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Master Tara Singh and the Partition of Punjab 1947 Master in Partition: Master Tara Singh and the Partition of Punjab 1947 Busharat Elahi Jamil ∗ Abstract Master Tara Singh—an Akali leader—was disappointed with the role played by the Congress, the Muslim League and the administration of British India during the partition. Subsequently, he decided to counter them through violence and agitation in Punjab, and he led an anti-Muslim movement which resulted in the creation of anger and violence against the Muslim minority of the East Punjab. This movement aimed at securing the Sikh community, their holy shrines and exerting political pressure on the British administration to save their interests in Punjab. Master Tara Singh played a pivotal for the cause of Sikhs in Punjab. His activities regarding violence and instigating his community provided with new lines to the Sikhs. He used their potentials against the Muslims and the Muslim League in Punjab. This role of Master Tara Singh created the breaches and gaps between the Sikh and Muslim communities. Introduction Predominantly a bewildered community—the ‘Sikh’—could not entertain appropriately during the partition of the Punjab. The Congress used them politically, with its full potential, to get the eastern part of Punjab from the Muslims. Moreover, after the formation of Unionist Ministry under Khizar Hayat ∗ Ph.D Research Scholar, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan. 2 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, 2017 Tiwana in Punjab, agitation by the Muslim League and bloodshed of Sikhs particularly in Rawalpindi Division brought the Sikhs at the height of aggression. This increased the breach between the Muslims and Sikhs. Consequently, Sikhs were not agreed to live under the Muslim rule in Punjab and decided to fight till the last drop of their blood. The Akali leader Master Tara Singh instigated the Sikh community to survive in Punjab socially, politically and economically. Gradually, the steps taken by him and his companions exacerbated the aggression in Sikh community. The Congress also exploited the situation and used them in this regard. In the meanwhile, the Muslim and the Hindu leadership of Punjab tried to find the solution of partition related issues according to their own vested interests but the Sikhs could not get way out. The aggressive behaviour of Master Tara Singh and other Sikh leadership caused huge violence and bloodshed during the partition of Punjab. It was a fact that all the three major political groups i.e. Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs were responsible for the disturbances in Punjab in 1947 but rigidity in the behaviour of Master Tara Singh pushed the Sikhs towards aggression particularly against the Muslims of Punjab. The Sikhs thought that Muslims were responsible for the partition of Punjab, violence and division of their community. Master in Partition Master Tara Singh (June 24, 1885-November 22, 1967) from Rawalpindi in West Punjab was a Sikh eminent political activist and the leader of SAD. 1 He led the Sikh community during partition of Punjab as their sole spokesman. He fought for the social, political and economic rights of Sikhs on many fronts. As he had many fronts to tackle, therefore he could not concentrate on a single demand or issue of the Sikhs to satisfy them and the British administration of India. In 1931, he wrote to Sir Stafford Cripps and admitted that the 1 Shroimani Akali Dal (SAD) was established in December 1920, and worked as the principle activist organization of the Sikhs. This organization under the leadership of Master Tara Singh was involved in violence during partition of Punjab 1947. Master in Partition… 3 Sikhs were not in majority in a single area of the province, so “it was unthinkable to demand domination.” He wished to carve out Punjab in which “the Sikhs are dominated by no single community.” It was to strengthen the Azad Punjab Scheme. 2 Whereas even Sikhs were only 4 percent of the total population of India but they had their importance and status in Indian defense. On January 1, 1942, they were 11 percent of the total Indian army. 3 Because of this, Tara Singh was visualizing in 1942 the Punjab consisted of 40 percent Muslims, 40 percent Hindus and 20 percent Sikhs. He was dreaming of Azad Punjab and “…asserted that by creating Azad Punjab, the Sikhs and Hindus will get rid of the spectre of Pakistan”, but in 1943 he again changed his views and wanted to remain in India but did not succeed. 