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Stem, Branch, and Root Wood Anatomy of Black Oak (Quercus Velutina Lam) Douglas D

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Stem, Branch, and Root Wood Anatomy of Black Oak (Quercus Velutina Lam) Douglas D Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1986 Stem, branch, and root wood anatomy of black oak (Quercus velutina Lam) Douglas D. Stokke Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Stokke, Douglas D., "Stem, branch, and root wood anatomy of black oak (Quercus velutina Lam) " (1986). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8312. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8312 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17"x 23" black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made ftt)m the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6"x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. 8703771 Stokke, Douglas D. STEM, BRANCH, AND ROOT WOOD ANATOMY OF BLACK OAK (QUERCUS VELUTINA LAM.) Iowa State University PH.D. 1986 University Microfilms Int6r n sti O n 3.1 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages ^ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background ^ 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curiing and wrinkled pages t/ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received /' 16. Other University Microfilms International Stem, branch, and root wood anatomy of black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) by Douglas D. Stokke A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Forestry Major: Forestry (Biology-Wood Science) Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Chatge of Major Vtork Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major g^partj^fent Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1986 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page lOTRODDCTION 1 OBJECTIVES 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Wood Anatomy of Quercus spp. 10 Stem wood 10 Branch and root wood 17 Specific Gravity and Biomass of Black Oak 26 Specific gravity 26 Biomass 27 Complete-Tree Utilization 29 MATERIALS AND METHODS 33 Harvesting and Sampling 33 Laboratory Procedures 37 Moisture content 37 Specific gravity 37 Diameter, average ring width, and bark percentage 39 Fiber length 40 Proportion of wood elements 41 Fiber transverse dimensions 43 Statistical analysis 44 Transmitted light microscopy 46 Scanning electron microscopy 47 X-ray microanalysis 48 Photographic plates 48 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 Biomass and Root Morphology 50 Biomass 54 Root morphology 57 Percent Wood and Bark 61 iii Page. Wood Quality Variables 61 Specific gravity 65 Fiber dimensions 73 Proportion of wood elements 79 Discussion: Wood quality variables 82 Descriptive Anatomy 100 Stem wood 101 Branch wood 104 Root wood 107 SIMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 115 LITERATURE CITED 117 ACKI-JOWLEDGEI-ENTS 132 APPENDIX A. SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF QUERCUS SPP. DISCUSSED IN THE TEXT 134a APPENDIX B. FIGURES 135 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Proportions of wood elements in oak stem wood reported in the literature 15 Table 2. Fiber length, diameter, lumen diameter, wall thickness, and vessel element length of oak stem wood reported in the literature 18 Table 3. Proportions of wood elements in branches and roots of southern oaks 23 Table 4. Fiber lengths, diameters, lumen diameters, and wall thicknesses of oak branch, and root wood reported in the literature 25 Table 5. Measures of size of the three black oak trees 51 Table 6. Moisture content and biomass of three black oak trees with roots trimmed to a 3-foot radius, wood and bark 52 Table 7. Biomass of three black oak trees with roots trimmed to a 1-foot radius, wood and bark 53 Table 8. Comparison of component percentages of complete-tree biomass of the three black oak trees and oaks sampled by Manwiller and Koch (1981): roots trimmed to 3-foot radius, wood and bark 55 Table 9. Comparison of component percentages of complete-tree biomass of the three black oak trees and oaks sampled by Manwiller and Koch (1981); roots trimmed to 1-foot radius 56 Table 10. Percent wood and bark of tree components 62 Table II. Summary of wood quality variables 63 Table 12. Analysis of variance of specific gravity of wood and bark 67 Table 13. Analysis of variance of specific gravity of wood 68 V Par^e Table 14. Analysis of variance of specific gravity of bark 69 Table 15. Variance components for specific gravity of wood plus bark, wood, and bark 71 Table 16. Analysis of variance of fiber length 77 Table 17. Analysis of variance of fiber radial diameter 78 Table 18. Analysis of variance of fiber radial lumen diameter 80 Table 19. Analysis of variance of fiber double tangential wall thickness 81 Table 20. Analysis of variance of proportion of vessels 83 Table 21. Analysis of variance of proportion of fibers 84 Table 22. Analysis of variance of proportion of rays 85 Table 23. Analysis of variance of proportion of axial parenchyma and vasicentric tracheids 86 Table 24. Variance components for fiber length 91 Table 25. Variance components for fiber transverse dimensions 92 Table 26. Variance components for proportion of wood elements 93 Table 27. Vessel and ray percentages in root, stem, and branch of ring- and diffuse-porous hardwoods as reported by Fegel (1941) 97 vi LIST OF FIGURES Pace Figure 1. U.S. distribution of black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) 138 Figures 2-3. Stem wood of black oak 140 Figure 4. Anatomical features of tangential section 142 Figure 5. Composite view of the three planes of section: Transverse, tangential, and radial 142 Figure 6. Black oak tree at Rhodes Farm 144 Figure 7. Method used to measure percent wood and bark and diameter of sample discs from projected photographs 146 Figure 8. Method of measuring fiber lengths with the Zeiss photomicroscope 148 Figures 9-10. Stump-root system of tree number one 150 Figures 11-12. Stump-root system of tree number two 152 Figures 13-14. Stump-root system of tree number three 154 Figures 15-17. Macerations 156 Figures 18-20. Visual comparison of fibers, axial parenchyma, and uniseriate rays 158 Figures 21-23. Typical structure of stem wood of black oak 160 Figures 24-26. Typical structure of branch wood of black oak 162 Figures 27-28. Typical cross-sectional structure of root wood of black oak 164 Figures 29-30. Typical longitudinal section structure of root wood of black oak 166 Figures 31-35. Vessel elements in black oak stem wood 168 Figures 36-37. Tyloses in ew vessel elements of stem wood 170 Figure 38. Tyloses in earlywood vessel of stem wood 172 vii Paae Figure 39. Stem latewood 174 Figures 40-41. Stem wood fibers and axial parenchyiaa 176 Figures 42-43. Pitting 17b Figures 44-45. Gelatinous fibers in stem wood 180 Figure 46. Axial parenchyma in stem wood 182 Figures 47-48. Rays in stem wood 184 Figures 49-51. Ray parenchyma in stem wood 136 Figures 52-54. Pith of stem wood 188 Figures 55-58. Upper-crown and branch wood vessel elements 190 Figure 59. Earlywood vessel element in branch wood 192 Figures 60-62. Perforations in branch wood vessels 194 Figure 63. A simple perforation in an earlywood vessel of branch wood 196 Figures 64-65. Other features of branch wood vessels 198 Figures 66-67. Fibers in branch wood 200 Figures 68-70. Pitting in branch wood fibers 202 Figures 71-73. Gelatinous fibers in branch wood 204 Figures 74-76. Axial strand parenchyma in branch wood 206 Figures 77-79. Crystals in branch wood 208 Figures 80-82. X-ray microanalysis of branch crystals 210 Figures 83-85.
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