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No. 38 THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY ASSOCIATES Fall–Winter 2012

A SAILOR’S LIFE FOR ME

hey that go down to the go down to the seas again, to the lonely our holdings of “books on exploration, “ sea in ” occupy a special sea and the sky, and all I ask is a tall naval tactics, shipbuilding, pirates, sea place in the public consciousness, , and a star to steer her by.” * disasters, and, particularly, the life and even for landlubbers who cannot The Clements Library has a won- career of Lord Nelson” sky- tell a mainmast from a marsupial. derful array of primary sources on early rocketed. As WLCL Director John C. TThe popular, timeless appeal of the . Mr. Clements collect- Dann wrote in the Fall-Winter 2004 sea is evident in poetry—Samuel T. ed most of the great exploration narra- Quarto, “After the Smith Collection Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient tives of the Age of Discovery, and we gift we began . . . to think of ourselves Mariner,” Henry as a library of naval and Wadsworth maritime materials

Longfellow’s specifically.” The gradual “Wreck of the Hesperus,” John and impressive growth in our maritime Sailors pull for shore to enjoy some off- resources is a fine example of the way Masefield’s “Sea Fever”—that many duty recreation. Cover illustration from of us recall from high school and col- Sailors on Shore (Philadelphia, 1835?), a major in-kind donation can strengthen lege. The great characters of maritime a collection of eight lithographs by P.S. an outstanding research library and fiction—Jack Aubrey and Stephen Duval (1804 or 5–86) that chronicle the provide direction for its future growth. Maturin, Horatio Hornblower, Billy antics and adventures of “Dick Haulyard” This issue of The Quarto high- Budd, Lord Ramage, Wolf Larsen, and his mates. lights the extraordinary maritime mate- —have fans all over rials available here for students and the world. Moviegoers have flocked have filled in nearly all the blanks over scholars. From the Map Division, Brian to theaters since the 1930s to see films the past eighty years. Our maritime Dunnigan writes about coastal profiles, like on the Bounty, The Sea collecting received a tremendous boost while Mary Pedley details the compli- Hawk, They Were Expendable, Damn in the 1940s through acquisition of the cated process for creating printed mari- the Defiant, and Sink the Bismarck! library of Hubert S. Smith (1888–1946). time maps to show rhumb lines, wind Nonfiction accounts of epic voyages, Smith was a friend and neighbor of directions, multiple colors, and other great explorations, and disastrous ship- Mr. Clements in Bay City, and Mr. details essential to navigation. Book wrecks have found ready publishers and Clements’s mentoring was an important Curator Emiko Hastings outlines the eager readers alike since the sixteenth factor in Smith’s development of an lasting influence some of the great century. In today’s world most of us exceptionally strong collection of books titles of the 1650–1730 “Golden Age never board an ocean-going vessel, and manuscripts on maritime and naval of ” had on popular stories and but somehow we understand what history. When Mrs. Smith donated her legends of black-flag adventures on Masefield felt when he wrote, “I must late husband’s library to the Clements, the high seas. JJ Jacobson looks at rum as a staple of the sailor’s diet and Maxwell Wood’s campaign to eliminate it from the daily ration of the United States . In Graphics, Clayton Lewis weaves a historical thread on Japanese-American maritime interaction from Commodore Matthew Perry’s 1853–54 expedition, through the emergence of Japan as a naval power in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, to his father’s evocative September 1945 painting of the Nagato from the deck of the USS Shangri-La. In “Sick at Sea,” Barbara DeWolfe describes the prescription book that Dr. Amos A. Evans kept aboard USS Constitution in 1812–16, some 266 manuscript pages that detail diagnoses and treatments for some 7,000 cases ranging from diarrhea to gangrene. As always, our curatorial contributions skim the surface of deep water, offering readers of The Quarto a glimpse of what lies beneath—enough, we hope, to make some of you “full of longing for the secret of the sea” so you’ll visit the Library to see what else we have in this fascinating historical field. *[Yes, I know that the word “go” did not appear in the first printing of “Sea Fever,” but it is in The Collected Poems of John Masefield and most anthology versions of the poem. (1747-92) is the best-known American naval No need for Masefield fans to write to point out my error.] hero of the War for Independence. British printer Carington Bowles (1724–93) reinforced Jones’s fearsome reputation by ­— J. Kevin Graffagnino depicting him shooting down a sailor who had attempted to Director haul down his ship’s colors.

PROFILING THE COASTS

“ f bound into Port Antonio, after making the Entrance, which may be discern’d 2 or 3 Leagues off at Sea, by Navy Island or the Ihouses at Titchfield, steer right in for it, when abreast of the Folly Point. If you intend for the West Harbor steer over for the Fort, Takeing care to keep the Easternmost house in the Bay open of a little Rock laying off the Fort to avoid a Shoal of Coral Rocks laying off Navy Island.” So begin directions for entering the harbors of Port Antonio on the north coast of . These instructions, by Lieutenant Charles Knatchbull of the Royal Navy, are inset on his chart of the twin harbors as surveyed in 1770. They follow the style of a traditional navigational tool, the portolano, which dates back to the Middle Ages. The written directions of the portolano were often accompanied by a chart. Knatchbull’s chart is wonderfully detailed, with soundings and notations about the nature of the bottom and the best anchorages. The land is mapped in similar detail showing land forms and architecture. The topography was of Lieutenant Charles Knatchbull’s 1770 chart and profile of Port Antonio, Jamaica.

