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Quercus Macranthera) Stands in Arasbaran Protected Forests, Northwest of Iran

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Quercus Macranthera) Stands in Arasbaran Protected Forests, Northwest of Iran FORESTRY IDEAS, 2019, vol. 25, No 2 (58): 227–236 EVALUATION OF ALTITUDE EFFECTS ON THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CAUCASIAN OAK (QUERCUS MACRANTHERA) STANDS IN ARASBARAN PROTECTED FORESTS, NORTHWEST OF IRAN Milad Safari1*, Kiomars Sefidi2, Ahmad Alijanpour3, and Mohammad Razi Elahian4 1Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran. *E-mail: [email protected] 2Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran. 3Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Urmia, Iran. 4Department of Natural Resources, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. Received: 14 February 2019 Accepted: 01 July 2019 Abstract This study investigated the relationships between physiographical factors and trees structural characteristics in Arasbaran forest, northwest of Iran. Systematic randomized sampling method was used to collect data and in sample plot used the distance method for determination of spatial distribution pattern. Results of spatial distribution pattern indices showed the clumped spatial dis- tribution for Caucasian oak trees (Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen). In addition, the altitude affected the tree’s characteristics significantly. The greatest tree’s diameter at breast height was found in R3 and density of trees was decreased by increasing of altitude. Distance to neighbour index showed four to six meter distances between trees. DBH and height differentiation indices demonstrated uniformity in trees. Landform indices had the greatest average on R3 and had a significant correlation with trees density and crown area. It could be concluded that the difference in physiographical condition is one of the main factors of the tree’s spatial distribution and forest structure variation at physiographical units in this study area. Key words: altitude range, distance method, physiography, structure indices. Introduction utes in forest stands (e.g. vertical com- plexity and spatial pattern) could help Physiographic factors modification in- to maintain forest ecosystem function, cluding altitude, slope, and aspect could improve conservation and management change forest characteristics such as for- practices, preserving biodiversity and miti- est type, structure, and spatial patterns. gation strategies against the effect of local Therefore, forest ecosystems parameters and global changes (Kovacs et al. 2017). modify within local physiography through a Trees create the basic structure of for- complex interaction of topography, vegeta- ests ecosystems by the canopy and its tion composition, and structure (Gerhardt variation stratification and horizontal spa- and Foster 2002, Kovacs et al. 2017). tial pattern (Redmond et al. 2017). Also, The identification of structural attrib- forest spatial patterns cover a wide range 228 M. Safari, K. Sefidi, A. Alijanpoor, and M. R. Elahian of factors, including environmental fac- in the studied area. Mirzaei et al. (2016) tors, land physiography, trees interaction, investigated the effects of physiographic etc. spatial pattern study was known as factors (altitude, slope, and aspect) on the recording the position of each individual spatial distribution of Quercus brantii var. tree on forest stand. Study on forest struc- persica tree species in west oak forests of ture being used to assess the knowledge Iran and they concluded that physiograph- of natural distribution in the forest stand ic condition had a key role in the variation and heterogeneity in different topogra- of the spatial distribution pattern of trees. phy condition can affect trees spatial dis- Also, various oak forests are studied in tribution (Carrer et al. 2018). The spatial Iran by Hoseini (2016), Pourbabaei et al. distribution pattern refers to the status of (2012), Valipour et al. (2013) and Safari et horizontal allocation or distribution of in- al. (2011). dividual trees in a stand and reflects pro- Caucasian oak or Persian oak (botanic cesses on stands (Gangying et al. 2007; name: Quercus macranthera, Family Fa- Friedman et al. 2001). gaceae) is a deciduous tree with up to 30 Forest structure has been character- m height from southwest Asia (Iran and ized by several ways but nowadays sam- Turkey) (Anonymous 2018). In this study, pling methods, such as distance method, we carried out to determine some structur- are used to analyse forest structure. In al characteristics of Caucasian oak (Quer- this method, the position of trees is con- cus macranthera) stands and assessed sidered (Ghalandarayeshi et al. 2017). physiographic factors such as slope, as- Numerous studies, worldwide, have pect, and altitude effects on forest struc- described the interaction of forest