Fitnesskultur.Dk Fitness-Sektorens Historie, De Aktive Udøvere Og Breddeidrættens Kommercialisering

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Fitnesskultur.Dk Fitness-Sektorens Historie, De Aktive Udøvere Og Breddeidrættens Kommercialisering Fitnesskultur.dk Fitness-sektorens historie, de aktive udøvere og breddeidrættens kommercialisering Kasper Lund Kirkegaard Ph.d.-afhandling Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Odense, 2011 - 0 - - 1 - Ph.d.-afhandling af Kasper Lund Kirkegaard (2011) Fitnesskultur.dk - fitness-sektorens historie, de aktive udøvere og breddeidrættens kommercialisering Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet SYDDANSK UNIVERSITET, Odense Hovedvejleder: Bjarne Ibsen, professor, ph.d. Institut for idræt og Biomekanik, Syddansk Universitet, Odense Projektvejleder: Kari Steen-Johnsen. Forsker, Ph.d. Institutt for Samfunnsforskning, Elisenberg, Oslo. Indleveret til bedømmelse d. 9. december, 2011. Godkendt og indstillet til bedømmelse af bedømmelsesudvalget1 d. 16. april, 2012. Bestået ved mundtligt forsvar d. 27. juni, 2012. 1 Bedømmelsesudvalget bestod af Lektor Bernard Jeune (formand), Professor Lars Bo Kaspersen og Professor Ørnulf Seippel. - 2 - Prolog – mit første møde med den amerikanske fitnesskultur Fra ’rejsedagbog, dag nr. 1 – mit først møde med den amerikanske fitnesskultur’2, Las Vegas, mandag d. 20. marts 2006 (Kirkegaard, 2006). ”Las Vegas ligger som en glitrende plastikoase midt i den ellers knastørre Nevadaørken. Byen er et gigantisk supermarked, der er fyldt med smilende servitricer med afblegede tænder og iført lidt for korte nederdele, der står parat til at tage imod dig med gratis cocktails, hvis du lader dig guide ind i lokalernes mørke gamblinggrotter, hvor der ikke skiltes med udgange. Er man først kommer derind, så bliver man der. Her kan alle behov opfyldes, så længe det er cool cash, der anvendes som kommunikationsmiddel. Dette er i sandhed et kulturstudie værdigt. Jeg er i byen for at medvirke i den 25. kongres arrangeret af den amerikansk ledede brancheforening, IHRSA, som står for International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association. Foreningen har historiske rødder i tennissporten, men er i dag totalt domineret af de kommercielt drevne privatejede fitnesscentre. Organisationen er samlingspunkt for over 7.000 centre på verdensplan. Der er cirka 15.000 mennesker tilmeldt dette megaevent, som er en blanding af faglige oplæg sideløbende med verdens største tradeshow med alskens fitness-maskineri og udstyr. Mandag morgen er Las Vegas Convention Center et enormt tomt hylster, der gør Bella Centers C-haller til små hyggelige stuer i sammenligning. Det er umuligt at forestille sig, at disse gigantiske haller skal fyldes med fitnessudstyr, pjecer og personale inden i morgen tirsdag kl. 13, hvor ’The Trade Show’ åbner. Jeg skimter en mindre gruppe af mennesker der bevæger sig rundt nede i bunden af hallen og åbner en række porte for at give adgang til den ene amerikanske truck efter den anden. I løbet af de næste tyve minutter fyldes hallen med larm fra 'the convoy' og den friske dieselos medvirker til at illustrere fitnessindustriens sundhedsfremmende kompleksitet. Jeg vandrer tilbage til hovedstrøget i Las Vegas Convention Center, hvor der så småt er begyndt at samles et par hundrede morgenfriske fitnessfolk. Muskelbundter blander sig med almindelige businessfolk, der ligesom jeg, skal registreres før det store rykind kommer ved 8.30 tiden. Vi stiller os pænt i kø, og jeg falder tilfældigt i snak med en kvinde i slutningen af 30'erne, som viser sig at være en yderst fin repræsentant for alle de fordomme, man kunne have om amerikanske fitnessduller. Hun er yderst taleivrig og de store afblegede tænder bryder ofte frem i store smil. Krigsmalingen i ansigtet er markant. Hun fortæller mig med strålende øjne, at hun bare er ”… so exited about this event”. Jeg nikker og forsøger også at udvise den samme form for nærmest religiøs begejstring, som om at den åndelige og fysiske frelsen er nær, tænker jeg skeptisk. Efter et par minutters small-talk og en dialog om ”Denmark as a small free minded society somewhere in Europe” åbner hun op. Hun fortæller, at hun tidligere var en almindelig amerikansk hjemmegående husmor, som ikke havde overskud til at få dyrket nogen form for motion. Hun og familien fulgte sjældent de kostråd, som herovre implicerer tilskud af vitaminer, mineraler og helsekostprodukter i alle afskygninger. Men for fire år siden var hun så heldig at få et gavekort af sine børn til ti lektioner med en personlig træner. Hun var, som hun utrykte, urimeligt skeptisk, men da gaven ikke kunne byttes til noget mindre radikalt, valgte hun at kontakte træneren og dukkede da også op til den første aftale. Dette blev begyndelsen på et helt nyt liv. 2 Let omskrevet i forhold til den version, der kan læses på Idrættens Analyseinstituts hjemmeside (Kirkegaard, K. L. (21-3-2006)) - 