Page 2 The Quarto particular importance because it corre- sponds exactly with a third element of “A Plan of the Harbors of Port Antonio in the Island of Jamaica.” Spanning the top of the chart is a realistic view of the coast and the mountains beyond. The natural and man-made features in this view line up exactly with the same points on the chart below it “when Navy Island bears South West 5 or 6 Miles Distance.” In other words, Knatchbull’s view of the coast provides visual land- marks that correspond with those shown on the chart and described in the sailing The appearance of the narrows between Staten Island (left) and Long Island when bear- directions. When used in concert with ing south by west is revealed in one of J.F.W. Des Barres’s profiles for the Atlantic the chart and instructions, the view illus- Neptune. trated key points and hazards and made it much more likely that an arriving nav- tant landmarks. The best example in ing a British commission during the igator would reach a safe anchorage the Clements collection is the so-called Seven Years’ War. Examples of Des with a minimum of difficulty. Hacke or “’s” atlas, the pages Barres’s coastal profiles and city views Lieutenant Knatchbull’s view is of which depict the entire Pacific coast were printed and hand-colored for the only one of many examples of “coastal of South America and part of North Atlantic Neptune. They represent some profiles” found in the Clements map America as well. It is also one of the of the most attractive coastal profiles collection—though it is probably the earliest examples of coastal profiling in the Clements collection. most detailed. Coastal profiles appeared in the Library’s collection. The great majority of profiles in four places: in rutters (or routiers) The Hacke atlas held by the were drawn by less accomplished and other verbal sailing instructions, Clements had its origins in the actions hands. It is not uncommon to find them on manuscript and printed charts, in of a band of English freebooters that sketched in pencil in working documents logbooks and journals, and bound into made its way from the to the such as journals and logbooks. John atlases. They were first employed by Pacific coast of the Americas in 1680. Francis’s 1791 journal of a voyage of French, Spanish, and Flemish navigators These vagabonds spent two years in the brig Mercury provides an excellent as early as the late fifteenth and early what had long been uncontested Spanish example. The vessel sailed from New sixteenth centuries. These profiles are waters. In addition to looting and York in May, bound for the West Indies, remarkable for being made from on-site amassing , they captured a where dozens of lofty volcanic islands observation to provide a realistic image set of charts, which they carried back provided convenient landmarks. Francis of the coast as seen from a ship. to England in 1682. There, William was a passenger, who spent some of his Many of the profiles found in the Hacke (or Hack) made eleven manu- time sketching islands and recording Clements depict the rugged, mountain- script copies for influential Englishmen. details of their trade and population. ous islands of the West Indies or the The Clements example includes 184 His descriptions and drawings were gentler North American coast. Each beautifully colored maps showing coast- probably made for future reference. bears an identification of the place and al features, towns, harbors, and a few Sketches 27 and 28, for example, are the direction of approach from which soundings. described as “The Islands of St Kitts & the profile would be recognized. In The high quality of Lieutenant Nevis as they appear when the Mount addition to providing points of reference Knatchbull’s 1770 view of Port Antonio of Nevis bears E & by N. & the Town to assist mariners entering a harbor, is a reflection of the level of his training. of Basseterre in St Kitts bears NE & those drawn from greater distances were Although much of their work was not up by E ½ E.” He recorded similar details useful to navigators using dead reckon- to this quality, officers of the Royal for the others in the Windward chain. ing on long voyages. They could verify Navy were encouraged to learn drawing, Coastal profiles are useful bits of their landfall by the distinctive appear- and it was a part of the curricula at the imagery that greatly complement maps ance of an island or a section of main- naval and academies that began and charts. In earlier times they aided land as depicted on a printed or to appear in Britain and other parts of mariners by identifying key landmarks manuscript coastal profile. Europe during the eighteenth century. that could be used to guide sailing ves- Profile drawings had uses other Some of the most striking and accurate sels on a safe course in inshore waters than finding an anchorage in a treacher- coastal profiles were those of key points or confirm a position when arriving ous harbor or sighting a distant landfall. along the east coast of North America from farther out at sea. Today they Sailors cruising inshore waters found drawn by Lieutenant Joseph F.W. Des provide researchers with visual docu- them useful for determining their loca- Barres (1722–1824) for some of the mentation of widely separated parts tion. The Spanish were particularly charts of his monumental Atlantic of the Americas. good at producing “charts” in a style Neptune. Des Barres was an army — Brian Leigh Dunnigan that is essentially a panoramic represen- officer, who had learned to draw during Associate Director & Curator tation of a coastline and its most impor- military service in Europe before obtain- of Maps

The Quarto Page 3 COLORING THE WINDS

he technique of incorporated sea charts of most of printing maps in more the places in the world where the than one color has roots in might sail in the latter the earliest days of print- half of the eighteenth century. ing. The woodcut world map Bellin experimented by Tof 1511 by Bernardo Silvano, engraving rhumb lines on separate for example, was printed in black plates and printing sheets with only with red lettering used for the rhumb lines, sometimes in black, names of seas, regions, countries, occasionally in red, and sometimes major cities, and the winds. in green. By using registration Cartographic historian David marks or pin holes engraved on the Woodward analyzed the methods plate, the copperplates with the geo- used in its production, showing graphical and marine detail on them that the black ink block was print- could be aligned with the paper on ed first. All the names were ste- which the rhumbs were printed for reotyped, that is, the typeface was the final printing. set directly into the woodblock. The maps from the Hydro- Letters that were to be inked in graphie Française on which the red were left out of the block on rhumbs have been printed from the first printing and then added, separate plates are quite rare, and slightly raised by shims, for the charts on which the rhumb line second printing in red. network has been printed in color Printing in a second color are very rare indeed. The color offered a practical technique to printing is sometimes mistaken by people making sea charts. The A rare example of separately printed, green cataloguers for a manuscript addi- most time-consuming part of the engrav- rhumb lines occurs in J-.N. Bellin’s Carte tion, but if the researcher looks careful- Reduite des Isles Antilles (Paris, 1758). ing process was the work required for ly, the registration marks and the imprint The black dot at bottom is the printer’s preparing the loxodrome or rhumb line registration mark to align the map for its of two plates can often be made out on network essential on such a chart. second run through the press. the paper. A rhumb line is a representation The Clements has one copy of of both a wind direction and the curve a need for a connection between the a Bellin chart printed in two colors. on a globe described by a ship that sails rhumb line network and the geography Published about 1758, it depicts the on a constant compass bearing that cuts on the map, the Dutch hydrographer, Lesser Antilles. The rhumb line net- across all the meridians (longitudes) at Gerard van Keulen (1678–1727), early work has been printed in green. This a constant angle. On a globe, or on any in the eighteenth century, had sheets experiment, while it might have saved projection where the meridians come pre-printed with the rhumb lines, on money, does not appear to have lasted closer together as they near the poles, which he drew around five hundred very long. The charts on which this this line becomes a spiral as it nears manuscript maps. This was a great technique may be found were printed the pole; on a Mercator projection the labor saving innovation. during the period from 1751 to 1760. rhumbs are straight lines (this is the Engraving rhumb lines on It would appear that the time taken in whole point of a Mercator projection copperplate was painstaking, tedious first printing the colored rhumb lines, in its original role as a sailing chart). work. It added considerably to the over- plus the careful registration required to On a manuscript portolan chart, all expense of map production because, fit the network within the neat line of the compass directions, which are in the words of French geographer and the chart, may not have pleased the rhumbs, were usually distinguished by one-time employee of the Dépôt de la navy’s printers. The operation may distinctive colors: black for the eight Marine, Philippe Buache (1700–73), also have proved more costly than principal directions or winds (north, “The engraving of the rhumbs demands anticipated. northeast, east, etc.); green for the eight a special type of labor in order to avoid Nonetheless, such early efforts half winds (north-northeast, east-north- the confusion and inconvenience of to minimize costs, retain the interest of east, etc.); red for the sixteen quarter ordinary sea charts.” Buache was color, and use color separation were the winds (north by east, etc.). A system of followed in his job at the Dépôt by harbingers of the color printing that so line gradation was followed on a printed Jacques-Nicolas Bellin (1703–72), enriched cartography in the nineteenth chart: thick black lines for the principal who experimented with a van Keulen- century, when lithography made a whole directions; dashed lines for the half style cost-cutting technique on some new spectrum of color printing possible. directions. of the charts that formed the monumen- — Mary Sponberg Pedley Because there was not necessarily tal Hydrographie Française. The atlas Assistant Curator of Maps

