, foliar boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria pseudonaviculata was identified in the United States. A second species of the boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria henricotiae occurs in Europe and is a currently a quarantined pathogen in the United States. These pathogens cause blighting of boxwood leaves and twigs, eventually leading to defoliation. Current control strategies for boxwood blight are limited to the use of preventative fungicides and the planting of partially resistant cultivars. The inconspicuous leaf symptoms on boxwood cultivars with high levels of partial resistance can make disease scouting challenging, especially during propagation. Growers require a method of control to ensure that boxwood cuttings are not diseased before they are moved into propagation houses were environmental conditions are highly conducive for disease development. We proposed the utilization of hot water thermotherapy during the propagation process as a method of eliminating the pathogen from diseased tissue prior to propagation. For thermotherapy to become a viable disease management option, the boxwood must have a higher thermal inactivation point than the pathogens. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the thermal death kinetics of C. pseudonaviculata’s and C. henricotiae’s thermal death kinetics at 45°C, 47.5°C, 50°C, 52.5°C, and 55°C, (2) determine the ability of heat treated C. pseudonaviculata conidia to cause infection, and (3) determine the rooting response of different boxwood cultivars after exposure to heat. To determine the thermal death kinetics of C. pseudonaviculata conidia, three field isolates were heat treated in 45°C to 55°C water for up to 20 min. As time of exposure increased at each temperature, the percentage of conidial germination decreased. The predicted time required to inactivate 90% of Calonectria pseudonaviculata conidia ranged from 3 to 26 min. When the thermal death kinetics of C. pseudonaviculata were compared with C. henricotiae, it was discovered that C. henricotiae conidia were inactivated faster that C. pseudonaviculata conidia at 45°C. At 47.5°C, the rate of inactivation for each species was dependent upon time. Detached ‘Justin Brouwers’ (B. sinica var, insularis) were inoculated with conidia heat treated at 45°C for up to 32 min and at 47.5°C for up to 12 min. Conidia of Calonectria pseudonaviculata treated for 28 min at 45°C were viable, but did not cause disease on artificially inoculated boxwood leaves. Disease was not observed after leaves were inoculated with conidia treated at 47.5°C for 9 min, but was observed again after leaves were inoculated with conidia treated at 47.5°C for 12 min. The rooting response of the cultivars ‘Green Beauty’ (Buxus microphylla var. japonica), ‘Green Velvet’ (B. sinica var. insularis x B. sempervirens), ‘Justin Brouwers’ (B. sinica var. insularis), and ‘Nana’ (B. sinica var. insularis) was assessed after heat treatment in 45°C and 47.5°C water for 0 to 60 min in 5 min intervals. Root production was assessed after 3 months. The number of roots produced by boxwood cuttings from all cultivars treated in 45°C water for up to 60 min was not significantly lower than the non-treated control. A similar response was observed for cuttings of all cultivars treated in 47.5°C water for up to 60 min, expect for the cv. ‘Nana’ which produced fewer roots than the non-treated control after treatment for 35 min at 47.5°C. © Copyright 2017 Megan Elizabeth Miller All Rights Reserved Investigations into the Use of Thermotherapy to Inactivate the Boxwood Blight Pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata by Megan Elizabeth Miller A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Plant Pathology Raleigh, North Carolina 2017 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Marc A. Cubeta Dr. Howard David Shew Committee Chair _______________________________ Dr. Barbara Shew DEDICATION To the Miller Girls: Mary, Marilyn, and Missi ii BIOGRAPHY Megan Elizabeth Miller was born on October 14, 1991 in Peoria, Illinois, where she lived until she was 18 years old. As a student at Limestone Community High School, Megan passed her time by participating in marching band and theater or studying. She also worked as both a professional popcorn popper and a Master Bear Builder while in high school. In August 2010, Megan began attending Eastern Illinois University studying environmental biology with a minor in chemistry. As an undergraduate, she first performed research in a Dr. Andrew Methven’s mycology lab fruiting different species of Coprinus. Seeking to apply her knowledge of mycology to plant protection, Megan participated in an internship with Dr. JoAnne Crouch at the USDA-ARS-Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab in Beltsville, MD in 2012. Her time in Beltsville was spent characterizing the fungal endophytes in the turf grass Danthonia spicata and exploring Washington D.C. The following summer, Megan continued her undergraduate research working with Dr. Marc Cubeta as a Kelman Scholar in the Department of Plant Pathology at NC State University. While at State, she utilized microsatellite markers to determine the genetic diversity in the reproductive biology of the blueberry pathogen Monilinia- vacinii-corymbosi. After graduating from Eastern in 2014, Megan returned to Dr. Marc Cubeta’s lab to work with the boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria pseudonaviculata for her Master’s degree. Her time spent in Dr. Cubeta’s lab allowed her to develop as lab scientist and extension plant pathologist. Megan hopes to continue her career in agriculture in extension. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. Marc A. Cubeta, Barbara Shew, and David Shew for their continual feedback and understanding. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Marc Cubeta for pushing me to take opportunities interacting with boxwood growers, attending professional and extension meetings, and participating in outreach events. These experiences allowed me to develop my ability to speak to a wide variety of audiences and provided me with a sweeping view of the different aspects of plant pathology. I would like to acknowledge the funding sources for this work, The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, IR-4, and the Horticultural Research Institute. Also, thank you to the Saunders Brothers and Farm Market Inc. for donating plants. Working with the all of the current and past members of the Cubeta lab, including Kathleen Burchhardt, Bri Hoge, Elizabeth Thomas, Lindsey Becker, Marie Meckman, and Rachel Norris has been a wonderful experience, and I am thankful to have gained both friends and colleagues from this experience. My thanks is further extended to Dr. Nina Shishkoff for counting countless conidia and to Dr. Peter Ojiambo for helping with data analysis. I would further like to recognize Ted Mays for his great advice and hospitality, and Bennett Saunders and his brothers for teaching me the value of a family farm and answering my questions about boxwood cutting propagation. Also, thank you to Dr. Methven for first introducing me to the world of fungi. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting me along the way. To my Mom, thank you for supporting me from kindergarten to 18th grade. I would like to thank my grandma for teaching me the importance of independent thinking, and my aunt for instilling a love of science in me from a very young age. Thank you to Patrick Snyder for iv continually encouraging me to follow my dreams, and also thank you to my cat Toby for providing endless hours of entertainment. I would especially like to thank Emma Wallace for being a wonderful roommate and friend during this experience, and my friends Nathan Miller, Michal Cannon, Bri Hoge, and Katie Neufeld for always providing great company. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………….. viii LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………...... ix Chapter I. Literature Review………………………………………………………………. 1 Boxwood …………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Boxwood Blight …...…………………………………………………………………. 1 Pathogen Biology ……………………………………………………………………. 4 Current Control Measures …………………………………………………………... 5 Concepts and Principles of Heat Treatments ……………………………………….. 7 Inactivation of Pathogens …………………………………………………………… 9 Heat Treatment of Seeds …………………………………………………………… 10 Heat Treatment of Corms…………………………………………………………… 11 Heat Treatment of Woody Propagative Material ………………………………….. 12 Project Objectives ………………………………………………………………….. 13 LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………... 15 Chapter II. Title: Thermal Inactivation of the Boxwood Blight Pathogens Calonectria pseudonaviculata and Calonectria henricotiae ...................……………………….…….. 20 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. 20 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………... 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………… 23 RESULTS …………………………………………………………………………. 28 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………... 30 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................... 37 Chapter III. Title: Rooting Response of Boxwood Cultivars
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