4 In fact, it was impossible for them to survive separately and their existence was provisional with Hindus or the Muslims. According to O. H. K. Spate: The history of Sikh relations with Muslims and Hindus is a very long story. The Sikhs were originally pacifist. It is hard to believe that now but their relations with the Muslim rulers of the Punjab were often, though not always, hostile, until about 1800 that very remarkable leader Ranjit Singh unified the Punjab as a separate entity. That was the position when we fought the Sikh wars just over a hundred years ago. It is thus not surprising that there was a strong following among the Sikhs that they were the destined rulers of the Punjab. 5 During the partition, companionship and favours of Sikhs for the Congress had much importance to encounter the Muslims socially and politically because Sikhs were an energetic community in Punjab 6 and the Congress wanted to 2 F. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab , Revised Edition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 173. 3 Latif Ahmad Sherwani, The Partition of India and Mountbatten (Karachi: Council for Pakistan Studies, 1986), 100. 4 Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab , Revised Edition, 173. 5 Leonard Brooks, et. all. “The Partition of Punjab and Bengal: Discussion”, The Geographic Journal 110, no. 4-6 (Oct-Dec, 1947): 221. 6 Mr. Menon to Mr. Abell 19/3/1947, R/3/1/130, Transfer of Power Papers (TOP), Vol. X, 44. 4 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, 2017 snatch the non-Muslim areas of the Province. 7 “Sikh community was used by Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru (November 14, 1889-May 27, 1964) and Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi (October 2, 1869-January 30, 1948) as tools against Muslims’ interests and they gladly played their absolute role. Master Tara Singh and Baldev Singh (July 11, 1902-1961) were later felt sorry for this bully.” 8 The issue of partition of the Punjab highlighted the Sikh struggle and they demand the partition of Punjab when the bloodshed of the Sikhs occurred in Rawalpindi Division in February/March 1947 because of Muslims’ agitation against Mamdot Ministry. Initially, the British administration of the province was not in favour of the partition of Punjab. Sir E. Jenkins in his note shared: “… I thought a partition would be disastrous and that the Punjab could prosper only if it retained its present boundaries.” 9 Because of blood-shed in North-West Punjab, the Sikh community was much depressed and worried. In a public Dewan of 1000 in January 1947, Master Tara Singh said, “...that as unity between the Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims was impossible; the Muslims would have to dispose of the Sikhs before they could rule Punjab.” He, therefore, urged the Sikhs to shirk their internal differences and to prepare for the future struggle for their just cause.” 10 In February 1947, in response to the incidents of the Rawalpindi Division, Tara Singh called a public meeting in which he encouraged Sikhs to face the coming onslaught, and being the Chief Commander of the Akal Fauj, he also exhorts to reorganize 11 itself and revise its membership lists at once. 7 Addendum to Item 11, Mountbatten Papers, Official Correspondence Files: Transfer of Power , Part I (a), TOP, Vol. X, 100. 8 Sarfraz Husain Mirza, Syed Farooq Hasnat and Sohail Mahmood, The Sikh Question (Lahore: Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab Lahore, 1985), 23. 9 Note by Sir E. Jenkins (Extract), R/3/1/176:ff 63-5, TOP, Vol. X, 45. 10 Police Abstract of Intelligence Punjab, 1/2/1947, 51. 11 Police Abstract of Intelligence Punjab, 15/2/1947, 66. Master in Partition… 5 On February, 16, 1947, in Amritsar in front of an audience of 7000, he urged to mobilize and reorganize the Sikh Jathas to counter the Muslim League threat. He said: “if Police collaborated with the Muslims in suppressing Sikhs, the latter would retaliate to the best of their ability.” 12 He issued instructions regarding the Akal Fauj as: 1. Focussed on the affiliation of the village zails with Akal Fauj; 2. Proposed the dark blue pugree, with yellow under pugree and khaki shorts and foot long kirpans; 3. The permission from Chief Commander was required for the members to contest in any election; 4. Each Sikh on enrolment is to sign a pledge to sacrifice his all for the Panth and to obey his officer’s orders.13 Moreover, in March 1947, eighteen Sikh leaders announced a “War Fund” of rupees 50 lakh through a pamphlet with their signatures. The signatures of Master Tara Singh were on top of it.14 Due to the incidents of the Rawalpindi Division, Giani Kartar Singh (1902-1974) and Master Tara Singh remained active in inculcating anti- Muslim ideas and passions into Sikh community. Master and his companions like Baldev Singh and Kartar Singh were demanding the right of choice of their affiliation with India or Pakistan in case of partition to get more and more benefits and bargaining. Viceroy Lord Mountbatten was fully agreed with their standings.15 12 Police Abstract of Intelligence Punjab, 22/2/1947, 85.
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