Page 4 The Quarto AND BURIED GOLD

uring the seventeenth edition of Exquemelin’s Spanish transla- Malthus, produced the first English century, European men tion, Piratas de la America (Cologne, translations of Exquemelin’s book often jumped ship or left 1681), the first two English translations, under slightly different titles. Crooke’s servitude to live independently on Bucaniers of America and History of Bucaniers of America, the first to be tropical Caribbean islands. They often the Bucaniers (London, 1684), and the published, contained a contradictory Dsmoked meat on a wooden frame called second French edition, Histoire des depiction of as both a “buccan,” giving rise to the term “buc- Avanturiers (Paris, 1688). The English a vicious pirate and an English hero. caneer.” These French, Malthus attacked these English, Dutch, and Spanish inconsistencies in his own adventurers sailed the publication, The History Caribbean and the coasts of of the Bucaniers. He offered Central and South America a corrected translation, which from approximately 1650 to claimed to have fixed the 1730, during what is known errors of Crooke’s version as the “Golden Age of with the assistance of many Piracy.” They raided English gentlemen who had Spanish towns and captured witnessed the events. merchant vessels at sea. Malthus used a mock-heroic , rebels, and crimi- depiction of Morgan to criti- nals also became buccaneers. cize English colonial activity. Some were outright pirates, Crooke’s version was popular while others, called “priva- enough to warrant a second teers,” operated in wartime edition three months later, under the legal protection to which he added a second of a “” (in volume containing Basil effect a license) from a Ringrose’s narrative of belligerent government. Captain Bartholomew Alexandre Olivier Sharpe’s buccaneering Exquemelin’s Bucaniers of voyage to the South Seas. America is one of the earliest Amid the controversy and most famous printed over English piracy, Henry accounts of the buccaneers Morgan himself stepped in of the West Indies. In to defend his reputation. 1666, Exquemelin sailed He filed a libel suit against to with the French Crooke and Malthus in 1685, West India Company as an in which his attorney claimed indentured servant. After his A portrait of English Henry Morgan (1635?–88) that the Morgan family contract was completed, he provides the frontispiece for Exquemelin’s Bucaniers of America “against all evil deeds, found work as a barber-sur- (London, 1684). , etc., had the greatest geon aboard various buccaneer vessels, and French translations did not come abhorrence and disgust.” A summary where he kept extensive journals of his directly from the Dutch original but of the lawsuit in the London Gazette experiences and observations. His from the Spanish translation of 1681, concluded that the books published by eyewitness accounts of Henry Morgan, which contained frequent mistransla- Crooke and Malthus “contained many François Lolonois, , and tions and added new material without False, Scandalous and Malitious other notorious buccaneers provide vivid attribution. Each translator made Reflections on the Life and Actions details of their lives and exploits. In further alterations to the text in favor of Sir Henry Morgan of Jamaica.” 1674, Exquemelin returned to Europe of his own countrymen. The English Morgan recovered £200 in damages and settled down in Amsterdam to pre- editions focused on privateer Henry from Malthus and accepted a printed pare his journals for publication. His Morgan (1635?–1688) as the central apology and retraction from Crooke. book first appeared in Dutch under the figure, while the French version made In Crooke’s “Advertisement to title De Americaensche Zee-Roovers substantial revisions and enlargements, the Reader Concerning this Second (Amsterdam, 1678). One of the classic including new biographies of French Edition,” he mentioned that the full accounts of seventeenth-century piracy, pirates not found in Exquemelin’s journal of Captain Barthomew Sharpe’s it became an instant success and remains original text. voyage would soon be published by “a in print today. In 1684, two rival London pub- worthy Gentleman of my acquaintance.” The Clements Library has the first lishers, William Crooke and Thomas This was undoubtedly a reference to

The Quarto Page 5 a leading English mapmaker. Hacke Rackham, , and produced fourteen copies, one of which the female pirates and was purchased by the Clements Library are among the buccaneers in 1979. The Hacke atlas, also known included in the first edition. The as the “Buccaneer’s Atlas,” includes 184 Clements Library has the second edition, manuscript maps and extensive notes on also published in 1724, with consider- landmarks and sailing hazards. There is able additions. The name Charles even a mention of sunken Spanish trea- Johnson is likely a pseudonym, since sure. In the waters off Panama, it is nothing is known of the author. Daniel noted that “on this shoal was lost the Defoe has been suggested as the possi- Almirant of the King of Spain, in the ble author as well as the former sailor year 1631, in which was vast treasure.” and publisher Nathaniel Mist. In 1697, The could (1652–1715) published a book that not last forever. After the end of the would eventually surpass Exquemelin’s War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Bucaniers of America in popularity. England turned its navy against the Dampier had a remarkable career as a pirates. By 1725, the campaign had pirate and explorer, becoming the first largely succeeded. Captain Kidd, person to circumnavigate the world , and many others were dead. three times. He crewed with Captain From that time on, piracy was confined Bartholomew Sharpe and other bucca- to individual ships with a few men, not neers and , eventually return- thousands of sailors capable of challeng- ing to England to publish his journals. ing empires. Dampier’s A New Voyage Round the — Emiko Hastings World (London, 1697) was a great Curator of Books success, reprinted three times in the first year, and served as a literary model for later English voyage accounts. Edward Teach (d. 1718), the notorious Philip Ayres (1638–1712), who pro- Jonathan Swift (1667–1745) used the Blackbeard, as depicted in an engraving duced The Voyages and Adventures of same format in his novel Gulliver’s from ’s A General History Capt. Barth. Sharp and Others, in the Travels (1726), and Daniel Defoe of the Pyrates (London, 1724). South Sea (London, 1684). In 1679, (1661?–1731) drew on it as one of Sharpe set sail from Jamaica on a bucca- several sources for his Robinson neering cruise to the Pacific. The most Crusoe (1719) and other works. notable event in his voyage occurred in In 1707, Dampier approached 1681, off the coast of Ecuador, when his (d. 1732), an English ship, Trinity, captured the Spanish ves- and privateer, to lead a pri- sel El Santo Rosario and recovered a vateering expedition against the Spanish. remarkable volume of sea charts. An On this voyage, Rogers’s vessel rescued account by William Dick published in the marooned sailor , Crooke’s second edition of Exquemelin who served as an inspiration for Defoe’s describes the capture: “In this Ship the character. Rogers Rosario we took also a great Book full wrote up his experiences in A Cruising of Sea-Charts and Maps, containing a Voyage Round the World (London, very accurate and exact description of 1712). Public fascination with Selkirk’s all the Ports, Soundings, Creeks, Rivers, rescue contributed to the success of Capes, and Coasts belonging to the Rogers’s book. South Sea, and all the Navigations One of the most influential usually performed by the Spaniards in works on the history of piracy is Charles that Ocean. . . . the Printing thereof is Johnson’s A General History of the severely prohibited, lest other Nations Pyrates (London, 1724). It is the key should get into those Seas, and make use source for biographies of many of the thereof.” The Spanish sailors attempted most famous freebooters and has greatly to throw the volume overboard but were shaped popular conceptions of piracy in prevented by one of Sharpe’s crewmen. works such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s This volume of manuscript charts was a (1883). It introduced rare prize, and Sharpe’s later acquittal many features now common in pirate on charges of piracy probably owed literature, including pirates with missing much to its capture. legs or eyes, , and the After returning to England, Sharpe flag called the . Edward turned the maps over to William Hacke, Teach (alias Blackbeard),