struc- ture indices. Analyses were conducted on ture and physiographic factors in forest Caucasian oak stands in Arasbaran pro- stands. These studies focus on forest tected forest in the east Azarbayjan prov- structure composition and spatial pattern. ince in the northwest of Iran. Gerhardt and Foster (2002) researched We tested the following hypotheses: Is on physiographical effects on forest com- there any relationship between physiog- position and structure as a major chal- raphy aspects and Caucasian oak distri- lenge of ecologists, conservationists and bution pattern?, and Are forest structural land managers in New England in the indices influenced by the interaction of al- eastern United States and suggested titudes and species structure and special that altitudes are one of the main factors pattern in Caucasian oak stands? There- controlling structure and composition of fore, the main aim was to study on the forests. To understand the effects of direc- most suitable physiographic factor in the tion on forest composition and communi- Caucasian oak habitat in the northwest ty structure, Sharma et al. (2010) studied forest of Iran. seven natural forests types in Garhwal Himalaya and concluded that the value of the basal area and diversity indices were Materials and Methods modified in different aspects. Askari et al. (2013) studied the spatial patterns of trees Study area in a reserved area in the Zagros forest in the southwest of Iran. They used some Arasbaran is located in the northwest of indices and showed the clumped pattern Iran at the border with Armenia and Azer- Evaluation of Altitude Effects on the Spatial Structure of Caucasian Oak ... 229 baijan. The area is 9478.690 ha and lo- to 2896 m a.s.l. The Arasbaran vegetation cated at 38°43′41″ N – 39°8′11″ N latitude has particular importance because of the and 46°39′50″ E – 47°1′48″ E longitude uniqueness in Iran. In this vegetation area (Fig. 1). Arasbaran is a high mountainous there are more than 1000 plant species region with an altitude ranging from 256 m (Talebi et al. 2014). Fig. 1. The location of the study area. Sampling design the three neighbouring trees was mea- sured (Moridi et al. 2015, Sefidi et al. For characterizing the physiographic ef- 2015). Also, the DBH and the total height fect on stand structure, three Quercus of all neighbouring trees were measured. macranthera dominated stands were se- And, physiographic characteristics in- lected in three ranges of altitude: 1200– cluding slop (%), aspect and altitude (m 1400 m (R1), 1400–1600 m a.s.l. (R2) and a.s.l.) in eight geographic directions in the 1600–1850 m a.s.l. (R3), in the Arasbaran centre of sampling plot for each reference forest. In each stand, three hectares sam- and neighbour trees was measured and pling plot was established. To characterize recorded (Sefidi et al. 2015). Totally, 81 structural characteristics within stands, 25 sampling points (27 points in each altitude × 25 m grid of sampling points stabilized range) were determined for this study. as a systematic random method (Fig. 2). In each point, the distance method was Data analysis used to identify a single nearest oak tree as a reference tree and its DBH≥7.5 cm Distance indices were used to analyze and total height was measured and the the spatial distribution and stand structure distance between the reference tree and including uniform angle index, species 230 M. Safari, K. Sefidi, A. Alijanpoor, and M. R. Elahian Fig. 2. Sampling and plot design used in the study. Note: Centre of sampling plot, d1: plot centre distance to reference tree, d2, d3 and d4: distance of the reference tree to the first, second and third neighbour trees, respectively. combination, DBH differentiation, height Table 1. Determination of spatial distribu- differentiation and distance to neighbour tion pattern using distance indices (Pommerening 2006). Afterward, the spa- (Mirzaei et al. 2016). tial structure indices including Hopkins, Spatial Johnson- Hopkins Eberhart Eberhart, and Johnson – Zimmer in each pattern Zimmer range of altitude were measured (Askari Clumped >0.5 >2 >1.27 et al. 2013). For physiography’s effect, Random =0.5 =2 =1.27 the analysis in following indices was mea- Uniform <0.5 <2 <1.27 sured: Landform Index (LI), is the mean of slope gradients plot to the skyline, divided by 100 to convert percent to a decimal val- Results ue. Terrain Shape Index (TSI), the mean of slope gradients from plot centre to The number of trees per hectare showed boundary in eight directions separated by that the largest number of Caucasian oak horizontal angles of 45 and aspect slope is in the R3 as the highest altitude plots index (AS)=cos(45−Aspect)+1 was cal- (1600–1850 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 3). culated for land physiographic condition Oak trees diameter distribution showed study (Beers et al. 1966; McNab 1989, that the most number
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