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Khalistan: a History of the Sikhs' Struggle from Communal Award To

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Khalistan: a History of the Sikhs' Struggle from Communal Award To Khalistan: A History of the Sikhs’ Struggle from Communal Award to Partition of India 1947 This Dissertation is Being Submitted To The University Of The Punjab In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy In History Ph. D Thesis Submitted By Samina Iqbal Roll No. 1 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Department of History and Pakistan Studies University of the Punjab, March, 2020 Khalistan: A History of the Sikhs’ Struggle from Communal Award to Partition of India 1947 Declaration I, hereby, declare that this Ph. D thesis titled “Khalistan: A History of the Sikhs’ Struggle from Communal Award to Partition of India 1947” is the result of my personal research and is not being submitted concurrently to any other University for any degree or whatsoever. Samina Iqbal Ph. D. Scholar Dedication To my husband, my mother, beloved kids and all the people in my life who touch my heart and encouraged me. Certificate by Supervisor Certificate by Research Supervisor This is to certify that Samina Iqbal has completed her Dissertation entitled “Khalistan: A History of the Sikhs’ Struggle from Communal Award to Partition of India 1947” under my supervision. It fulfills the requirements necessary for submission of the dissertation for the Doctor of Philosophy in History. Supervisor Chairman, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore Submitted Through Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Dean, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Acknowledgement Allah is most merciful and forgiving. I can never thank Allah enough for the countless bounties. He blessed me with knowledge, sound health, and peace to achieve my educational goal and also want to present my humble thanks to Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) who taught us the purpose of life. I would like to pay gratitude and special thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Chairman, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, from core of my heart for his immense cooperative, supportive, and courageous behavior throughout my journey. Without his help and motivation I would not have been able to complete this research. Despite a busy schedule, he always kept his door open to sort out my problems and dilemmas regarding research. He watched my progress over the years and very kindly spared time to discuss my problems related to the topic. His guidance and immense knowledge enlightened my thinking. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D study. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Pippa Virdee Head of History Senior lecturer of Modern South Asian History, School of Humanities, De Montfort University Leicester, England for her support and guidance related to my research and stay in England. I will always remember her friendly and cooperative behavior. I am indebted to Dr Tahir Kamran who facilitated me at Center of South Asian Studies Cambridge University. He provided me with opportunity to access newspaper collection related to my research. I will always remember Dr Tanveer Aujum from Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad and a renowned historian Dr Tej from SOAS University, London as a source of encouragement and unconditional support. I would like to present my thanks to my whole family; my loving mother for her love and prayers, my husband for his cooperation and sacrifices, my sons for their help encouragement and in technical assistance in arranging my work. Especially I am really indebted of my beloved daughter Sheeza Mahak, who looked after my family and took all the burden of my responsibilities while I was scanning British Library in London. She helped me in my write up, as she went through each page of the preliminary as well as the final draft. She read out my research many times and made valuable suggestions and also gave me encouragement. I am thankful to all those people who were being source of inspiration for me and whom encouragement push me to accomplish my research. Beside knowledge I am bestowed with many sincere friends. Dr Robina Shoab, her friendly companionship saved me from homesickness. I would like to say special thanks to Tayyba and Sadia who welcomed me in London and Rehana and Razia who opened their homes to me during my stay there Samina Iqbal Date: ____________ Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... IV Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... VII List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………Viii List of Maps……………………………………………………………………………………… IX List of Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 9 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 19 Organization of Study ............................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER – 1 ............................................................................................................................... 23 The Colonial Punjab: Settlement Pettern of Sikh .......................................................................... 23 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 23 The Punjab: ............................................................................................................................ 23 The Punjab and British Policy ............................................................................................... 25 Canal Colonies ....................................................................................................................... 29 Land Distribution by Caste and Community ......................................................................... 31 Sidhnai Colony ...................................................................................................................... 31 Sohag Para (Lower Bari Doab) ............................................................................................. 32 Settlement Lower Bari Doab Colony .................................................................................... 32 Sikh Princely States ............................................................................................................... 37 Political Consciousness in Punjab ......................................................................................... 39 Sikhism and Sikh ................................................................................................................... 41 Khalsa .................................................................................................................................... 41 Sikh Castes ............................................................................................................................ 46 Commercial or Trading Castes .............................................................................................. 47 Zamindar Castes .................................................................................................................... 48 Artisan Castes ........................................................................................................................ 49 Service Castes ........................................................................................................................ 49 1.1. Conclusion 49 CHAPTER - 2................................................................................................................................ 51 Sikhs’ Political Moblization: Causes and Effects .......................................................................... 51 I Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 51 Sikhs’ Political Parties and Movements ................................................................................ 51 Sikh Political Parties Established Abroad but Working in Punjab ........................................ 52 Kuka Movement (1871)......................................................................................................... 52 The Chief Khalsa Diwan (CKD) ........................................................................................... 56 Bharat Mata Society (1906) and Agrarian Movement (1907) ............................................... 57 The Central Sikh League (CSL) ............................................................................................ 57 Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD): ................................................................................................. 60 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee(SGPC). ......................................................... 60 Gurdwara Reform Movement ................................................................................................ 61 Nabha Agitation and Jaito Akand Path .................................................................................. 64 Gurdwara Reforms ...............................................................................................................
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