Page 6 The Quarto GIVE JACK HIS GROG

olly Jack Tar has been a popular stereotype of the sailor since at least the late eighteenth century. Jack was painted as bold, reckless, loyal to his Jshipmates, carefree, generous, and exceedingly fond of his rum. While the US Army did away with its spirit ration in the 1830s, it took the Navy until 1862 to separate Jack from his grog, and it was a hard-fought battle in Congress that made it so. Resolutions to deny the spirit ration to midshipmen had come before Congress as early as 1828, and resolutions to abolish it alto- gether as early as 1834. Among the Clements Library’s temperance works is an 1849 pamphlet entitled A Few Practical Reflections on the Grog Ration of the U.S. Navy, By an Old Officer of That Service. There is no name on the pamphlet, but a nearly identical essay appears under the title “Practical Reflections Upon the Grog Ration of the U.S. Navy” in A Shoulder to the Wheel of Progress: Being Essays, Lectures and Miscellaneous upon Themes of the Day by Wm. Maxwell Wood, published in Buffalo in 1853. Wood 1809-80) was a naval surgeon and author who served in the Mexican-American and Civil wars. He traveled widely as fleet surgeon to the Pacific and East Indies squadrons and published two travel books, which British Admiral Sir Edward Vernon (1684–1757) will forever be associated with the rum wander among descriptions of exotica, ration. His nickname, “Old Grog,” was given to the watered down liquor issued to adventures, stories of shipboard life, British sailors from 1739 onward. Mezzotint by John Faber, ca. 1740. and musings on human nature. He was also the first surgeon general of the US fewer than five pamphlets on the kind of indulgence and degrading vices” was the Navy, but his greater claim to fame is naval institutions befitting a republic. grog ration, for the abolition of which he for having been the first to inform the He disapproved vociferously of the argues vehemently in A Few Practical Pacific Squadron’s Commodore John institutions and patterns the US Navy Reflections. D. Sloat (1781–1867) that hostilities had inherited from the British Royal The spirit ration had been a fixture had begun between the United States Navy, including class influence in of the US Navy since its beginning in and Mexico. appointing officers, promotion by 1775 and appears in the 1794 Act to Wood was a man of strong opin- seniority, resistance to innovation under Provide a Naval Armament. The regula- ions, especially concerning popular the cloak of “Traditions of the Service,” tions allowed “Half a pint of rum per government and education, American and the leeway allowed officers in their man every day, and discretionary democracy and character, and the func- treatment of ordinary sailors. Of this allowance on extra duty and in time tioning and reputation of the US Navy. last he says, “Here is a broad latitude of engagement.” Subsequently, whisky He was extremely keen on naval reform; for the exercise of a capricious tyranny” was substituted for the rum, and one by 1853 (he tells us in A Shoulder to the and argues that, abetted by naval cus- more important change was made: dilu- Wheel) he had been writing on the topic tom, it leads to such harsh treatment that tion of the spirits with water. In both for thirteen years—since about the time it brings out the worst in the rank and the Royal Navy and the US Navy, the he achieved the rank of surgeon. In file. Part of this injurious inheritance, spirit ration came to be served diluted, those thirteen years, Wood wrote no and subsequent “devotion to animal to prevent the sailors saving up several

The Quarto Page 7 of Wood’s chief complaints in A Few Practical Reflections. He accuses the government of making the men drunk- ards and then punishing them for drunk- en infractions under the illusion that Jack’s character is fixed and his habits inviolable, and binges and flogging are a necessary part of both: “A terrible responsibility rests upon those who, in the spirit of blind indulgence, cry ‘Give Jack his grog.’” Like most temperance activists, Wood placed some reliance on logic, citing medical evidence that alcohol is damaging to the human body and statis- tics indicating that drinking is damaging to the body politic—specifically, in this case, to the efficiency of the navy. “All their cares are drowned in grog.” Sailors lie in a “Dead Calm” following a drunken More dramatic, however, are his emo- spree in this plate from Sailors on Shore by P.S. Duval (Philadelphia, 1835?). tional appeals, decrying the dire moral consequences of drinking and the whole rations and drinking them all at once. opened) and water from the hold, under system’s discredit to the navy. The most commonly accepted the direction of the sailing master and The latter argument is twofold. story is that grog takes its name from master’s mate, who were to account for First of all, the navy is the national insti- Royal Navy Vice Admiral Edward the expenditure of stores. A drummer tution most seen in foreign ports and, Vernon (1684–1757), known as “Old would then signal the hour, and the mas- perforce, the nation’s representative. Grogham” for a grosgrain cloak he ter’s mate would oversee the mixing and Wood takes it as an article of faith that wore. In 1739 Vernon issued an order serving out of the grog, performed by a America is to be the world’s shining deploring “the pernicious custom of the . The whole business was example of democracy (and consequently seamen drinking their allowance of rum under the supervision of the lieutenant of all virtues); when US sailors are in drams, and often at once.” He pro- on duty, who read out the sick list (fur- observed in drunken brawls, being car- posed to remedy this by mixing it with nished by the surgeon) and the list of ried back to their ships in a stupor, or water, “which they that are good hus- punishments, which, between them, being bailed out of jail by their officers, bands may from the savings of their salt determined who would or would not it belies this vaunted moral superiority. provisions and bread purchase sugar and get his grog. Moreover, the drunkenness, disorder, and limes to make more palatable to them.” The ceremony of the grog tub consequent degradation of sailors’ char- That is to say, by making punch, which came to be a high point of many a sail- acter taken for granted in the navy make would spoil if kept, as would simple or’s day. In Sketches of Naval Life, with it an unfit and unappealing profession for watered rum. Whether or not the sailors Notices of Men, Manners and Scenery, the young men of that democracy: “to took Vernon’s culinary advice, the order on the Shores of the Mediterranean, in their honor, many refuse to enter a ser- was quite explicit: “the respective daily a Series of Letters from the Brandywine vice which inculcates vicious habits as allowance . . . for all your officers and and Constitution Frigates (1829), author part of its system, and requires the relin- ship’s company” would be “every day George Jones (1800–70), aboard as a quishment of self-respect; and so long as mixed with the proportion of a quart schoolmaster for the midshipmen, these usages continue, we shall never of water to every half-pint of rum to reports, “This event is a stepping stone have a Navy worthy of the Republic.” be mixed in one scuttled butt kept for through the day . . . I suppose it is the Wood’s pamphlet offers us a that purpose, and to be done upon deck, first thing thought of in the morning; it snapshot of the midpoint in the long and in the presence of the Lieutenant of is an agreeable point to look to, and it battle against the grog ration. The the watch.” sweetens every intervening moment . . . three decades it took to abolish the Serving out the grog was no light And now [after the morning serving] custom suggest that “the Traditions of undertaking. Two Years and a Half in they begin to think of noon, with the the Service” remained a potent force in the Navy: or, Journal of a Cruise in the tub filled clear up to the brim: the min- the antebellum US Navy. But ultimate- Mediterranean and Levant, on Board utes as it approaches, if they fly slowly, ly, for the reinvented Union Navy of of the U.S. Frigate Constellation, in the have glittering wings . . . [after the Gideon Welles, the temperance advo- years 1829, 1830, and 1831 by Enoch noon serving] They look now again cates had their way, and grog became Cobb Wines (1806–79) explains the to the evening, and at evening think what it is today, the stuff of nostalgia number of the ship’s company required of the pure stuff in the morning.” for the days of Jolly Jack Tar. for the ceremony on an American naval This integration of drinking into — JJ Jacobson vessel. Holders would fetch the spirits the round of the day, dictated by tradi- Curator for American Culinary from the “Spirit-Room” (all flames near- tion, sanctioned—indeed legislated— History by being extinguished before it was by the American government, is one