3 - Selvom dette levende eksempel på Nikes reklameslogan 'Just do it' stod lige foran mig som bevis på, at fitness og lykke somme tider går hånd i hånd, kunne jeg ikke lade være med at spekulere over, hvorfor denne forandring fra fredelig husmor til hysterisk fitness-udøver tydeligvis skulle være så yderligtgående som hendes historie gav udtryk for? Var det blot endnu en typisk amerikansk variant af 'enten-eller-attituden'? Ikke nok med, at hun havde gennemgået et par mere eller mindre vellykkede skønhedsoperationer, skønhed kan jo være mange ting, hun havde også iklædt sig fitnessverdenens mærkevarer fra top til tå, gik med i mine øjne alt for lange kunstige negle, de flere lag sminke og tilhørende andre ’accessories’, som gjorde det tydeligt for mig, at denne form for ekstrem kropslig disciplinering af hver eneste af kroppens hudceller og kropsbehåringens uønskede vækst somme tider kan være lige så ucharmerende som det modsatte. Jeg savnede næsten den danske tilgang, hvor hysteri har det med at få klippet en hæl og hugget en tå. Det var efter, at vi begge havde indregistreret os og forsvandt i folkemængden, at jeg ærgrede mig lidt over, at jeg ikke fik taget et foto af denne kvinde. Hun ville sikkert have været smigret, men mine egne forlegne normer holdt mig tilbage fra denne, i mine øjne, grænseoverskridende handling. Hvad var alt dette udtryk for? Fitnesskulturen, jo vidst, men hvad betyder det mere konkret? Og hvordan er den kommet dertil? Og har fitnesskulturens former også mindre ekstreme kropsudtryk?” (Kirkegaard, 2006). Efter denne oplevelsesrige rejse til Las Vegas fulgte næsten fem års studier af fitnesskulturens historie, udvikling og udtryksformer som ansat på Idrættens Analyseinstitut og som ph.d.-studerende ved Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik på Syddansk Universitet. Studierne har givet en række svar, men også nye spørgsmål. Frem for alt fremstår fitnesskulturen som en variant af en folkelig idræt - en anden massebevægelse i opposition til det indtryk, jeg fik i det tidlige møde med kulturen i Las Vegas. Den danske tilgang modificerer, fortolker og omdanner udtryk og praksisformer. I denne udjævnings- og transformationsproces bliver fitnesskulturens langt mere tilgængelig, måske ikke ligefrem mere folkelig, men i hvert fald mindre elitær. Fitness er et masseprodukt målrettet de mange, ikke for de få, for massekultur og masseforbrug og masseproduktion går hånd i hånd. Denne ph.d.-afhandling er et forsøg på koge de mange års studier af fitnesskulturen ned til en forhåbentlig interessant og læseværdig ph.d.-afhandling, som rummer interessante nedslag og fortællinger om fitnesskulturens udviklingshistorie, en forsøg på at tegne profiler af de mange aktive fitnessudøvere samt en analyse af fitnesskulturens betydning for den danske breddeidræts-sektor, idrættens organisering, og orientering. God læselyst. - 4 - Indhold Fitnesskultur.dk ................................................................................................................................. - 0 - Prolog – mit første møde med den amerikanske fitnesskultur ............................................................. - 3 - Tabeloversigt ................................................................................................................................... - 10 - Figuroversigt .................................................................................................................................... - 10 - 1. Forord, tak og tanker .................................................................................................................... - 11 - 2. En polemisk indledning ................................................................................................................. - 17 - 2.1 Motions- og fitnesskulturernes manglende kultur ................................................................................ - 18 - 3. Problemfelt – indledende tanker og erkendelsesinteresser ............................................................ - 25 - 3.1 Forskerrollen som fitnesskulturens smagsdommer .............................................................................. - 25 - 3.2 Fitnesskulturens placering mellem idræt, sport og motion .................................................................. - 26 - 3.3 Idrættens organiseringsformer og den kommercialiserede fitnesskultur ............................................ - 28 - Tabel 1. Idræts-, motions- og fitnesskulturens karakteristika ..................................................................... - 34 - Figur 1. Udviklingen i antallet af kommercielle fitnesscentre 2006–2010 .................................................. - 35 - 3.4 Idrætsforskningens forkærlighed for foreningslivet ............................................................................. - 35 - Tabel 2. Aktiviteter i forhold til organisering
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