Page 8 The Quarto BLACK AND WHITE SHIPS

motions still run high on elsewhere in the eighteenth and nine- ing fleet found itself combing the north- Harbor Day as we honor those teenth centuries was non-existent in ern fisheries of the Pacific Ocean. who fell in the unexpected attack Japan during this era. Although isolat- Commercial partners were sought across of December 7, 1941. But it is ed, Japanese society was not unaware the world along expanding American Eimportant to remember that this act of of the outside world or the technical trade routes protected by an increasingly war was not disconnected from events achievements taking place elsewhere. sophisticated navy. Rumors of coal of the previous century. The Pacific Stories told by castaways returning from deposits in Japan, the belief, promoted ambitions of Japan were born, in no far-off lands excited Japanese society in by Secretary of State Daniel Webster, small part, in response to the humiliation spite of attempts to suppress the news. that Japan was a “gift of providence . . . of the United States Navy for the benefit of the human forcing diplomatic relations family,” along with sensational- on the country in the 1850s. ized incidents of American ves- Commodore Matthew C. sels in distress being refused Perry’s squadron of modern Japanese assistance made the steam warships, called establishment of a naval base “Black Ships” by the there a priority of United States Japanese, awed and fright- foreign policy. ened the populace during its The primary object of occupation of Edo Bay. To a Commodore Perry’s mission culture with a long historical of 1853–54 was to establish memory that values honor diplomatic relations, explore above all, this event still and survey Japanese waters, had deep resonance in 1941. and develop contacts with other In the mid-nineteenth Asian nations. Perry carried a century, the societies of letter from President Millard Japan and the United States Fillmore to the Emperor of could hardly have been Japan. Although written in more different. As the friendly diplomatic style, the United States rapidly letter insisted on terms for industrialized and expanded, trade and refueling harbors Japan was slowly emerging for American vessels and was from two centuries of self- backed by the guns of Perry’s imposed isolation. To pro- ships. With great pomp and tect their culture of ancient ceremony, the local officials traditions and values from of the Shogunate received Perry proselytizing Europeans, the and his entourage of marines and ruling warrior government accepted the letter from President of Japan initiated a period of Fillmore. Perry and his ships sakoku (seclusion), expelled A Japanese woodblock print depicts Perry’s “Black Ships” then steamed away after vowing all foreigners, and closed its departing Edo Bay. The legend has been roughly translated as: to return for a reply. borders in 1639. Only limit- “American navy steaming away from the divine virtue of Japan.” All this was reported ed contact for trading was through Japanese visual allowed, and all other interaction was By the 1850s, the world view of Japan culture. During sakoku, woodblock forbidden, punishable by imprisonment was beginning to broaden. printmaking had been refined for or death. To minimize the risk of con- At the same time, driven by the greater detail and intricacies of tact with foreigners at sea, ocean voyag- philosophy of Manifest Destiny, color. These prints often reflected es were forbidden. The greatest threats American economic growth exploded. the public preoccupations of the day, to the ruling Tokugawa Shogunate were New industrial technologies radically from popular theatrical characters to internal, so strong armies were essential, changed society. As the growing popu- national leaders and current events. but there was virtually no navy, and few lation flooded across the North Commodore Perry and American vessels were larger than those used for American continent, the demand for nat- sailors were frequently portrayed, coastal fishing and trade. Economic and ural resources skyrocketed. Lumber, usually as crude but colorful barbarians. artistic culture flourished in this secure, coal, petroleum, and whale oil were in But the detailed documentation of insular society, but technological great demand and enormously profit- Perry’s Black Ships by Japanese artists advancement occurred slowly. The able. Searching an ever-widening circle reveals an intense fascination. These culture of seafaring that developed for valuable oil, the New England whal- prints eloquently state that Americans

The Quarto Page 9 may be boors, but we covet their ships. With a new urgency, the Shogunate pressed their Dutch trading partners for a steam warship (and training crew) to be quickly provided as a gift. Commissioned in 1855, the Dutch-built three-masted paddle-wheel schooner Kankō Maru became Japan’s first steam warship and the subject of immediate internal debate as to her purpose and control. Still over- whelmed by the technical superiority of the American navy and the lack of any other options, the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa when Perry returned in March of 1854. It addressed trade, diplomacy, and protection of the rights of foreigners A Japanese impression of a US Navy “Black Ship” printed in the 1860s and included in in Japan. In its wake, the ruling a series of colorful prints illustrating examples of foreign warships. Tokugawa Shogunate collapsed and the Meiji Empire was established shipbuilding tradition into one of the almost complete destruction of this in 1868. After centuries of isolation, top naval powers in the world. With the Russian force at the Battle of Tsushima Japan was now increasingly concerned Meiji era, a focused, determined modern- on May 27–28, 1905, left little doubt about global positioning. ization program replaced the humiliation that Imperial Japan’s ambitions of A clear understanding of the of the forced treaty of 1854. Japan’s a Pacific empire linked to maritime principles of “gunboat diplomacy” navy successfully defeated China’s in power were rapidly being realized. made building a navy an increasingly the 1890s and the Russians in 1904–05. President Theodore Roosevelt saw high priority. During the remainder of As the Russo-Japanese War this ambition clearly, as in many ways the century, the Imperial Japanese Navy commenced, the illustrated press of he shared it. Roosevelt also perceived would grow from virtual non-existence the United States watched closely. the global shift of the twentieth century to a large and capable force. The The popular Frank Leslie’s Illustrated when he stated in 1903 that “the Imperial Navy shrewdly employed Newspaper printed flattering articles Mediterranean era died with the discov- European advisors, shipbuilders, and about Japanese culture and refinement ery of America. The Atlantic era is now instructors to assemble a modern fleet. as it tracked the Russian Baltic Fleet at the height of its development, and Its history is remarkable in that it trans- slowly making its way toward Port must soon exhaust the resources at its formed a nation with no seafaring or Arthur and the Sea of Japan. The command; the Pacific era, destined to be the greatest of all, is just at its dawn.” This commemorative Japanese postcard features individual US warships of the “Great Perhaps Roosevelt did not recognize White Fleet.” that the lesson of Tsushima for Japan was that an enemy could be utterly demoralized by a decisive naval victory on a very large scale. Roosevelt was instrumental in brokering a treaty of peace between Japan and Russia. In naval affairs, the President stressed parity between friend- ly nations. This theme was emphasized when, in 1908, he sent much of the US battle force—popularly dubbed the “Great White Fleet”—to Japan and then around the world. The popular success of the visit was celebrated in the thou- sands of souvenir photographic post- cards produced in Japan showing American and Japanese unity. But it was apparent that the United States and Japan were increasingly naval rivals in the Pacific. Although the demonstration of US maritime strength by the Great White Fleet may have postponed the collision

Page 10 The Quarto between the two expanding Pacific naval and her three Japanese-built sisters Navy waiting for a treaty to be signed. powers, shipbuilding programs acceler- were superior to Royal Navy counter- Among the thousands of United ated in Japan, the United States, and parts and greatly influenced subsequent States Navy personnel to follow worldwide. As the western empires Japanese designs. Their capital ships Matthew Perry’s footsteps was my of the “Gilded Age” fueled an arms race became increasingly powerful, but father, . From the aircraft of naval design and construction, the the Washington Treaty for Naval carrier USS Shangri La he sketched in admiralty of the Imperial Japanese Navy Disarmament of 1922 intervened and watercolor one of the greatest of the gained the internal political clout neces- a number were scrapped or completed Japanese battleships, IJNS Nagato. sary for its own massive shipbuilding as aircraft carriers. Formerly the flagship of Admiral program incorporating French and The treaty checked the run-away Isoroku Yamamoto (1884–1943) and British designs. The close relationship battleship construction, but the balance veteran of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, between the navy, nationalist ambitions, of sea power in the Pacific would ulti- Nagato appeared in 1945 as a battle- and imperial expansion was embodied mately depend upon aircraft launched scarred silhouette against a landscape in Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyoe’s from carriers during the Pacific battles painted in a traditional Chinese or (1852–1933) rise to Prime Minister in of 1941–45. American aerial and sub- Japanese brush style. Having grown 1913. On his watch, naval expenditures marine attacks ultimately sank most of up in a house with sets of Jane’s reached 33% of the Japanese budget. the Japanese battle fleet, including Fighting Ships on the shelf, I am certain The world took particular note of Musashi and Yamato, the largest and that the significance of this particular the exceptionally large, fast battle cruis- most powerful battleships ever launched. vessel was not lost on the artist, nor per- ers designed for Japan by British ship- By September 1945, less than a century haps was the irony of depicting Nagato builders just before the First World War. after Perry’s mission, events had come as a Black Ship. Due to the British policy of quantity full circle, and Tokyo Bay was again — Clayton Lewis over quality, the British-built Kongo occupied by ships of the United States Curator of Graphic Materials

The Imperial Japanese Navy’s battleship Nagato was one of its few major vessels to survive World War II. Nagato was expended in the Bikini Atoll nuclear bomb tests of 1946 and is depicted here at Yokosuka in September 1945. Watercolor by William Lewis. Courtesy of the artist.

The Quarto Page 11 “ SICK AT SEA arch 26th 1812. Mr. Adams. is more detailed, the “Prescription ing her more formidable than any British Boats w[ain] Convalescent Book” is a much more comprehensive frigate of the time. Because the United from Fever of a Typhoid type. record of medicines and treatments. States had no ships of the line, the navy cont Decoct. Cinchon with wine.” At first glance, the prescription used these super frigates to capture mer- MSo begins the “The Daily book seems a rather dull accounting of a chant ships and the less-well-armed Prescription Book on Board the Frigate ship’s surgeon’s case load of about thir- British frigates. Constitution’s strong Constitution,” kept by Amos A. Evans, ty sailors per day. Most entries are short hull protected the sailors on board so ship’s surgeon, in 1812. This 266-page and the treatments abbreviated. Seldom that casualties were minimized. Second, journal contains over 750 medical cases does one find an explanation of cases in the author, Amos Evans (1785–1848), recorded from March through August, such detail as to provide absorbing read- was one of the finest naval surgeons of during which time Constitution engaged ing. However, in aggregate, the book is his day and later became known as the and destroyed HMS Guerriere. One can an excellent example of the medical “Father of the Naval Medical Corps.” follow these cases, their symptoms, and practices and remedies of the day, with Third, the cases treated on board are treatments through more than 7,000 occasional side remarks that shed light an excellent record of medical practice, entries. For example, the illness of Mr. on life aboard ship. and naval medicine in particular, at this Adams, the , is recorded in The prescription book is quite time. And fourth, the prescription book seven entries from March 26 to April 2, remarkable for several reasons. First, records the medical care of seven sea- when he returned to duty. A companion USS Constitution was one of the “super men wounded during Constitution’s volume, titled “Daily Report of the frigates” built at the end of the eigh- defeat of Guerriere in what was her Cases in the Navy Yard at Charleston,” teenth century. Her hull was designed first encounter with a British warship covers only part of a month, August to carry 44 heavy guns that fired after the war began. 7-16, 1813. Though the “Daily Report” 24-pound shot rather than 18, thus mak- USS Constitution was built in

USS Constitution bested HMS Guerriere on August 19, 1812. William Strickland (1788–1854) and William Kneass (1780–1840) published their celebratory print in Philadelphia just a month later.

Page 12 The Quarto Boston and launched on October 21, 1797, in compliance with the Act to Provide a Naval Armament of March 27, 1794, which authorized the construc- tion of six frigates. The wooden-hulled, three-masted warship carried 44 guns when built but was outfitted with 55 at the beginning of the War of 1812. At the outset of hostilities, Constitution was one of only 14 commissioned US Navy warships ready for sea. Though in active service until 1855 and still in commission today, Constitution is most famous for her victories during the War of 1812 and for the nickname “Old Ironsides,” which she received during her battle with HMS Guerriere. Constitution’s surgeon, Amos Alexander Evans, was born near Elkton, Maryland, in November 1785. He was educated at an academy in Newark, Delaware, and for three years studied medicine in Elkton with the physician George E. Mitchell, while also making frequent trips to Philadelphia to attend lectures delivered by the eminent physi- cian Benjamin Rush. After his training with Mitchell, Evans was licensed to practice by the University of Maryland. The US Navy appointed Evans assistant surgeon on September 1, 1808, and sent him to the Marine Hospital in New Orleans. An interlude as acting surgeon provided more pay and an opportunity for Evans to “gain much medical information,” especially as New Orleans was an entrepôt of immigrants, sailors, visitors, and migrant laborers— all potential carriers of diseases from other places. Three years spent in southern Louisiana provided Evans the ideal training for his career in medicine. In March 1812, when the United States government was preparing for war with Part of an inventory of medical supplies and equipment aboard Constitution in March 1813. Britain, Captain Isaac Hull hired Evans as head surgeon on Constitution. was given extra rations for sick quarters tincture digitalis, gum Arabic, tincture The responsibilities of a ship’s and was required to requisition supplies myrrh, mustard, liquorice, ol[eum] anisi, surgeon were specified by the navy. when necessary. The prescription book ol[eum] ricini, tapioca, acid sulphuric, He was required to visit the sick at least contains loose documents regarding the acid muriatic, corn meal, and palo cin- twice a day, to consult with the captain inventory and expenses of hospital chon. The inclusion of lime juice is per- daily, to be prepared at all times for stores. One is a four-page list of haps why scurvy is mentioned only once engagement with the enemy, to keep “Medicines etc. remaining on board in the book. The spirits listed are bran- a case book of information about his the Frigate Constitution, 6th March dy, porter, wine, and port wine, and the patients, and to be in charge of medical 1813,” and two other documents are “grog” often prescribed by Evans was a stores. As chief medical officer, Evans semi-monthly “Expenditure of mixture of an alcoholic beverage and was responsible for the health of the Hospital Stores,” for 1815–1816. water or another liquid. Some of the crew, including the ordering and dis- The 1813 list of medicines and non-medical items he used in his prac- pensing of medicines, maintaining sani- food used for treatment contains those tice were blank books, writing paper, tary conditions, and arranging food and commonly noted in the prescription quills, tin cups, saucepans, paper pins, spirits for the sick. For this purpose, he book such as ipecac, pearl barley, marble tiles, towels, flannel, copper

The Quarto Page 13 the poultices until the 2nd, when he washed the wound with tincture of myrrh and brandy, and gave him cincho- na with wine. But the wound “assumed a more unhealthy appearance” on the 3rd, and for the first time Evans noted gangrene. He washed the foot with a strong solution of tincture of myrrh and brandy again and treated the gangrene with nitric acid. The same treatments and nourishing diet continued for a few days until the 6th, when Evans sent him to the hospital. Though the entries for On April 3, 1812, Surgeon Evans recorded the first signs of gangrene in Edward Fitzgibbon end on April 6, we know Fitzgibbon’s injury. from pension records that he survived but was pensioned in August 1812; he scales, and tin basins. Lighting sources No. 69 and “struck the vessel as he fell received $48 per year until 1830. were candlesticks, glass reflecting overboard.” Gunboats did not carry sur- The most severe cases were lamps, and tin sconces. Dental equip- geons, so Fitzgibbon, stationed at seamen wounded in battle. In August, ment included teeth forceps, and one Washington Navy Yard, was taken to Constitution set sail from the navy yard hawk’s bill (dental forceps). Surgery Evans. He had a divided and bruised in Washington City for the Gulf of St. required instruments that came in cases lower lip and a compound fracture and Lawrence to seize British merchant labeled “amputating,” “pocket,” “surgi- displacement of the os calcis (heel ships bound for Canada. On August 19, cal,” “dissecting,” “cupping,” and “tre- bone). His foot was considerably swol- she encountered HMS Guerriere about panning.” The surgeon used trepanning len. Evans gave him a cathartic and 500 miles southeast of Newfoundland. tools to bore holes in skulls to relieve applied a splint to the leg and foot “in Guerriere, commanded by Captain pressure on the brain. Vials, whalebone order to keep the foot from falling James Dacres (1788–1853), carried 49 DEVELOPMENTS splints, a flesh brush, elastic and inward.” The next day, Fitzgibbon had guns to Constitution’s 55. Dacres fired catheters, bed pans, pewter urinals, lan- a “quick pulse” and a fever and his foot the first broadside—two 18-pounders— cets, splints, and tourniquets are a sam- was “considerably pling of other necessary supplies. inflamed.” That eve- The case of Mr. Adams was fairly ning he complained typical—Evans treated him with cincho- of pain and soreness na and wine to reduce his fever, and he in the abdomen. Evans returned to duty on April 2. Fevers such applied poultices of as his were common complaints, as were flaxseed and Indian gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea meal to the foot and and dysentery, venereal disease, and a fomentation (warm shipboard injuries. Diarrhea was treated compress or poultice) with ipecac, rice, tapioca, and sago, and to the abdomen. On gonorrhea with laxatives and an applica- the 30th, Fitzgibbon tion of lead acetate. The usual treat- still had a quick pulse ments, other than medicines and food, and fever, and, though were bleeding, cupping, and purging, the swelling had reced- and the application of poultices. ed on the foot, the Sometimes sailors had severe illnesses discharge was “consid- or injuries, and if they did not improve erable & offensive & under Evans’s care, he sent them to the bloody.” Evans contin- hospital. Naval regulations stipulated ued the poultices and that a report of a patient’s case history fomentations. One of and treatment had to accompany him, Fitzgibbon’s incisor and if the hospital surgeons determined teeth had broken and that the patient could have been cured was “forced inward,” so on board ship, the ship’s surgeon was Evans extracted it. He fined $10 per patient. gave the sailor a diet of One serious case that eventually sago (a starch) and rice. required hospital care was that of By April 1, the fever Edward (sometimes Edmund) had dropped, and the Captain Isaac Hull (1773–1843) led Constitution to her first Fitzgibbon. On the evening of March patient was in less pain. victory in the War of 1812. The heavily built frigate would 27, he fell off the royal yard of Gunboat The surgeon continued defeat four British warships during the course of the conflict.

Page 14 The Quarto but the balls bounced off Constitution’s a “simple dressing” and a warm cata- good results. The prescription book hull, prompting someone to remark plasm (poultice), and bled and purged seldom mentions the death of a sailor. that her sides were made of iron. him. The entries in the prescription Evans was as well trained a surgeon as Henceforth, she was known as “Old book stop before the end of Morris’s one could find at that time, but he knew Ironsides.” Constitution’s return fire of treatment, but we know he lived and nothing about bacteria and viruses, and 24-pound balls destroyed Guerriere’s was promoted to captain for his service did not even have a thermometer. For mizzen mast, tore the sails, and damaged in that sea battle. The following year the most part, doctors treated symptoms her hull. Constitution received light he was given command of USS Adams and not illnesses and had to heal the damage. The casualties on Constitution and later became navy commissioner. entire body medically and surgically. (7 dead, 7 wounded) were light com- Richard Dunn suffered a severe com- Evans’s expertise was recognized in pared to those on Guerriere (15 killed, pound fracture of the tibia above the 1815, when he became the First Surgeon 62 wounded). ankle and extensive muscle damage, of the Fleet—the first such position in On August 20 Evans did not and Evans had to amputate the leg the US Navy. One could perhaps say record information about the dead but below the knee. When Constitution that a sailor’s assignment to Constitution did describe the wounds of the seven reached Boston on August 30, the was good fortune—he served on one of injured in the “action yesterday eve- wounded were transferred to the the best ships in the small US Navy (and ning.” The worst cases were Lieutenant hospital in the navy yard. in fact the world), had one of the best Charles Morris (1784–1856), the execu- Early nineteenth-century medicine surgeons to care for his ailments, and tive officer, and Richard Dunn, a sea- is appalling to those of us who take for had at his disposal a store of the best man. Morris was shot in the abdomen granted diagnostic medicine, MRIs, and medicines and treatments available. with a musket ball that came out his organ transplants. But the treatment that — Barbara DeWolfe back near the superior posterior spinous sailors received on Constitution was the Curator of Manuscripts process. Evans treated him by applying best care for the day, and Evans had

DEVELOPMENTS

e have long been construction to serve researchers. hoping and plan- This year marks the 90th anniver- ning to renovate and expand the sary of the Clements Library building, Clements Library’s beautiful 1923 and we are excited that improvements Albert Kahn-designed building. That will be made to its electrical, water, Wdream will soon become a reality. On security, and air conditioning systems. November 15, 2012, The University Other changes will include a restored of Michigan Board of Regents gave entrance, a state-of-the-art fire suppres- first approval to a major renovation sion system, and increased seating project that will bring the Library capacity for readers. A new under- into the twenty-first century. ground annex will expand storage This $16.8 million undertaking for part of the Clements collection. is funded by a $10 million allocation At the same time, we will preserve from the University of Michigan, a the building’s exterior and distinctive $6 million donation from a private foun- interior spaces, including such notable dation, and $800,000 from the Clements features as the paneling, decorative Library Associates Board of Governors. plaster ceilings, and ornate customized The foundation’s gift, the largest to the woodwork in the Great Room and the Library since William L. Clements’s Rare Book Room. These improvements 1922–23 donations, will pay for will greatly enhance the quality of the improvements to the building’s library experience for students, scholars, infrastructure and expansion of and the general public. its work and collections space. On our return to the Kahn build- The donations are a vital element ing in 2015, we invite you to visit this in paying for the total renovation cost. very special institution. I am sure you Design work is under way. Construction will agree with Augustine Birrell’s will follow in early 2014 and will observation that “A great library easily Colorfully distinctive signal flags enabled communication at sea by fleets of the eigh- take about eighteen months. We begets affection, which may deepen teenth and nineteenth centuries. These exam- must empty the building of its contents into love.” ples, from the 1780 signal book of French and relocate to a facility on Ellsworth — Ann Rock admiral Charles Henri, Comte d’Estaing Road, where we will be open throughout Director of Development (1729–94), identify the direction of the wind.

The Quarto Page 15 ANNOUNCEMENTS Clements Library Director Joyce J. Bonk J. Kevin Graffagnino We note, with sadness, the passing in Ann Arbor on June 9 of Joyce J. Bonk (1926–2012). Joyce joined the Clements Library Committee of Management Mary Sue Coleman, Chairman; Paul N. Courant; staff in 1956 and served as assistant curator of books until her Robert N. Gordon; Martha S. Jones; J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary retirement in 1992. Clements Library Associates Board of Governors John L. Fox Peter N. Heydon, Chairman John L. Fox, member of the Clements Library Associates Board of John R. Axe, John L. Booth II, Judith K. Christie, William H. Dance, Governors, passed away September 14. Mr. Fox joined the board Duane N. Diedrich, Candace Dufek, Thomas M. Dziuszko, William G. Earle, Charles R. Eisendrath, William C. Finkenstaedt, Jr., in 2001 and had a particular interest in books relating to the French Paul Ganson, Robert N. Gordon, Helen C. Hall, and Indian War. Keith B. Hook, Joseph L. Hudson IV, Sally Kennedy, James M. Klancnik, Joan Knoertzer, Thomas C. Liebman, Charles Lowenhaupt, Earhart Cataloging Grant Janet Mueller, Dr. M. Haskell Newman, Drew Peslar, Jacob M. Price, Special thanks to the Earhart Foundation for awarding the Library Anne Marie Schoonhoven, Martha R. Seger, Harold T. Shapiro, a grant to fund a cataloger for one year. This temporary staff mem- Arlene P. Shy, James P. Spica, Bradley L. Thompson II, Benjamin Upton, Leonard A. Walle, David B. Walters, Margaret W. ber will concentrate on increasing the number of electronic records Winkelman, Clarence Wolf, J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary accessible in Mirlyn for the Graphics and Map collections. We have requested support for a second year in hopes of continuing Clements Library Associates share an interest in American history this work and significantly improving the accessibility of the hold- and a desire to ensure the continued growth of the Library’s collections. ings of those two divisions. Funds received from Associate memberships are used to purchase historical materials. Annual Membership Contributions: Upton Foundation Grant Student $5, Donor $40, Associate $75, Patron $100, Fellow $250, Benefactor $500, Contributor $1000 and above. The Upton Foundation has once again assisted the Clements Contributions are tax deductible in accordance with current Library by providing a grant to digitize certain parts of the collec- federal and state law and may be made by check or credit card. tion. We thank the Foundation for its support. Published by the Clements Library • University of Michigan Stanford Honors Pedley for Exceptional Teaching 909 S. University Avenue • Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1190 phone: (734) 764-2347 • fax: (734) 647-0716 Clements Library Assistant Curator of Maps Mary Sponberg email: [email protected] Pedley has been recognized as an exceptional teacher by Stanford Internet: http://www.clements.umich.edu University’s “Teacher Tribute Initiative.” Mary, who retired from Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Editor, [email protected] Ann Arbor Public Schools in 2010, was nominated for this honor Kathleen Horn, Designer, Blue Skies Studio by Melanie Langa, her former student and a Clements volunteer, who entered Stanford in the fall. Regents of the University Mark J. Bernstein, Ann Arbor; Julia Donovan Darlow, Ann Arbor; Laurence B. Deitch, Bloomfield Hills; Shauna Ryder Diggs, Grosse CALENDAR OF EVENTS Pointe; Denise Ilitch, Bingham Farms; Andrea Fischer Newman, Ann Arbor; Andrew C. Richner, Grosse Pointe Park; Katherine E. White, October 15, 2012 – February 22, 2013: Exhibit at Clements Ann Arbor; Mary Sue Coleman, ex officio Library: “The Geometry of War: Fortification Plans from 18th- Nondiscrimination Policy Statement Century America.” Weekdays, 1:00-4:45 p.m. The University of Michigan, as an equal opportunity/affirmative action October 15, 2012 – February 18, 2013: Exhibit at Harlan employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding Hatcher Graduate Library: “Proclaiming Emancipation: Slavery nondiscrimination and affirmative action. The University of Michigan is and Freedom in the Era of the Civil War.” Open daily. committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all persons and does not dis- criminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, marital status, March 4, 2013 – May 31, 2013: Exhibit at Clements Library: sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, disability, reli- “Recent Acquisitions: Building on the Clements Collections.” gion, height, weight, or veteran status in employment, educational programs Weekdays, 1:00–4:45 p.m. and activities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to the Senior Director for Institutional Equity, and Title IX/Section 504/ADA May 7, 2013: Clements Library Associates Board of Governors Coordinator, Office of Institutional Equity, 2072 Administrative Services Meeting, 10:00 a.m. Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, TTY 734-647- 1388. For other University of Michigan information call 734-764-1817. May 19, 2013: Antiquarian Book Fair. Proceeds benefit the Clements Library.

Page 16 The Quarto